1
|
Ferrante M, Leite BMM, Fontes LBC, Santos Moreira A, Nascimento de Almeida ÉM, Brodskyn CI, Lima IDS, dos Santos WLC, Pacheco LV, Cardoso da Silva V, dos Anjos JP, Guarieiro LLN, Landoni F, de Menezes JPB, Fraga DBM, Santos Júnior ADF, Veras PST. Pharmacokinetics, Dose-Proportionality, and Tolerability of Intravenous Tanespimycin (17-AAG) in Single and Multiple Doses in Dogs: A Potential Novel Treatment for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:767. [PMID: 38931434 PMCID: PMC11206245 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the New World, dogs are considered the main reservoir of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Due to inefficacies in existing treatments and the lack of an efficient vaccine, dog culling is one of the main strategies used to control disease, making the development of new therapeutic interventions mandatory. We previously showed that Tanespimycin (17-AAG), a Hsp90 inhibitor, demonstrated potential for use in leishmaniasis treatment. The present study aimed to test the safety of 17-AAG in dogs by evaluating plasma pharmacokinetics, dose-proportionality, and the tolerability of 17-AAG in response to a dose-escalation protocol and multiple administrations at a single dose in healthy dogs. Two protocols were used: Study A: four dogs received variable intravenous (IV) doses (50, 100, 150, 200, or 250 mg/m2) of 17-AAG or a placebo (n = 4/dose level), using a cross-over design with a 7-day "wash-out" period; Study B: nine dogs received three IV doses of 150 mg/m2 of 17-AAG administered at 48 h intervals. 17-AAG concentrations were determined by a validated high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method: linearity (R2 = 0.9964), intra-day precision with a coefficient of variation (CV) ≤ 8%, inter-day precision (CV ≤ 20%), and detection and quantification limits of 12.5 and 25 ng/mL, respectively. In Study A, 17-AAG was generally well tolerated. However, increased levels of liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)-and bloody diarrhea were observed in all four dogs receiving the highest dosage of 250 mg/m2. After single doses of 17-AAG (50-250 mg/m2), maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) ranged between 1405 ± 686 and 9439 ± 991 ng/mL, and the area under the curve (AUC) plotting plasma concentration against time ranged between 1483 ± 694 and 11,902 ± 1962 AUC 0-8 h μg/mL × h, respectively. Cmax and AUC parameters were dose-proportionate between the 50 and 200 mg/m2 doses. Regarding Study B, 17-AAG was found to be well tolerated at multiple doses of 150 mg/m2. Increased levels of liver enzymes-ALT (28.57 ± 4.29 to 173.33 ± 49.56 U/L), AST (27.85 ± 3.80 to 248.20 ± 85.80 U/L), and GGT (1.60 ± 0.06 to 12.70 ± 0.50 U/L)-and bloody diarrhea were observed in only 3/9 of these dogs. After the administration of multiple doses, Cmax and AUC 0-48 h were 5254 ± 2784 μg/mL and 6850 ± 469 μg/mL × h in plasma and 736 ± 294 μg/mL and 7382 ± 1357 μg/mL × h in tissue transudate, respectively. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the potential of 17-AAG in the treatment of CVL, using a regimen of three doses at 150 mg/m2, since it presents the maintenance of high concentrations in subcutaneous interstitial fluid, low toxicity, and reversible hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Ferrante
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Bruna Martins Macedo Leite
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Lívia Brito Coelho Fontes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Alice Santos Moreira
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Élder Muller Nascimento de Almeida
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Isadora dos Santos Lima
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (I.d.S.L.); (W.L.C.d.S.)
| | - Washington Luís Conrado dos Santos
- Laboratory of Structural and Molecular Pathology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (I.d.S.L.); (W.L.C.d.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Bahia Medical School, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-906, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Vasconcellos Pacheco
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Vagner Cardoso da Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Jeancarlo Pereira dos Anjos
- Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (J.P.d.A.); (L.L.N.G.)
| | - Lílian Lefol Nani Guarieiro
- Integrated Campus of Manufacturing and Technology, SENAI CIMATEC University Center, Salvador 41650-010, Bahia, Brazil; (J.P.d.A.); (L.L.N.G.)
| | - Fabiana Landoni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, Buenos Aires 1900, Argentina;
| | - Juliana P. B. de Menezes
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Department of Life Sciences, State University of Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, Bahia, Brazil; (L.V.P.); (V.C.d.S.); (A.d.F.S.J.)
| | - Patrícia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil; (B.M.M.L.); (L.B.C.F.); (A.S.M.); (É.M.N.d.A.); (C.I.B.); (J.P.B.d.M.); (D.B.M.F.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hillen F, Polson S, Yates D, Watkinson R, White K. Robenacoxib versus meloxicam following ovariohysterectomy in cats: A randomised, prospective clinical trial involving owner-based assessment of pain. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3264. [PMID: 37494365 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injectable non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed to queens undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OVH), but the requirement for postoperative administration is unclear and practices vary. Existing studies assessing efficacy rely on pain scoring by experienced clinicians. However, following OVH, most cats are discharged within hours of recovery. METHODS Cats undergoing OVH were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: MEL and ROB. Cats in the MEL group (n = 76) received meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg) and those in the ROB group (n = 65) received robenacoxib (2 mg/kg). Owners were contacted by a blinded assessor 3 days postoperatively and asked to identify physical or behavioural changes and to assign pain scores using a numerical rating scale. RESULTS More cats in the ROB group displayed abnormal behaviours than cats in the MEL group (p = 0.03). Most owners assigned a pain score of 0 (72%) (n = 101), but pain scores were significantly higher in the ROB group than in the MEL group (p = 0.005). LIMITATION Methods of owner assessment of pain in cats have not been validated. CONCLUSIONS Both meloxicam and robenacoxib are effective in controlling postoperative pain. Meloxicam may have improved efficacy in certain patient populations. Applying a blanket approach to prescribing NSAIDs to cats undergoing OVH postoperatively may not be necessary. This has safety, environmental and cost implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Hillen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | | | | | - Kate White
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Hawkins MG. Treatment of Pain in Birds. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2023; 26:83-120. [PMID: 36402490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the current understanding of evidence-based clinical analgesic use in birds. The field of avian analgesia has dramatically expanded during the last 20 years, affording more options for alleviating both acute and chronic pain. These options include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, local anesthetics, and/or other drugs like gabapentin, amantadine, and cannabinoids, acting at different points in the nociceptive system thereby helping to provide greater pain relief while reducing the risk of adverse effects when combined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Sanchez-Migallon Guzman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Michelle G Hawkins
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fadel C, Łebkowska‐Wieruszewska B, Sartini I, Lisowski A, Poapolathep A, Giorgi M. Robenacoxib pharmacokinetics in sheep following oral, subcutaneous, and intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:550-557. [PMID: 35899473 PMCID: PMC9796919 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of robenacoxib (RX), a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in sheep after single subcutaneous (SC), oral (PO), and intravenous (IV) administration. Five healthy female sheep underwent a three-phase parallel study design with a washout period of 4 weeks, in which sheep received a 4 mg/kg SC dose in phase 1, a 4 mg/kg PO administration in phase 2, and a 2 mg/kg IV administration in phase 3. Plasma RX concentrations were measured over a 48 h period for each treatment using HPLC coupled to a UV multiple wavelength detector, and the PK parameters were estimated using a non-compartmental method. Following IV administration, terminal elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady state, and total clearance were 2.64 h, 0.077 L/kg, and 0.056 L/h kg, respectively. The mean peak plasma concentrations following SC and PO administrations were 7.04 and 3.01 μg/mL, respectively. The mean bioavailability following SC and PO administrations were 45.98% and 16.58%, respectively. The SC route may be proposed for use in sheep. However, the multi-dose and pharmacodynamic studies are necessary to establish more accurately its safety and efficacy in sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Fadel
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly
| | | | - Irene Sartini
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Andrzej Lisowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Biodiversity ConservationUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Amnart Poapolathep
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of PharmacologyKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Mario Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of SassariSassariItaly,Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Munn R, Whittem T, Woodward AP. The Surface Area to Volume Ratio Changes the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters in the Subcutaneous Tissue Cage Model: As Illustrated by Carprofen in Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:905797. [PMID: 35847628 PMCID: PMC9284023 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.905797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models can be powerful tools for predicting outcomes. Many models are based on repetitive sampling of the vascular space, due to the simplicity of obtaining samples. As many drugs do not exert their effect in the vasculature, models have been developed to sample tissues outside the bloodstream. Tissue cages are hollow devices implanted subcutaneously, or elsewhere, that are filled with fluid allowing repetitive sampling to occur. The physical dimensions of the cage, namely, the diffusible surface area to volume ratio, would be expected to change the rate of drug movement into and out of tissue cages. Methods Seven sheep were implanted with five pairs of tissue cages, subcutaneously. Each pair of cages had a different length but a fixed diffusible surface area, so the surface area to volume ratio differed. Carrageenan was injected into half of the cages in each animal during one sampling period in a cross-over design. Samples from each cage and the bloodstream were obtained at 14-time points during two sampling periods. The concentration of carprofen was measured using LC–MS/MS and the results were modeled using nonlinear mixed-effects techniques. Prostaglandin metabolites were also measured and the change over time was analyzed using linear mixed effect modeling. Results The presence of carrageenan within an animal changed the systemic pharmacokinetics of carprofen. The rate of drug movement into and out of the tissue cages varied with the surface area to volume ratio. The concentration time curve for prostaglandin metabolites changed with cage size. Conclusion The surface area volume ratio of tissue cages will influence the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters and may affect calculated pharmacodynamics, thus, it is an important factor to consider when using tissue cage data for dosing regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Munn
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
- Cognosco, Anexa, Morrinsville, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Richard Munn
| | - Ted Whittem
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
- Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lees P, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Giraudel JM, Pelligand L, King JN. Pharmacology, safety, efficacy and clinical uses of the COX-2 inhibitor robenacoxib. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:325-351. [PMID: 35460083 PMCID: PMC9541287 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a veterinary‐approved non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the coxib group. It possesses anti‐hyperalgesic, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐pyretic properties. Robenacoxib inhibits the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 isoform of COX selectively (in vitro IC50 ratios COX‐1:COX‐2, 129:1 in dogs, 32:1 in cats). At registered dosages (2 mg/kg subcutaneously in dogs and cats, 1–4 mg/kg orally in dogs and 1–2.4 mg/kg orally in cats), robenacoxib produces significant inhibition of COX‐2 whilst sparing COX‐1. The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of robenacoxib is characterized by a high degree of binding to plasma proteins (>98%) and moderate volume of distribution (at steady state, 240 ml/kg in dogs and 190 ml/kg in cats). In consequence, the terminal half‐life in blood (<2 h) is short, despite moderate body clearance (0.81 L/kg/h) in dogs and low clearance (0.44 L/kg/h) in cats. Excretion is principally in the bile (65% in dogs and 72% in cats). Robenacoxib concentrates in inflamed tissues, and clinical efficacy is achieved with once‐daily dosing, despite the short blood terminal half‐life. In dogs, no relevant breed differences in robenacoxib PK have been detected. Robenacoxib has a wide safety margin; in healthy laboratory animals daily oral doses 20‐fold (dog, 1 month), eight‐fold (cat, 6 weeks) and five‐fold (dog, 6 months) higher than recommended clinical doses were well tolerated. Clinical efficacy and safety have been demonstrated in orthopaedic and soft tissue surgery, and in musculoskeletal disorders in dogs and cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lees
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK.,INTHERES, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
PHARMACOKINETIC, PHARMACODYNAMIC, AND TOXICOLOGY STUDY OF ROBENACOXIB IN RAINBOW TROUT ( ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:529-537. [PMID: 34130395 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative antinociception control in fish is currently suboptimal, as commonly used antiinflammatory drugs last for only a few hours at tested temperatures. Therefore, long-acting anti-inflammatory drugs, such as robenacoxib, could improve the welfare of fish. The pharmacokinetics, duration of antinociceptive action, and potential adverse effects of robenacoxib were evaluated through two prospective randomized blinded trials in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Six healthy rainbow trout received a single IM administration of robenacoxib (2 mg/kg), and two control fish received the same volume of saline IM. Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points for 5 d. Plasma robenacoxib concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution hybrid orbitrap mass spectrometry and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis. Ten additional rainbow trout received an intralabial injection of 0.05 ml of 2% acetic acid following a previously validated nociceptive model. The treated group (n = 6) received 2 mg/kg of robenacoxib IM and the control group (n = 4) received an equivalent volume of saline IM. The behavior, appetite, and opercular rate of the fish were evaluated every hour for 5 h, then once daily for 3 d. All 12 treated trout and 6 controls underwent histopathologic evaluation. Average maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 329.9 ± 137.3 ng/ml observed at 2.1 ± 0.7 h (Tmax) and terminal half-life was 12.6 ± 2.27 h. Plasma concentrations described as antinociceptive in domestic carnivores were measured for 3-4 d. This dose was associated with a significant decrease in rocking behavior (P = 0.017). No adverse effects were detected clinically nor on histopathology. Robenacoxib administered IM at 2 mg/kg appears to be safe and may provide an antinociceptive effect in rainbow trout. This study presents a new therapeutic option to provide long-lasting antinociception in rainbow trout.
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparative pharmacokinetic profile of cimicoxib in dogs and cats after IV administration. Vet J 2021; 270:105625. [PMID: 33641805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cimicoxib is a selective COX-2 inhibitor (coxib) registered for the treatment of pain and inflammation in dogs. Pharmacokinetics of some coxibs have been described in dogs and cats. In cats, total body clearance values are lower and terminal half-lives of the coxibs are longer than those in dogs. The aim of this work was to evaluate if this is also the case for cimicoxib. For this purpose, blood pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion after IV administration were compared between these species. The in vitro metabolism of cimicoxib was also evaluated using canine and feline microsomes. In canine and feline microsomes, the formation rate of demethyl-cimicoxib, a phase 1 metabolite, was decreased in presence of quinidine, a specific human cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 inhibitor. IC50 values were 1.6 μM and 0.056 μM with canine and feline microsomes, respectively. As quinidine was about 30 times more potent in feline microsomes, the affinity of cimicoxib to the enzyme was considered to be about 30 times lower than that in canine microsomes. Total body clearance (ClB) of cimicoxib, was 0.50 L/h kg in dogs and 0.14 L/h kg in cats (P < 0.01) and terminal half-life, T½λz, was 1.92 and 5.25 h, respectively (P < 0.01). Dose eliminated in urine was 12.2% in dogs and 3.12% in cats (P < 0.01). Conjugated demethyl-cimicoxib represented 93.7% of this amount in dogs and 67.5% in cats. Thus cimicoxib, like other veterinary coxibs, was eliminated more slowly in cats. Both CYP2D15 (the canine ortholog of CYP2D6) and UDP-glucuronyltransferase enzyme systems have reduced ability to produce metabolites of cimicoxib in cats.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kongara K, Chambers JP. Robenacoxib in the treatment of pain in cats and dogs: safety, efficacy, and place in therapy. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2018; 9:53-61. [PMID: 30148083 PMCID: PMC6101027 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s170893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Robenacoxib is a novel nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of coxib class developed for the control of inflammation and pain in dogs and cats. It shows high selectivity for the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme in rats, cats, and dogs. Robenacoxib is available in both injectable and tablet formulations. This review initially focuses on the preclinical pharmacology of robenacoxib in rats that includes its high affinity for COX-2 enzyme and weaker and rapidly reversible binding for COX-1 enzyme in in vitro and ex vivo models of inflammation and its pharmacokinetics in the blood and inflammatory exudate, selective tissue distribution, and safety. These basic pharmacological profiles highlight the suitability of robenacoxib for use in target species, such as cats and dogs. Since the level of expression and activity of COX enzymes is species specific, COX-2-selective inhibition and the resultant effects of coxibs must be studied in target species. The pharmacological and toxicological profiles of robenacoxib in cats and dogs have been discussed prior to reviewing its clinical efficacy and safety. Large, multicenter field trials conducted in cats and dogs demonstrated the noninferior efficacy and safety of robenacoxib compared with noncoxib NSAIDs used in dogs and cats. These trials investigated the efficacy of robenacoxib against various acute and chronic painful conditions. Robenacoxib produced superior efficacy to placebo and COX-2 preferential inhibitors in postsurgical cats. The tissue-selective anti-inflammatory activity of robenacoxib has been demonstrated in dogs with osteoarthritis. Robenacoxib has also been shown to be safe in healthy dogs and cats receiving antihypertensive drugs and loop diuretics that could cause renal injury. The developmental objective of coxibs, comparable efficacy but superior safety to less selective/nonselective NSAIDs, is well established with robenacoxib in preclinical studies. More studies need to be conducted to fully explore the benefits of robenacoxib in clinical subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kongara
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
| | - John Paul Chambers
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sattasathuchana P, Phuwapattanachart P, Thengchaisri N. Comparison of post-operative analgesic efficacy of tolfenamic acid and robenacoxib in ovariohysterectomized cats. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:989-996. [PMID: 29695672 PMCID: PMC6021869 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a non-selective COX inhibitor
(tolfenamic acid) and a selective COX-2 inhibitor (robenacoxib) for post-operative pain
control in cats. Thirty cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy were randomly divided into
three groups: the control (placebo) group, the tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg/day) group, and
the robenacoxib (1 mg/kg/day) group. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were
administered orally 2 hr before anesthesia induction and 24 and 48 hr post-operation.
Buccal mucosal bleeding times (BMBTs) were assessed prior to anesthesia induction.
Colorado pain scores and composite pain scores were evaluated in a blinded fashion before
induction and 2, 8, 24, 30 and 48 hr post-operation. The Colorado pain scores of cats
receiving robenacoxib were significantly lower than those of cats in the control group at
30 (P=0.0126) and 48 (P=0.0439) hr post-operation. The
composite pain scores of cats from the robenacoxib group were lower than those of cats in
the control group at 30 (P=0.0299) and 48 (P=0.0103) hr
post-operation. The Colorado pain scores of cats receiving tolfenamic acid were
significantly lower than those of cats in the control group at 30 hr
(P=0.0186) post-operation. The composite pain scores in cats in the
tolfenamic acid group were lower than the scores of cats in the control group at 24
(P=0.0403) and 48 (P=0.0413) hr post-operation. BMBTs
remained within normal limits in all groups. Both tolfenamic acid and robenacoxib are
useful for post-operative pain control in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpicha Sattasathuchana
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Prangtip Phuwapattanachart
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Naris Thengchaisri
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sharpe EK, Meekins JM, Roush JK, Rankin AJ, KuKanich B. Effect of oral administration of robenacoxib on inhibition of paracentesis-induced blood-aqueous barrier breakdown in healthy cats. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:443-449. [PMID: 29583043 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.4.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of oral administration of robenacoxib on inhibition of anterior chamber paracentesis (ACP)-induced breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) and assess whether robenacoxib can cross an intact BAB in healthy cats. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURES Cats received robenacoxib (6-mg tablet in a treat, PO; n = 6) or a control treatment (treat without any drug, PO; 6) once daily for 3 days, beginning 1 day before ACP. One eye of each cat served as an untreated control, whereas the other underwent ACP, during which a 30-gauge needle was used to aspirate 100 μL of aqueous humor for determination of robenacoxib concentration. Both eyes of each cat underwent anterior chamber fluorophotometry at 0 (immediately before), 6, 24, and 48 hours after ACP. Fluorescein concentration and percentage fluorescein increase were used to assess extent of ACP-induced BAB breakdown and compared between cats that did and did not receive robenacoxib. RESULTS Extent of BAB breakdown induced by ACP did not differ significantly between cats that did and did not receive robenacoxib. Low concentrations of robenacoxib were detected in the aqueous humor (mean, 5.32 ng/mL; range, 0.9 to 16 ng/mL) for 5 of the 6 cats that received the drug. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that oral administration of robenacoxib did not significantly decrease extent of BAB breakdown in healthy cats. Detection of low robenacoxib concentrations in the aqueous humor for most treated cats indicated that the drug can cross an intact BAB.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pelligand L, Soubret A, King JN, Elliott J, Mochel JP. Modeling of Large Pharmacokinetic Data Using Nonlinear Mixed-Effects: A Paradigm Shift in Veterinary Pharmacology. A Case Study With Robenacoxib in Cats. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:625-635. [PMID: 27770596 PMCID: PMC5193001 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to model the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of robenacoxib in cats using a nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) approach, leveraging all available information collected from cats receiving robenacoxib s.c. and/or i.v.: 47 densely sampled laboratory cats and 36 clinical cats sparsely sampled preoperatively. Data from both routes were modeled sequentially using Monolix 4.3.2. Influence of parameter correlations and available covariates (age, gender, bodyweight, and anesthesia) on population parameter estimates were evaluated by using multiple samples from the posterior distribution of the random effects. A bicompartmental disposition model with simultaneous zero and first-order absorption best described robenacoxib PKs in blood. Clearance was 0.502 L/kg/h and the bioavailability was high (78%). The absorption constant point estimate (Ka = 0.68 h-1 ) was lower than beta (median, 1.08 h-1 ), unveiling flip-flop kinetics. No dosing adjustment based on available covariates information is advocated. This modeling work constitutes the first application of NLME in a large feline population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pelligand
- Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - A Soubret
- Department of PharmacometricsNovartis PharmaceuticalsBaselSwitzerland
| | - JN King
- Elanco Animal Health Inc.BaselSwitzerland
| | - J Elliott
- Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUnited Kingdom
| | - JP Mochel
- Department of PharmacometricsNovartis PharmaceuticalsBaselSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
King S, Roberts ES, King JN. Evaluation of injectable robenacoxib for the treatment of post-operative pain in cats: results of a randomized, masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:215. [PMID: 27686251 PMCID: PMC5041542 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few pharmaceuticals are registered in cats for the management of post-operative pain and inflammation. The objective of this study was to assess the field efficacy and safety of an injectable formulation of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug robenacoxib in cats undergoing surgery. The study was a multi-center, prospective, randomized, masked, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial. A total of 349 cats were enrolled and underwent surgery comprising forelimb onychectomy, as an example of orthopedic surgery, plus either ovariohysterectomy or castration. All cats received butorphanol prior to anesthesia and forelimb four-point regional nerve blocks with bupivacaine after induction of general anesthesia. Cats were randomized to receive daily subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of robenacoxib, at a target dosage of 2.0 mg/kg (n = 174), or placebo (n = 175) once prior to surgery and for an additional two days post-operatively. Results Significantly (P = 0.037) fewer cats administered robenacoxib received additional analgesia rescue therapy (34 of 173, 19.7 %) compared to cats given placebo (73 of 175, 41.7 %). The percentage of treatment success was therefore 80.3 % with robenacoxib and 58.3 % with placebo. Behavior, posture, pain on palpation of the paw and soft tissue surgery sites, and overall pain were significantly (P < 0.05) improved versus placebo at various time points within the first 8 h in cats receiving robenacoxib. The most frequently reported adverse events were incision site infection/dehiscence, bleeding, vomiting, decreased appetite and lethargy. Frequencies of reported adverse clinical signs, hematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis variables, and body weight changes were similar between groups. There were no significant changes from baseline with robenacoxib in hepatic, hematological or renal clinical pathology variables. Conclusions Robenacoxib by s.c. injection was effective and well tolerated in the control of post-operative pain associated with orthopedic, ovariohysterectomy and castration surgery in cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greensboro, NC, 27408, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Roberts
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Greensboro, NC, 27408, USA
| | - Jonathan N King
- Elanco Animal Health, Companion Animal Development, Basel, CH-4058, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Effect of benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination on glomerular filtration rate in cats. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:124. [PMID: 27338786 PMCID: PMC4917992 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Combined use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may induce acute kidney injury in humans, especially when combined with diuretics. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination in healthy cats. In each of two studies (study 1 followed by study 2), 32 healthy cats were randomised to one of four groups (n = 4 male and 4 female cats per group) in a parallel-group design. The groups received orally once daily for 7 days either placebo (control group), benazepril, robenacoxib or benazepril plus robenacoxib. In study 2, all groups received in addition 0.5 mg/kg furosemide twice daily by subcutaneous injection for 7 days. Results Benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination were well tolerated as evidenced from lack of clinical signs and no negative effects on body weight, feed consumption and clinical chemistry, haematology and urinalysis variables. The primary endpoint of the study was the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which was estimated from the plasma clearance of iohexol. In the absence of furosemide, GFR was significantly higher in cats receiving the combination of benazepril plus robenacoxib compared to the other three groups, and was also significantly higher in females receiving only benazepril compared to the control. Administration of furosemide induced diuresis, reduced GFR and activated the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system, evidenced from increased plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentrations. Compared to the control group in cats treated with furosemide, GFR was increased by benazepril (females only) but decreased by robenacoxib (males only). Benazepril, robenacoxib and their combination significantly inhibited the increase in plasma aldosterone induced by furosemide. Conclusions The combination of benazepril and robenacoxib was well tolerated and either increased or had a neutral effect on GFR in healthy cats without or with concomitant furosemide. The combination of benazepril and robenacoxib reduced plasma aldosterone concentrations increased by furosemide. It is recommended to test the efficacy and safety of the combined use of benazepril and robenacoxib in cats with clinical disease, notably proteinuric chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
|
15
|
Whitehouse W, Viviano K. Update in feline therapeutics: clinical use of 10 emerging therapies. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:220-34. [PMID: 25701861 PMCID: PMC11148892 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15571879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE The field of veterinary medicine is constantly evolving. New medications are being introduced into clinical practice, and novel uses for established medications are frequently being discovered as new information comes to light. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Therapeutic options for our feline patients can be restricted based on inadequate clinical evidence, adverse effects and patient compliance concerns. Additionally, with the reduced availability of commonly used medications in some regions, clinicians are forced to utilize alternatives with which they may have limited experience. AUDIENCE This review article is directed towards primary care veterinarians working with feline patients. The selection of medications discussed is based on many of the clinical challenges commonly encountered in practice. EVIDENCE BASE The evidence for use of some of these medications is limited due to their novelty. Known mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics data, adverse effects and clinical uses are reviewed where possible, with clinical recommendations made based on the evidence of data available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Whitehouse
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katrina Viviano
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pelligand L, King JN, Hormazabal V, Toutain PL, Elliott J, Lees P. Differential pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of robenacoxib and ketoprofen in a feline model of inflammation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 37:354-66. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pelligand
- Department of Comparative and Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - J. N. King
- Clinical Development; Novartis Animal Health Inc.; Basel Switzerland
| | - V. Hormazabal
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology; The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science; Oslo Norway
| | - P. L. Toutain
- UMR 1331 Toxalim INRA/INP/UPS; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - J. Elliott
- Department of Comparative and Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| | - P. Lees
- Department of Comparative and Basic Sciences; Royal Veterinary College; Hatfield UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jeunesse EC, Schneider M, Woehrle F, Faucher M, Lefebvre HP, Toutain PL. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling for the determination of a cimicoxib dosing regimen in the dog. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:250. [PMID: 24330630 PMCID: PMC3892053 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cimicoxib is a new coxib anti-inflammatory drug for use in the dog. To determine a preclinical dosage regimen for cimicoxib in dog, a reversible model of kaolin-induced paw inflammation was used. Dosage regimens were established using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling approach (indirect response model). RESULTS Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic endpoints investigated with the inflammation model established the efficacy of cimicoxib at a dose of 2 mg/kg administered orally (single dose) in 12 beagle dogs.For both the oral and IV route of administration two groups of dogs to be identified namely Poor Metabolizers (PM) and Extensive Metabolizers (EM).The terminal half-life after oral administration was 8.0 ± 0.6 h for the PM and 4.6 ± 2.6 h for the EM groups, with the corresponding values after the IV route being 5.6 ± 1.7 h and 2.7 ± 0.9 h (mean ± SD).The main pharmacodynamic parameters (potency, efficacy, and sensitivity) were estimated for four endpoints (body temperature, creeping speed, ground vertical reaction force and clinical lameness score). The plasma concentration corresponding to half the maximum of the indirect effect were 239 μg/L for creeping speed, 284 μg/L for the lameness score, 161 μg/L for the ground reaction vertical force and 193 μg/L for the body temperature.To document possible polymorphism of the cimicoxib disposition in the target dog population, cimicoxib was administered by the intravenous route to 40 dogs (four different sized breeds). The cimicoxib half-lives in these 40 dogs were of same order of the magnitude as those of the EM beagle dogs. Thus pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters obtained from the EM beagle dogs were selected to simulate the dose-effect relationship of cimicoxib after an oral administration allowing a dosage regimen to be selected for confirmation by a clinical trial. CONCLUSIONS Cimicoxib was an efficacious anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic drug and a dosage regimen of 2 mg/kg daily was determined for confirmatory clinical trials.
Collapse
|
18
|
King JN, Jung M, Maurer MP, Schmid VB, Seewald W, Lees P. Effects of route of administration and feeding schedule on pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib in cats. Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:465-72. [PMID: 23438125 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish pharmacokinetics of robenacoxib after administration to cats via the IV, SC, and oral routes. ANIMALS 24 cats. PROCEDURES In a crossover design, robenacoxib was administered IV, SC, and orally (experiment 1) and orally (experiment 2) to cats with different feeding regimens. Blood robenacoxib concentrations were assayed, with a lower limit of quantification of 3 ng/mL. RESULTS In experiment 1, geometric mean pharmacokinetic values after IV administration of robenacoxib were as follows: blood clearance, 0.44 L/kg/h; plasma clearance, 0.29 L/kg/h; elimination half-life, 1.49 hours; and volume of distribution at steady state (determined from estimated plasma concentrations), 0.13 L/kg. Mean bioavailability was 69% and median time to maximum concentration (Cmax) was 1 hour for cats after SC administration of robenacoxib, whereas mean bioavailability was 49% and 10% and median time to Cmax was 1 hour and 30 minutes after oral administration to cats after food withholding and after cats were fed their entire ration, respectively. In experiment 2, geometric mean Cmax was 1,159, 1,201, and 692 ng/mL and area under the curve from 0 to infinity was 1,337, 1,383, and 1,069 ng × h/mL following oral administration to cats after food withholding, cats fed one-third of the daily ration, and cats fed the entire daily ration, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE For treatment of acute conditions in cats, it is recommended to administer robenacoxib by IV or SC injection, orally after food withholding, or orally with a small amount of food to obtain optimal bioavailability and Cmax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N King
- Clinical Development, Novartis Animal Health Inc, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Staffieri F, Centonze P, Gigante G, De Pietro L, Crovace A. Comparison of the analgesic effects of robenacoxib, buprenorphine and their combination in cats after ovariohysterectomy. Vet J 2013; 197:363-7. [PMID: 23434263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative analgesic effects of robenacoxib and buprenorphine alone or in combination, in cats after ovariohysterectomy. Thirty healthy cats were randomly assigned to receive buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg, n=10; GB), robenacoxib (2mg/kg, n=10; GR) or their combination at the same dosages (n=10; GBR) SC. After 30 min cats were sedated with an IM administration of medetomidine (0.02 mg/kg) and ketamine (5mg/kg). General anaesthesia was induced with propofol and after intubation was maintained with isoflurane. Before premedication and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h after extubation, pain and sedation were assessed using a simple descriptive pain scale, ranging from 0 (no pain/no sedation) to 4 (intense pain/ deep sedation). If the pain score was ≥ 3, rescue analgesia was provided using buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) administered IM. Pain score was higher in GB at 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8h compared to baseline and compared to GBR at the same study times. Moreover, the pain score was also higher in GB compared to GR at 2, 3, 4 and 6h. Pain score was similar at all study times between GR and GBR. Sedation at 1 and 2h was higher than baseline values in all groups. Cats in GB received rescue analgesia more often than cats assigned to GR or GBR. Robenacoxib was an effective analgesic drug in cats up to 24h after ovariohysterectomy. The addition of buprenorphine did not provide any additional analgesic effects compared to robenacoxib alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Staffieri
- Dipartimento delle Emergenze e dei Trapianti d'Organo, Sezione di Chirurgia Veterinaria, Universita' degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', SP per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
King S, Roberts ES, Roycroft LM, King JN. Evaluation of oral robenacoxib for the treatment of postoperative pain and inflammation in cats: results of a randomized clinical trial. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2012; 2012:794148. [PMID: 23738129 PMCID: PMC3658645 DOI: 10.5402/2012/794148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of robenacoxib were assessed for the control of postoperative pain and inflammation in cats. The study was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, blinded, and parallel group clinical trial. A total of 249 client-owned cats scheduled for forelimb onychectomy plus either ovariohysterectomy or castration surgeries were included. All cats received butorphanol prior to anesthesia and forelimb four-point regional nerve blocks with bupivacaine after induction of general anesthesia. Cats were randomized to receive daily oral tablet robenacoxib, at a mean (range) dosage of 1.84 (1.03–2.40) mg/kg (n = 167), or placebo (n = 82), once prior to surgery and for two days postoperatively. Significantly (P < 0.05) fewer robenacoxib cats received additional analgesia rescue therapy (16.5%) than placebo cats (46.3%). Pain elicited on palpation of the soft tissue incision site, behavior following social interaction, and posture assessed during the first 8 hours after extubation were significantly (P < 0.05) improved in cats receiving robenacoxib. Frequency of reported adverse clinical signs, hematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis variables, and body weight changes weresimilar between groups. In conclusion, robenacoxib was effective and well tolerated in the control of postoperative pain and inflammation in cats undergoing onychectomy with ovariohysterectomy or castration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen King
- New Product Development, Novartis Animal Health Inc., Greensboro, NC 27408, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|