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Munanura EI, Ntale M, Wasswa J, Kaggwa B. Assessment of Enrofloxacin Usage and Residue Levels of Enrofloxacin-Ciprofloxacin in Breast and Liver Tissues of Commercial Broilers Sold in Kampala-Uganda. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7629-7639. [PMID: 38107436 PMCID: PMC10725638 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human exposure to veterinary drugs like fluoroquinolones occurs due to the presence of their residues in foods from animal sources in varying concentrations. The existence of antibiotic residues in foodstuffs can pose great public health problems to consumers. This study aimed to assess enrofloxacin use patterns and assess residue levels of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin in breast muscle and liver tissues of broiler chickens sold for consumption in Kampala capital city. Methods This was a cross-sectional study that involved both field survey and laboratory-based methods. The field study involved the use of qualitative and semi-quantitative data collection tools to interview 34 broiler farmers and 10 veterinary drugs vendors. For the determination of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin levels, 68 chicken breast and liver tissue samples were collected from main markets in Kampala over one month and analyzed using HPLC-UV. Results Enrofloxacin was the most used antibiotic (100%) for the management of poultry diseases, majorly respiratory diseases (100%), salmonella infections (40%), and disease prevention (60%). Over 76% of the farmers knew the meat withdrawal time (WDT) for enrofloxacin, but none of them adhered to this. Over 70% of the farmers reported that the veterinary drugs vendors were not providing meat WDT information. Enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin residues were identified in 35.3% (12/34) of the muscle and 38.2% (13/34) of the liver tissues analyzed. Of those muscle and liver tissue samples that tested positive, 25% (3/12) and 38.5% (5/13) respectively had drug concentrations higher than the recommended Maximum Residue Limits. The overall mean enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentration in the chicken muscle and liver tissues was 83.6 (±34.5) µg/kg and 171.5 (±75.9) µg/kg. Conclusion This observed presence of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin levels above safety requirements is attributable to inadequate medicines use information provided by veterinary drugs vendors to farmers and also to the non-compliance of some farmers to meat WDT due to the economic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Ireeta Munanura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muhammad Ntale
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Wasswa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bruhan Kaggwa
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Fluoroquinolone Residues in Chicken and Pork in China. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101292. [PMID: 36289951 PMCID: PMC9598053 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics, especially fluoroquinolones, have been exhaustively used in animal husbandry. However, very limited information on the occurrence and exposure assessment of fluoroquinolone residues in chicken and pork in China is available to date. Thus, a total of 1754 chicken samples and 1712 pork samples were collected from 25 provinces in China and tested by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) for residual determination of six common fluoroquinolones. The results revealed that the detection frequencies of fluoroquinolone residues were 3.99% and 1.69% in chicken and pork samples. The overall violation frequencies were 0.68% and 0.41% for chicken and pork. Enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were found to be the most predominant fluoroquinolones. The occurrence of these antibiotics in different sampling regions and market types was analyzed. The %ADI values of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were far less than 100, indicating the health risk associated with the exposure to these aforementioned fluoroquinolone residues via chicken and pork for Chinese children, adolescents, and adults was acceptable. The results provided useful references for Chinese consumers, and helped to appropriately use these antibiotics in poultry and livestock industry.
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Knowledge on diseases, practices, and threats of drugs residues in chicken food chains in selected districts of Dodoma region, Tanzania. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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4
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Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Determination of Enrofloxacin in Pork Liver and Chicken. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244462. [PMID: 31817455 PMCID: PMC6943624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a widely used fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotic for antibacterial treatment of edible animal. In this study, a rapid and highly specific fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was developed for monitoring ENR residues in animal foods. First, ENR was covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to produce specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs). Three fluorescein-labeled ENR tracers (A, B, and C) with different spacers were synthesized and compared to obtain higher sensitivity. Tracer C with the longest arm showed the best sensitivity among the three tracers. The developed FPIA method showed an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of 21.49 ng·mL−1 with a dynamic working range (IC20–IC80) of 4.30–107.46 ng·mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD, IC10) of 1.68 ng·mL−1. The cross-reactivity (CR) of several structurally related compounds was less than 2%. The recoveries of spiked pork liver and chicken samples varied from 91.3% to 112.9%, and the average coefficients of variation were less than 3.83% and 5.13%, respectively. The immunoassay took only 8 min excluding sample pretreatment. This indicated that the established method had high sensitivity, specificity, and the advantages of simplicity. Therefore, the proposed FPIA provided a useful screening method for the rapid detection of ENR residues in pork liver and chicken.
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Patel T, Marmulak T, Gehring R, Pitesky M, Clapham MO, Tell LA. Drug residues in poultry meat: A literature review of commonly used veterinary antibacterials and anthelmintics used in poultry. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2018; 41:761-789. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trishna Patel
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis California
| | - Tara Marmulak
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California
| | - Ronette Gehring
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine, Cooperative Extension University of California Davis California
| | - Maaike O. Clapham
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California
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6
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Sheng W, Li S, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Wang S. Visual and rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for enrofloxacin using dyed polymer microspheres and quantum dots. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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7
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Lei Z, Liu Q, Yang B, Xiong J, Li K, Ahmed S, Hong L, Chen P, He Q, Cao J. Clinical Efficacy and Residue Depletion of 10% Enrofloxacin Enteric-Coated Granules in Pigs. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28588496 PMCID: PMC5440587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, more palatable formulation of 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules was investigated to evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect in plasma, the residue elimination in tissues and the clinical efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) and Mycoplasam suis (MS) in pigs. In this study, the enrofloxacin concentrations in plasma and tissues were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with phosphate buffer (pH = 3) and acetonitrile. The pharmacokinetics and elimination of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules were performed after oral administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (bw) and 5 mg/kg twice per day for 5 consecutive days, respectively. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy and clinical effectiveness of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS were assayed at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, compared with tiamulin (8 mg/kg) based on establishment of APP and MS infection models. 56 APP strains were selected and tested for in vitro antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules. The main parameters of elimination half-life (t1/2β), Tmax, and area under the curve (AUC) were 14.99 ± 4.19, 3.99 ± 0.10, and 38.93 ± 1.52 μg h/ml, respectively, revealing that the enrofloxacin concentration remained high and with a sustainable distribution in plasma. Moreover, the analysis on the evaluation of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in muscle, fat, liver and kidney showed that the recovery were more than 84% recovery in accordance with the veterinary drug residue guidelines of United States pharmacopeia, and the withdrawal periods were 4.28, 3.81, 4.84, and 3.51 days, respectively, suggesting that the withdrawal period was 5 d after oral administration of 5 mg/kg twice per day. The optimal dosage of enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules against APP and MS was 5 mg/kg, with over 90% efficacy, which was significantly different (p < 0.05) to the 2.5 mg/kg group, but not to the 10 mg/kg group or the positive control group (tiamulin). In conclusion, 10% enrofloxacin enteric-coated granules had significant potential for treating APP and MS, and it provided an alternative enrofloxacin palatability formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Lei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Liping Hong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Pin Chen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Qigai He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Jiyue Cao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China.,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agriculture UniversityWuhan, China
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8
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Bonassa KPD, Miragliotta MY, Simas RC, Monteiro DA, Eberlin MN, Anadón A, Reyes FGR. Tissue depletion study of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in broiler chickens after oral administration of a new veterinary pharmaceutical formulation containing enrofloxacin. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:8-13. [PMID: 28343032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina P D Bonassa
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Miwa Y Miragliotta
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosineide C Simas
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego A Monteiro
- Biosciences, Languages and Exact Sciences Institute - (IBILCE), Júlio de Mesquita Filho University - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felix G R Reyes
- School of Food Engineering, Department of Food Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Araya D, Briceño C, Hidalgo H, Maddaleno A, Araya-Jordán C, San Martin B. Residue depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and 4-epi-oxytetracycline (4-epi-OTC) in broiler chicken's claws by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:494-500. [PMID: 27879173 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1263876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used in poultry production for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, residues may remain in products and by-products destined for human consumption or animal feeding. The claws of chickens, which are a by-product of the poultry industry, can directly or indirectly enter the food chain as meals destined to feed other productive animals. Thus, it becomes necessary to determine and quantify antimicrobial residues present in this matrix. The objective of the study was to assess the depletion of oxytetracycline (OTC) and its metabolite 4-epi-OTC in broiler chicken's claws. Claws of 32 broilers treated with a therapeutic dosage of 10% OTC during 7 days were analysed. Samples were taken at days 3, 9, 15 and 19 post-treatment. As for the control group, eight broiler chickens were raised under the same conditions. Extraction was carried out through EDTA-McIlvaine buffer, and clean-up employed a SPE C-18 Sep-Pak®. Instrumental analysis was performed through LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of both analytes were determined in claw samples until day 19 post-treatment. Average concentrations were within the LOD (20 μg kg-1) and LOQ (22 µg kg-1) for OTC and 84 μg kg-1 for 4-epi-OTC. Withdrawal times (WDTs) of 39 days for OTC and 54 days for 4-epi-OTC were established in claws based on 95% confidence. These findings demonstrate that claws can be a source of antimicrobial residue entry into the food chain, since the results showed that OTC and its metabolite can be found in chicken's claws for long periods, even exceeding the average lifespan of a broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cornejo
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - E Pokrant
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - D Araya
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Briceño
- a Preventive Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - H Hidalgo
- b Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - A Maddaleno
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - C Araya-Jordán
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - B San Martin
- c Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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10
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Aslam B, Kousar N, Javed I, Raza A, Ali A, Khaliq T, Muhammad F, Khan JA. Determination of Enrofloxacin Residues in Commercial Broilers Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1027922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aslam
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naheed Kousar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Javed
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Raza
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Ali
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanweer Khaliq
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faqir Muhammad
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Junaid Ali Khan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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11
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Panzenhagen PHN, Aguiar WS, Gouvêa R, de Oliveira AMG, Barreto F, Pereira VLA, Aquino MHC. Investigation of enrofloxacin residues in broiler tissues using ELISA and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:639-43. [PMID: 26930030 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1143566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficiency of an enrofloxacin ELISA test kit to detect the presence of enrofloxacin residues in broiler tissues compared with LC-MS/MS. Broiler tissues from 72 samples consisting of 60 breast muscle, six pools of livers (500 g each) and six pools of kidneys (500 g each) were obtained from six different slaughterhouses. Breast muscle from 10 carcasses and pools of livers and kidneys from approximately 200 carcasses of the same flock were collected from each slaughterhouse. ELISA and HPLC were used to identify and quantify the contamination of the samples with enrofloxacin. A total of 72% of the analysed samples contained enrofloxacin residues detected by the ELISA and 22.2% were detected by LC-MS/MS. The mean values of enrofloxacin contamination found in chicken breast by ELISA and HPLC were 8.63 and 12.25 μg kg(-1), respectively. None of the samples exceeded the maximum limit of 100 μg kg(-1) by both methods set by the European Union as well as the Brazilian Agriculture Ministry. All positive samples for enrofloxacin residues detected by LC-MS/MS were also positive by ELISA. These data confirm the efficiency of the ELISA test, and suggest its use as a screening method for enrofloxacin residues in poultry tissues due to its quick results, low price and ease of applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique N Panzenhagen
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Public Health , Federal Fluminense University (UFF) , Niterói , Brazil
| | - Waldemir S Aguiar
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Public Health , Federal Fluminense University (UFF) , Niterói , Brazil
| | - Raquel Gouvêa
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Public Health , Federal Fluminense University (UFF) , Niterói , Brazil
| | - Andréa M G de Oliveira
- b Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply , MAPA, National Agricultural Laboratory, LANAGRO/MG/RS , Pedro Leopoldo , Brazil
| | - Fabiano Barreto
- b Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply , MAPA, National Agricultural Laboratory, LANAGRO/MG/RS , Pedro Leopoldo , Brazil
| | - Virgínia L A Pereira
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Public Health , Federal Fluminense University (UFF) , Niterói , Brazil
| | - Maria Helena C Aquino
- a Department of Veterinary Public Health and Public Health , Federal Fluminense University (UFF) , Niterói , Brazil
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12
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Ebrahimzadeh Attari V, Mesgari Abbasi M, Abedimanesh N, Ostadrahimi A, Gorbani A. Investigation of enrofloxacin and chloramphenicol residues in broiler chickens carcasses collected from local markets of tabriz, northwestern iran. Health Promot Perspect 2014; 4:151-7. [PMID: 25648045 PMCID: PMC4300440 DOI: 10.5681/hpp.2014.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was aimed to determine the residual amounts of chloramphenicol and enrofloxacin in broiler chickens muscle and liver sam-ples gathered from local markets of Tabriz City, northwestern Iran. METHODS Ninety broiler chickens carcasses were collected from different local markets of Tabriz, during July/August 2013. Random samples of thigh and breast muscle and liver were gathered and kept at -80(°)C until analyzes. The samples were then assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the protocol of each antibiotic kit. Data were statistically analyzed using the computer program SAS 9.1. RESULTS Eighty two samples (91/1 %) contained residues of enrofloxacin, alt-hough mean (±SD)of enrofloxacin concentration was lower than the European Union maximum residue limits(MRLs) value (P<0.001). Moreover, 28 (31/1 %) had detectable concentrations of chloramphenicol while it was not defined any MRLs value for chloramphenicol because its using has been forbidden in food animals. CONCLUSION The frequency of contamination with enrofloxacin was considerable for the analyzed samples. Furthermore, the existence of chloramphenicol in almost one third of samples seems to be a public health threat due to its illegal use in food animals including poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nasim Abedimanesh
- Department of Nutrition & Biochemistry, Tabriz University of Medical
Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Gorbani
- Department of Animal Science, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar Branch,
Shabestar, Iran
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Gutierrez L, Miranda-Calderon JE, Garcia-Gutierrez P, Sumano H. Physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetics in broiler chickens of a new recrystallized enrofloxacin hydrochloride dihydrate. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:183-9. [PMID: 25224691 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin, a key antimicrobial agent in commercial avian medicine, has limited bioavailability (60%). This prompted its chemical manipulation to yield a new solvate-recrystallized enrofloxacin hydrochloride dihydrate entity (enroC ). Its chemical structure was characterized by means of mass spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermal analysis. Comparative oral pharmacokinetics (PK) of reference enrofloxacin (enroR ) and enroC in broiler chickens after oral administration revealed noticeable improvements in key parameters and PK/PD ratios. Maximum serum concentration values were 2.61 ± 0.21 and 5.9 ± 0.42 μg/mL for enroR and enroC , respectively; mean residence time was increased from 5.50 ± 0.26 h to 6.20 ± 0.71 h and the relative bioavailability of enroC was 336%. Considering Cmax /MIC and AUC/MIC ratios and the MIC values for a wild-type Escherichia coli O78/H12 (0.25 μg/mL), optimal ratios will only be achieved by enroC (Cmax /MIC = 23.6 and AUC/MIC = 197.7 for enroC ; vs. Cmax /MIC = 10.4 and AUC/MIC = 78.1 for enroR ). Furthermore, enroC may provide in most cases mutant prevention concentrations (Cmax /MIC ≥ 16). Ready solubility of powder enroC in drinking water at concentrations regularly used (0.01%) to provide an additional advantage of enroC in the field. Further development of enroC is warranted before it can be recommended for clinical use in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gutierrez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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14
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Yu S, Yu F, Zhang H, Qu L, Wu Y. Optimization of condition for conjugation of enrofloxacin to enzymes in chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 127:47-51. [PMID: 24632155 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, in order to find out a proper method for conjugation of enrofloxacin to label enzymes, two methods were compared and carbodiimide condensation was proved to be better. The results showed that the binding ratio of enrofloxacin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was 8:1 and that of enrofloxacin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was 5:1. This indicated that conjugate synthesized by carbodiimide condensation was fit for chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA). Furthermore, data revealed that dialysis time was an important parameter for conjugation and 6days was best. Buffer to dilute conjugate had little effect on CLEIA. The storage condition for conjugates was also studied and it was shown that the conjugate was stable at 4°C with no additive up to 30days. These data were valuable for establishing CLEIA to quantify enrofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcheng Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Xu L, Wang H, Yang X, Lu L. Integrated pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics parameters-based dosing guidelines of enrofloxacin in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella to minimize selection of drug resistance. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:126. [PMID: 23800340 PMCID: PMC3717066 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance has become a serious global problem and is steadily increasing worldwide in almost every bacterial species treated with antibiotics. In aquaculture, the therapeutic options for the treatment of A. hydrophila infection were only limited to several antibiotics, which contributed for the fast-speed emergence of drug tolerance. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to establish a medication regimen to prevent drug resistant bacteria. To determine a rational therapeutic guideline, integrated pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics parameters were based to predict dose and dosage interval of enrofloxacin in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella infected by a field-isolated A. hydrophila strain. RESULTS The pathogenic A. hydrophila strain (AH10) in grass carp was identified and found to be sensitive to enrofloxacin. The mutant selection window (MSW) of enrofloxacin on isolate AH10 was determined to be 0.5-3 μg/mL based on the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. By using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, the Pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in grass carp were monitored after a single oral gavage of 10, 20, 30 μg enrofloxacin per g body weight. Dosing of 30 μg/g resulted in serum maximum concentration (Cmax) of 7.151 μg/mL, and concentration in serum was above MPC till 24 h post the single dose. Once-daily dosing of 30 μg/g was determined to be the rational choice for controlling AH10 infection and preventing mutant selection in grass carp. Data of mean residue time (MRT) and body clearance (CLz) indicated that both enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin present similar eliminating rate and pattern in serum, muscle and liver. A withdraw time of more than 32 d was suggested based on the drug eliminating rate and pharmacokinetic model described by a polyexponential equation. CONCLUSIONS Based on integrated PK/PD parameters (AUC/MIC, Cmax/MIC, and T>MPC), the results of this study established a principle, for the first time, on drawing accurate dosing guideline for pharmacotherapy against A. hydrophila strain (AH10) for prevention of drug-resistant mutants. Our approach in combining PK data with PD parameters (including MPC and MSW) was the new effort in aquaculture to face the challenge of drug resistance by drawing a specific dosage guideline of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishery Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
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Kalpana S, Aggarwal M, Srinivasa Rao G, Malik JK. Effects of aflatoxin B1 on tissue residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in broiler chickens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 33:121-126. [PMID: 22209724 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The impact of subchronic exposure of aflatoxin B1 on the tissue residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin was examined in broiler chickens. Broiler chickens given either normal or aflatoxin B1 (750 μg/kg diet) supplemented diets for 6 weeks received enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 4 days and thereafter, residue levels were determined. Aflatoxin B1 induced alterations in serum marker enzymes. As compared to unexposed broiler chickens, enrofloxacin concentrations in aflatoxin B1-exposed broiler chickens were significantly higher in all tissues (0.62-4.53 μg/g) analyzed except muscle 24h after termination of enrofloxacin administration. Ciprofloxacin was detectable in tissues of only mycotoxin-exposed broiler chickens. Enrofloxacin residues in liver, kidney and skin plus fat persisted for 10 days in mycotoxin-exposed broiler chickens whereas it was detectable only in liver of unexposed broiler chickens. Our results indicate that subchronic aflatoxin B1 exposure markedly influences the residue levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in tissues of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starling Kalpana
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, UP, India.
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Chen X, Xu H, Lai W, Chen Y, Yang X, Xiong Y. A sensitive chromatographic strip test for the rapid detection of enrofloxacin in chicken muscle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:383-91. [PMID: 22243423 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.641509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive colloidal gold immunochromatography assay using a specific monoclonal antibody was developed for the rapid detection of enrofloxacin (ENR) residues in chicken muscles. Anti-ENR antibodies with high sensitivity and specificity are generated by immunising BALB/c mice with well-characterised ENR-bovine serum albumin conjugate. An orthogonal L₉(3)³ test was designed, and various parameters that influenced the assay performance were investigated and optimised. Under the optimised conditions, the cut-off limits of semi-quantitative test strips for ENR were found to be 3 ng/mL in phosphate-buffered saline and 8 µg/kg in chicken muscle. The ENR test strips showed a 6% cross-reactivity with ciprofloxacin, 3% with norfloxacin, less than 1% with ofloxacin and sarafloxacin and 0.1% with the other eight fluoroquinolones including enoxacin, difloxacin, danofloxacin, pefloxacin, lomefloxacin, sparfloxacin, oxolinic acid and flumequine. Consistent results are produced from the parallel analysis of ENR-contaminated chicken muscle extracts using test strips and ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China.
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Evaluation of linear regression statistical approaches for withdrawal time estimation of veterinary drugs. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:773-8. [PMID: 22119989 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The safety of foods of animal origin requires the determination of the time at which veterinary drug residues in edible tissues are below a given maximum residue limit (MRL). For this reason, a certain withdrawal time estimate is determined for drugs based on statistical evaluation of concentrations determined by analytical analysis of residues in target organs of healthy animals. The purposes of this paper is to evaluate the linear regression statistical approach for the estimation of withdrawal time of veterinary drugs as recommended by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Union/Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary use (EU/CVMP) and compare the application with a real model example. The withdrawal time estimate of the model has shown 2-5 days difference for the increase in tolerance limit from 95% (EU) to 99% (FDA) when calculated including censored data. But when it was excluded the range increased to 2-8 days for the same increase in tolerance. Furthermore, wider range of difference (3-21 days) and variation in significance was observed with inclusion/exclusion of censored data at the same level of tolerance. In conclusion, this study suggests inclusion/exclusion of censored data should be dependent on satisfying the statistical assumptions required rather than always including/excluding.
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CORNEJO J, LAPIERRE L, IRAGÜEN D, PIZARRO N, HIDALGO H, MARTÍN BSAN. Depletion study of three formulations of flumequine in edible tissues and drug transfer into chicken feathers. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:168-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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