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Hart KA, Kimura S. Pharmacologic Interventions to Immunologic and Immune-Mediated Conditions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:307-339. [PMID: 38852015 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators can stimulate, suppress, or regulate one or many aspects of the immune response. Use of a variety of immunostimulants, immunosuppressors, and anti-inflammatory drugs are described in horses, but the evidence supporting their efficacy is variable. Corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the best characterized immunomodulators in horses, but further study is needed to fully define their ideal dosing protocols and indications and to characterize the efficacy of other immunomodulators in equine medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Shune Kimura
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Kuroda T, Minamijima Y, Nomura M, Yamashita S, Yamada M, Nagata S, Mita H, Tamura N, Fukuda K, Kuwano A, Kusano K, Toutain PL, Sato F. Medication control of flunixin in racing horses: Possible detection times using Monte Carlo simulations. Equine Vet J 2021; 54:979-988. [PMID: 34719043 PMCID: PMC9546317 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background For medication control in several jurisdictions, withdrawal time is the period of refrain from racing after drug administration. It is set by adding a safety period to an experimental detection time. However, there are no reports of statistical analyses of detection time for the determination of withdrawal time in flunixin meglumine‐treated horses. Objective To analyse the population pharmacokinetics of flunixin in horses through the generation of a dataset for detection time statistical analysis and predictions via Monte Carlo simulation. Study design Experimental study. Methods Drug plasma and urine concentrations following single intravenous administration of flunixin 1.1 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) in 10 horses and multiple administration of q 24 hours for 5 days in 10 horses were measured using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect model followed by Monte Carlo simulation. Irrelevant plasma concentration (IPC) and irrelevant urine concentration (IUC) were calculated using the Toutain approach. Detection times were obtained considering the time after the last administration for selected quantiles of 5000 hypothetical horses under the international screening limit (ISL) proposed by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (plasma: 1 ng/mL, urine; 100 ng/mL). Results For a regimen of 1.1 mg/kg BW q 24 hours, the IPC and IUC values were 2.0 and 73.0 ng/mL respectively. Detection times in plasma above the ISL for 90% of simulated horses were estimated as 74 hours after a single 1.1 mg/kg dose administration, 149 and 199 hours after multiple doses over 5 days at either 24‐ or 12‐hour intervals respectively. Corresponding detection times in urine were 46, 68 and 104 hours respectively. Main limitation Only female horses were investigated. Conclusions Statistical detection times for different flunixin meglumine regimens indicated a delay of detection time in plasma after multiple administrations under ISL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Kuroda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yohei Minamijima
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Equine Department Main office, Japan Racing Association, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamada
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nagata
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mita
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fukuda
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Atsutoshi Kuwano
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Equine Department Main office, Japan Racing Association, Minato-ku, Japan
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.,Intheres, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fumio Sato
- Clinical Veterinary Medicine Division, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Freeman DE. Is There Still a Place for Lidocaine in the (Postoperative) Management of Colics? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:275-288. [PMID: 31076222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous lidocaine is widely used to prevent or treat postoperative ileus in horses. Clinical studies that support this approach are flawed and contradicted by others. Also, physical obstruction could be more important in causing postoperative reflux than postoperative ileus in the horse. The antiinflammatory properties of lidocaine and the role of inflammation from intestinal handling in the genesis of postoperative reflux are questionable. Because of cost and questionable efficacy of lidocaine, a well-designed clinical trial is required to support its continued use. However, lidocaine could be given to provide or enhance analgesia in selected cases with postoperative colic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Freeman
- Equine Surgery, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, PO Box 100136, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Yu Z, Luo X, Guo F, Zhang Z, Peng L. Determination of Flunixin in Swine Plasma, Urine and Feces by UPLCMS/ MS and its Application in the Real Samples. CURR PHARM ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412913666170918163625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Flunixin is a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), because it can
effectively alleviate the organism of pyrexia, inflammation and pain, it has been widely used in veterinary
practice. In order to better study flunixin in the body's absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted,
our team developed a UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of flunixin in swine plasma,
urine and feces.
Methods:
Flunixin was extracted from the sample by liquid-liquid extraction and cleaned-up using a
mixed-mode Oasis MCX solid-phase extraction column. Analysis was performed on UPLC-MS/MS
operating in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode. Internal standard was used for quantitation of
target drug.
Results:
Recoveries of fortified samples ranged from 90.2% to 101.4%, with Relative Standard Deviations
(RSD) lower than 17.0%. The Limits Of Detection (LODs) and Quantification (LOQs) in plasma
were 0.25 and 0.5 µg L-1, in urine were 0.25 and 0.5 µg L-1, and in feces were 0.5 and 1 µg kg-1, respectively.
This validated method was successfully applied to the determination of flunixin in real samples.
The half-life of flunixin after the last dose in pigs was 7.37±1.60 h after intramuscular administration of
2.2 mg/kg of flunixin, and approximately 6.8% and 1.9% of the administered dose was excreted as parent
compound in urine and feces respectively.
Conclusion:
The developed UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of flunixin in swine plasma, urine
and feces was validated and successfully applied to monitor flunixin from real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fanxi Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhenrui Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Risberg A, Spadavecchia C, Ranheim B, Krontveit R, Haga HA. Antinociceptive effects of three escalating dexmedetomidine and lignocaine constant rate infusions in conscious horses. Vet J 2014; 202:489-97. [PMID: 25266648 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine IV are used clinically to provide analgesia in horses. The aims of this study were to investigate the antinociceptive effects, plasma concentrations and sedative effects of 2, 4 and 6 µg/kg/h dexmedetomidine IV, with a bolus of 0.96 µg/kg preceding each continuous rate infusion (CRI), and 20, 40 and 60 µg/kg/min lignocaine IV, with a bolus of 550 µg/kg preceding each CRI, in 10 Swiss Warmblood horses. Electrically elicited nociceptive withdrawal reflexes were evaluated by deltoid muscle electromyography. Nociceptive threshold and tolerance were determined by electromyography and behaviour following single and repeated stimulation. Plasma concentrations of drugs were determined by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sedation was scored on a visual analogue scale. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive threshold to single and repeated stimulation for all CRIs, except at 2 µg/kg/h, where no increase in single stimulation nociceptive threshold was observed. Dexmedetomidine increased nociceptive tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at all CRIs. There was large individual variability in dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations and levels of sedation; the median plasma concentration providing antinociceptive effects to all recorded parameters was 0.15 ng/mL, with a range from <0.02 ng/mL (below the lower limit of quantification) to 0.25 ng/mL. Lignocaine increased nociceptive threshold and tolerance to single and repeated stimulation at CRIs of 40 and 60 µg/kg/min, corresponding to plasma lignocaine concentrations >600 ng/mL. Only nociceptive tolerance to repeated stimulation increased at 20 µg/kg/min lignocaine. Lignocaine at 40 µg/kg/min and dexmedetomidine at 4 µg/kg/h were the lowest CRIs resulting in consistent antinociception. Lignocaine did not induce significant sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risberg
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway.
| | - C Spadavecchia
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | - B Ranheim
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - R Krontveit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - H A Haga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 0454 Oslo, Norway
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Valverde A. Balanced Anesthesia and Constant-Rate Infusions in Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:89-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Activation of EphA receptors mediates the recruitment of the adaptor protein Slap, contributing to the downregulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1442-55. [PMID: 23382070 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01618-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the activity of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) at glutamatergic synapses is essential for certain forms of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory and is also associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative diseases. In this report, we investigate the role of Src-like adaptor protein (Slap) in NMDA receptor signaling. We present data showing that in dissociated neuronal cultures, activation of ephrin (Eph) receptors by chimeric preclustered eph-Fc ligands leads to recruitment of Slap and NMDA receptors at the sites of Eph receptor activation. Interestingly, our data suggest that prolonged activation of EphA receptors is as efficient in recruiting Slap and NMDA receptors as prolonged activation of EphB receptors. Using established heterologous systems, we examined whether Slap is an integral part of NMDA receptor signaling. Our results showed that Slap does not alter baseline activity of NMDA receptors and does not affect Src-dependent potentiation of NMDA receptor currents in Xenopus oocytes. We also demonstrate that Slap reduces excitotoxic cell death triggered by activation of NMDARs in HEK293 cells. Finally, we present evidence showing reduced levels of NMDA receptors in the presence of Slap occurring in an activity-dependent manner, suggesting that Slap is part of a mechanism that homeostatically modulates the levels of NMDA receptors.
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