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Kreutzfeldt N, Chambers TM, Reedy S, Spann KM, Pusterla N. Effect of dexamethasone on antibody response of horses to vaccination with a combined equine influenza virus and equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:424-430. [PMID: 38141173 PMCID: PMC10800231 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone is routinely administered to horses but its effect on the antibody response to a commercial EIV/EHV vaccine is unclear. HYPOTHESIS Horses receiving dexamethasone will have lower postvaccination antibody levels against EIV and EHV-1 than vaccinated controls. ANIMALS Fifty-five healthy adult research horses. METHODS Randomized cohort study. Control (no vaccine, group 1), vaccination only (EIV/EHV-1/EHV-4, Prestige 2, Merck Animal Health, group 2), vaccination and concurrent single intravenous dose of dexamethasone (approximately .05 mg/kg, group 3), vaccination and 3 intravenous doses of dexamethasone at 24 hours intervals (group 4). Serum SAA levels were measured on day 1 and day 3. Antibody levels against EIV (hemagglutination inhibition assay, Kentucky 2014 antigen) and EHV-1 (multiplex ELISA targeting total IgG and IgG 4/7) were measured on day 1 and day 30. RESULTS Significantly increased mean antibody titers after vaccination were only noted against EIV and only after the vaccination alone (n = 14, prevaccine mean [prvm] 166.9, SD 259.6, 95% CI 16.95-316.8; postvaccine mean [povm] 249.1, SD 257.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 100.6-397.6, P = .02) and the single dose dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 93.14, SD 72.2, CI 51.45-134.8; povm 185.1, SD 118, CI 116.7-253.6, P = .01), but not after multiple doses of dexamethasone (n = 14, prvm 194.3, SD 258.3, CI 45.16-343.4; povm 240.0, SD 235.7, CI 103.9-376.1, P > .05). CONCLUSION The effect of dexamethasone on the postvaccine antibody response varies depending on the dosing frequency and the antigen-specific antibody type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kreutzfeldt
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thomas M. Chambers
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Stephanie Reedy
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research CenterUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Martínez-Boví R, Plaza-Dávila M, Cuervo-Arango J. The effect of dexamethasone and flunixin-meglumine on ovulation, endometrial oedema, and inter-ovulatory interval length in the mare. Theriogenology 2023; 197:57-61. [PMID: 36470110 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of flunixin-meglumine (a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) during the critical period of intrafollicular prostaglandin production before ovulation (24 and 36 h after hCG treatment) results in a high rate of ovulatory failure and formation of haemorrhagic anovulatory follicles (HAF) in the mare. Dexamethasone is commonly used to prevent persistent mating-induced endometritis in susceptible mares, but the effect on ovulation blockage within the pre-ovulatory critical window of intrafollicular prostaglandins production following hCG administration has not been determined. Six mares were followed during four consecutive cycles in a crossover design; once in oestrus with a follicle of >32 mm in diameter, mares were treated with hCG (Hour 0) and assigned to one of 4 groups randomly: 1) FM, mares received 1.7 mg/kg flunixin-meglumine at Hour 24 and 36; 2) CON, mares received no further treatment. 3) DEX1, mares received 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone at Hour 24, and 4) DEX2, mares received 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone at Hour 24 and 36. For all groups, ovulation and HAF rates, endometrial oedema profiles and the inter-ovulatory intervals (IOI) were determined and compared statistically. All CON and DEX mares ovulated normally and did not form any HAF. On the contrary, FM mares developed a HAF in 83% of cycles (P < 0.01). The endometrial oedema score was lower following DEX administration than FM (P < 0.05). The mean IOI was longer (P < 0.05) in DEX1 and DEX2 groups (26.5 and 26 days, respectively) than in CON and FM groups (21.5 and 22 days, respectively). In conclusion, dexamethasone treatment given either once or twice during the critical window of hCG-induced ovulation did not block or delay ovulation, but had a similar ovulation rate than untreated control mares. However, the inter-ovulatory intervals of dexamethasone treated mares was longer than control and FM treated mares. Finally, dexamethasone treatment was more effective in reducing endometrial oedema than FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martínez-Boví
- Equine Fertility Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Plaza-Dávila
- Equine Fertility Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Cuervo-Arango
- Equine Fertility Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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McClure S, Fenger C, Kersh K, Brown B, Maylin G, Duer W, Dirikolu L, Brewer K, Machin J, Tobin T. Dexamethasone serum concentrations after intravenous administration in horses during race training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DXM) sodium phosphate is a widely used corticosteroid for inflammatory conditions in horses, regulated in racing jurisdictions in the USA by a 0.005 ng/ml serum/plasma threshold. This study seeks to describe serum concentrations of DXM at 48 and 72 h after intravenous administration of 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate over 1 to 5 days, and to identify a possible source of DXM overages. 74 horses (39 Thoroughbreds, 13 Standardbreds, 22 Quarter Horses) in active race training received 20 mg DXM sodium phosphate. Serum was collected before injection, at 48 and 72 h post last injection, and analysed by LC/MS-MS (limit of quantification (LOQ) = 2.5 pg/ml). No differences were identified by ANOVA (P≤0.05) for racing breeds, age, gender or the number of days of DXM sodium phosphate administration, so data were pooled for each time point. The DXM serum concentration at 48 h (mean ± standard deviation, range) was 2.18±1.56 pg/ml (<2.5 to 40 pg/ml). Summary statistics could not be derived for 72 h DXM serum concentration data owing to censored data, but ranged from <2.5 to 95.8 pg/ml. There was one extreme outlier (Tukey) at 48 h, and two extreme outliers at 72 h. A separate study was conducted using sedentary experimental horses to determine the likelihood that positive DXM samples could result from environmental transfer. Urine was collected from a mare 2 to 3 h post administration of 20 mg DXM. Hay with 100 ml of the DXM (17 ng/ml) containing urine was offered to each of six experimental horses and blood was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. All six horses had plasma DXM concentration above the limit of detection and five of six had plasma DXM concentrations above the LOQ for at least one sample time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. McClure
- Midwest Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine, 2615 Eastgate Drive, Boone, IA 50036, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - C. Fenger
- Equine Integrated Medicine, PLC, 4904 Ironworks Rd., Georgetown, KY 40324, USA
| | - K. Kersh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011-1134, USA
| | - B. Brown
- Bradley Brown, private practice, 425 Sacree Rd., Shelbyville, KY 40065, USA
| | - G. Maylin
- New York Drug Testing and Research Program, Morrisville State College, 777 Warren Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - W. Duer
- Duer Forensic Toxicology LLC., 1621 Gulf Blvd #102, Clearwater, FL 33767-2928, USA
| | - L Dirikolu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - K. Brewer
- Kimberly Brewer, private practice, 15775 Cypress Creek Lane, Wellington, FL 33414, USA
| | - J. Machin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
| | - T. Tobin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40503, USA
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Mancipe Castro LM, García AJ, Guldberg RE. Biomaterial strategies for improved intra-articular drug delivery. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:426-436. [PMID: 32780515 PMCID: PMC8906235 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint degenerative disease that has become one of the leading causes of disability in the world. It is estimated that OA affects 50 million adults in the United States. Currently, there are no FDA-approved treatments that slow OA progression and its treatment is limited to pain management strategies and life style changes. Despite the discovery of several disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs) and promising results in preclinical studies, their clinical translation has been significantly limited because of poor intra-articular (IA) bioavailability and challenges in delivering these compounds to tissues of interest within the joint. Here, we review current OA treatments and their effectiveness at reducing joint pain, as well as novel targets for OA treatment and the challenges related to their clinical translation. Moreover, we discuss intra-articular (IA) drug delivery as a promising route of administration, describe its inherent challenges, and review recent advances in biomaterial-based IA drug delivery for OA treatment. Finally, we highlight the potential of tissue targeting in the development of effective IA drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina María Mancipe Castro
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
| | - Andrés J. García
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology. 315 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, U.S.A
| | - Robert E. Guldberg
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, 6231 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, U.S.A
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Song D, Jusko WJ. Across‐species meta‐analysis of dexamethasone pharmacokinetics utilizing allometric and scaling modeling approaches. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:191-203. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences State University of New York at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA
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6
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Knych HK, Weiner D, Arthur RM, Baden R, McKemie DS, Kass PH. Serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling, and effects of dexamethasone on inflammatory mediators following intravenous and oral administration to exercised horses. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1087-1101. [PMID: 32436346 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs and as such are commonly administered to performance and racehorses. The objectives of the current study were to describe blood and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics and effects on cortisol and inflammatory mediator concentrations, following intravenous and oral administration to 12 exercised horses. Horses received an intravenous administration of 40 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate and 20 mg of dexamethasone tablets with a 4 week washout in between administrations. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 96 hours post drug administration. Whole blood samples were collected at various time points and challenged with lipopolysaccharide or calcium ionophore to induce ex vivo synthesis of eicosanoids. The concentrations of dexamethasone and eicosanoids were measured using LC-MS/MS and the concentrations from both routes of administration fit simultaneously using a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. A turnover model with inhibition of Kin gave an adequate fit to the dexamethasone-cortisol PKPD data. Serum and urine dexamethasone concentrations were at the limit of quantitation at 96 and 48 hours post administration, respectively. The volume of distribution, systemic clearance, and terminal half-life was 0.907 L/kg, 7.89 mL/h/kg, and 1.34 h, respectively. The IC50 for cortisol suppression was 0.007 ng/mL. Stimulation of dexamethasone treated blood with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore resulted in an inhibition of inflammatory biomarker production for a prolonged period of time post drug administration. The results of this study suggest that dexamethasone has a prolonged anti-inflammatory effect following intravenous or oral administration to horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Rick M Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Russell Baden
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Philip H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Cutler C, Viljanto M, Hincks P, Habershon‐Butcher J, Muir T, Biddle S. Investigation of the metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator LGD‐4033 in equine urine, plasma and hair following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:247-260. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Ekstrand C, Bondesson U, Giving E, Hedeland M, Ingvast-Larsson C, Jacobsen S, Löfgren M, Moen L, Rhodin M, Saetra T, Ranheim B. Disposition and effect of intra-articularly administered dexamethasone on lipopolysaccharide induced equine synovitis. Acta Vet Scand 2019; 61:28. [PMID: 31221173 PMCID: PMC6585085 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-019-0464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dexamethasone is used for the intra-articular route of administration in management of aseptic arthritis in horses. Despite its widespread use there is very little quantitative data of the disposition and response to dexamethasone. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the synovial fluid and plasma dexamethasone concentration over time and to explore the relation between synovial fluid concentration and response using clinical endpoints as response biomarkers after IA injection of dexamethasone disodium salt solution in an equine model of synovitis. Results Inflammation was induced in the radiocarpal joint of six horses by injection of 2 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Two hours later either saline or dexamethasone was injected in the same joint in a two treatment cross over design. Each horse was treated once with one of the six doses dexamethasone used (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1 or 3 mg) and once with saline. Dexamethasone was quantified by means of UHPLC–MS/MS. Dexamethasone disposition was characterised by means of a non-linear mixed effects model. Lameness was evaluated both objectively with an inertial sensor based system and subjectively scored using a numerical scale (0–5). Joint circumference, skin temperature over the joint and rectal temperature were also recorded. The LPS-challenge induced lameness in all horses with high inter-individual variability. Dexamethasone significantly decreased lameness compared with saline. Other variables were not statistically significant different between treatments. Objective lameness scoring was the most sensitive method used in this study to evaluate the lameness response. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was successfully fitted to experimental dexamethasone and lameness data. The model allowed characterization of the dexamethasone synovial fluid concentration–time course, the systemic exposure to dexamethasone after intra-articular administration and the concentration–response relation in an experimental model of synovitis. Conclusions The quantitative data improve the understanding of the pharmacology of dexamethasone and might serve as input for future experiments and possibly contribute to maintain integrity of equine sports.
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Symonds NE, Dart AJ, Keledjian J, Lau ML, Ennis LC, McIver VC, Tsang AS, Biasutti SA, Jeffcott LB. Pilot study to quantify the time to clear dexamethasone from plasma and urine of adult horses following a single nebulisation. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:144-148. [PMID: 31025330 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the time to clear dexamethasone from plasma and urine of horses following a single nebulisation. DESIGN Experimental using six Standardbred mares. METHODS Dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.04 mg/kg) diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride was administered as an aerosol using a Flexineb E2® nebuliser. Blood samples (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 32, 48, 72 and 96 h) and urine samples (0, 1, 4, 8, 24, 32, 48, 72 and 96 h) were collected for analysis using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Maximum plasma concentrations (tmax ) were reached by the earliest detection point (2 h) after nebulisation (0.6-1.8 ng/mL), but was no longer detectable at 48 h. However, in one horse 0.1 ng/mL was found at 96 h after three consecutive readings of 0 ng/mL. The tmax in urine was reached by the earliest collection point (1 h) after nebulisation (3.2-23.8 ng/mL), but was no longer present in urine at 72 h in five horses, while detectable levels (0.1 ng/mL) were still present at 96 h in one horse. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of 0.04 mg/kg of DSP administered as an aerosol through a FlexinebE2® mask was no longer detectable in blood at 48 h in six horses tested, but one horse returned a reading of 0.1 ng/mL at 96 h after having no detectable levels. Dexamethasone was not detectable in urine at 72 h in five horses but was detectable at a low concentration (0.1 ng/mL) at 96 h in one horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Symonds
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - A J Dart
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - J Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory - Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Liu Lau
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory - Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L C Ennis
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory - Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - V C McIver
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - A S Tsang
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - S A Biasutti
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - L B Jeffcott
- Research and Clinical Trials Unit, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
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Held F, Ekstrand C, Cvijovic M, Gabrielsson J, Jirstrand M. Modelling of oscillatory cortisol response in horses using a Bayesian population approach for evaluation of dexamethasone suppression test protocols. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2019; 46:75-87. [PMID: 30673914 PMCID: PMC6394511 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-09617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone relevant to immune function in horses and other species and shows a circadian rhythm. The glucocorticoid dexamethasone suppresses cortisol in horses. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a disease in which the cortisol suppression mechanism through dexamethasone is challenged. Overnight dexamethasone suppression test (DST) protocols are used to test the functioning of this mechanism and to establish a diagnosis for PPID. However, existing DST protocols have been recognized to perform poorly in previous experimental studies, often indicating presence of PPID in healthy horses. This study uses a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling approach to analyse the oscillatory cortisol response and its interaction with dexamethasone. Two existing DST protocols were then scrutinized using model simulations with particular focus on their ability to avoid false positive outcomes. Using a Bayesian population approach allowed for quantification of uncertainty and enabled predictions for a broader population of horses than the underlying sample. Dose selection and sampling time point were both determined to have large influence on the number of false positives. Advice on pitfalls in test protocols and directions for possible improvement of DST protocols were given. The presented methodology is also easily extended to other clinical test protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Held
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Carl Ekstrand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marija Cvijovic
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Jirstrand
- Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Chalmers Science Park, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ekstrand C, Falkenö U, Kallings P, Tvedten H, Lilliehöök I. Plasma Dexamethasone Concentration in Relation to Glucose Response in the Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Analysis of corticosteroids in samples of animal origin using QuEChERS and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:449-457. [PMID: 30478515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive method for the confirmatory analysis of eight synthetic corticosteroids (betamethasone, dexamethasone, prednisolone, 6-methylprednisolone, triamcinolone, flumethasone, beclomethasone, fluocinolone acetonide) is proposed. The method is useful for detecting illegal treatments in different animal species. It consists of an extraction and cleanup using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) strategy. Quantitative determination is achieved by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with heated electrospray ionization in negative mode. Quantification is performed using surrogate matrix-matched standard calibration curve with dexamethasone-D4 as the internal standard. The method was validated for analyzing liver samples according to the criteria established by Decision 2002/657/EC. Linearity was assessed in the 1-10 μg kg-1 range and linear correlation coefficients were over 0.99 for all the analytes. CCα ranged from 0.04 to 0.16 μg kg-1 for substances without maximum residue limit. The method allows confident quantification and confirmation of corticosteroids in liver samples, and its simplicity makes it suitable for analyzing large numbers of samples.
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Knych HK, Arthur RM, McKemie DS, Baden R, Oldberg N, Kass PH. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous flumetasone and effects on plasma hydrocortisone concentrations and inflammatory mediators in the horse. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:238-245. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Knych
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
- Department of Veterinary Molecular Biosciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - R. M. Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis USA
| | - D. S. McKemie
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - R. Baden
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - N. Oldberg
- K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
| | - P. H. Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis USA
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14
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Haspel AD, Giguère S, Hart KA, Berghaus LJ, Davis JL. Bioavailability and tolerability of nebulised dexamethasone sodium phosphate in adult horses. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:85-90. [PMID: 28719014 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nebulisation of the injectable dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) would offer an inexpensive way of delivering a potent corticosteroid directly to the lungs of horses with asthma. However, this approach would be advantageous only if systemic absorption is minimal and if the preservatives present in the formulation do not induce airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the bioavailability of nebulised DSP and determine whether it induces airway inflammation or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression in healthy adult horses. STUDY DESIGN Randomised crossover experiment. METHODS Dexamethasone sodium phosphate was administered to six healthy adult horses at a dose of 5 mg q. 24 h for 5 days via nebulised, or intravenous (i.v.) routes. Plasma dexamethasone concentrations were measured by UPLC/MS-MS to calculate bioavailability. Cytological examination of bronchoalveolar fluid was performed at baseline and after the last dose of DSP. A validated chemiluminescent immunoassay was used to measure basal serum cortisol concentrations. RESULTS After nebulisation to adult horses, dexamethasone had a mean (±s.d.) maximum plasma concentration of 0.774 ± 0.215 ng/mL and systemic bioavailability of 4.3 ± 1.2%. Regardless of route of administration, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid over time. During i.v. administration, basal serum cortisol concentration decreased significantly from baseline to Day 3 and remained low on Day 5. In contrast, basal serum cortisol concentration did not change significantly during administration via nebulisation. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size and short period of drug administration. CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone sodium phosphate administered via nebulisation had minimal systemic bioavailability and did not induce lower airway inflammation or HPA axis suppression in healthy horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Haspel
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - S Giguère
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - K A Hart
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - L J Berghaus
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - J L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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15
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Perni S, Prokopovich P. Poly-beta-amino-esters nano-vehicles based drug delivery system for cartilage. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:539-548. [PMID: 27746232 PMCID: PMC5339075 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The efficient delivery of therapeutic molecules to the cartilage of joints is a major obstacle in developing useful therapeutic interventions; hence, a targeted drug delivery system for this tissue is critical. We have overcome the challenge by developing a system that employs electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged constituents of cartilage and a positively charged polymer, poly-beta amino esters (PBAEs). We have demonstrated cartilage uptake of dexamethasone (DEX) covalently bound to the PBAE was doubled and retention in tissues prolonged compared to the equivalent dose of the commercial drug formulation. Moreover, no adverse effects on chondrocytes were found. Our data also show that PBAEs can bind not only healthy cartilage tissues but also enzymatically treated cartilage mimicking early stages of OA. Our PBAEs-prodrug technology's advantages are fourfold; the specificity and efficacy of its targeting mechanism for cartilage, the ease of its production and the low-cost nature of the delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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16
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Mizen K, Woodman J, Boysen SR, Wagg C, Greco-Otto P, Léguillette R, Roy MF. Effect of Dexamethasone on Resting Blood Lactate Concentrations in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:164-169. [PMID: 28019037 PMCID: PMC5259638 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood lactate concentration is a marker of tissue perfusion and helps guide therapeutic interventions in critically ill horses. In both humans and dogs, administration of corticosteroids can increase blood lactate concentration, leading to type B hyperlactatemia. This effect could be a consequence of the impact of corticosteroids on glucose metabolism. Objectives To investigate the effects of daily IM dexamethasone administration on blood lactate and glucose concentrations in horses. Animals Nine healthy adult horses. Methods A randomized, blinded, controlled, cross‐over study design was used. Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups, either receiving 0.05 mg/kg of dexamethasone IM or an equivalent volume of saline, daily for 7 days. Blood was collected to determine lactate and glucose concentrations at baseline, 2 hours after the daily injections and 24 hours after the last injection. Results Dexamethasone treatment had a statistically significant effect on lactate (P = .006) and glucose (P = .033) concentrations. The least squares mean lactate concentration was 0.93 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.87–0.99) in the dexamethasone group compared to 0.71 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.70–0.73) for the saline group. A positive relationship between blood lactate and glucose concentrations was identified, with a 0.07 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.05–0.09) increase in lactate concentration per unit increase in glucose (P < .0001) concentration. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Dexamethasone induces statistically significant increases in blood lactate and glucose concentrations in healthy horses. Awareness of the potential for corticosteroids to induce type B hyperlactatemia might be important in the management of critically ill horses receiving dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mizen
- Northside Veterinary Clinic, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - J Woodman
- Alpine Pet Hospital, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S R Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C Wagg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - P Greco-Otto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - M-F Roy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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17
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Cuming RS, Groover ES, Wooldridge AA, Caldwell FJ. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 1: Pharmacology. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Cuming
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - E. S. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - A. A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
| | - F. J. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University Alabama USA
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18
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Valenzuela OA, Jellyman JK, Allen VL, Holdstock NB, Fowden AL. Effects of maternal dexamethasone treatment on pancreatic β cell function in the pregnant mare and post natal foal. Equine Vet J 2016; 49:99-106. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - J. K. Jellyman
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - V. L. Allen
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - N. B. Holdstock
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience; University of Cambridge; CB2 3EG UK
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19
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Tangtrongsup S, Kisiday JD. Effects of Dexamethasone Concentration and Timing of Exposure on Chondrogenesis of Equine Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Cartilage 2016; 7:92-103. [PMID: 26958321 PMCID: PMC4749745 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515595263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dexamethasone is known to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis, although the effects of dose and timing of exposure are not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate these variables using a laboratory model of MSC chondrogenesis. DESIGN Equine MSCs were encapsulated in agarose and cultured in chondrogenic medium with 1 or 100 nM dexamethasone, or without dexamethasone, for 15 days. Samples were analyzed for extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase secretion, and gene expression of selected collagens and catabolic enzymes. Timing of exposure was evaluated by ECM accumulation after dexamethasone was withdrawn over the first 6 days, or withheld for up to 3 or 6 days of culture. RESULTS ECM accumulation was not significantly different between 1 and 100 nM dexamethasone, but was suppressed ~40% in dexamethasone-free cultures. Prostaglandin E2 secretion, and expression of catabolic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinase 13, and type X collagen was generally lowest in 100 nM dexamethasone and not significantly different between 1 nM and dexamethasone-free cultures. Dexamethasone could be withheld for at least 2 days without affecting ECM accumulation, while withdrawal studies suggested that dexamethasone supports ECM accumulation beyond day 6. CONCLUSION One nanomolar dexamethasone supported robust cartilage-like ECM accumulation despite not having an effect on markers of inflammation, although higher concentrations of dexamethasone may be necessary to suppress undesirable hypertrophic differentiation. While early exposure to dexamethasone was not critical, sustained exposure of at least a week appears to be necessary to maximize ECM accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwimol Tangtrongsup
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - John D. Kisiday
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,John D. Kisiday, Orthopaedic Research Center, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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20
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Ekstrand C, Ingvast-Larsson C, Olsén L, Hedeland M, Bondesson U, Gabrielsson J. A quantitative approach to analysing cortisol response in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:255-63. [PMID: 26542753 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol response to glucocorticoid intervention has, in spite of several studies in horses, not been fully characterized with regard to the determinants of onset, intensity and duration of response. Therefore, dexamethasone and cortisol response data were collected in a study applying a constant rate infusion regimen of dexamethasone (0.17, 1.7 and 17 μg/kg) to six Standardbreds. Plasma was analysed for dexamethasone and cortisol concentrations using UHPLC-MS/MS. Dexamethasone displayed linear kinetics within the concentration range studied. A turnover model of oscillatory behaviour accurately mimicked cortisol data. The mean baseline concentration range was 34-57 μg/L, the fractional turnover rate 0.47-1.5 1/h, the amplitude parameter 6.8-24 μg/L, the maximum inhibitory capacity 0.77-0.97, the drug potency 6-65 ng/L and the sigmoidicity factor 0.7-30. This analysis provided a better understanding of the time course of the cortisol response in horses. This includes baseline variability within and between horses and determinants of the equilibrium concentration-response relationship. The analysis also challenged a protocol for a dexamethasone suppression test design and indicated future improvement to increase the predictability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ekstrand
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Ingvast-Larsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Olsén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Hedeland
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Bondesson
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Gabrielsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Ekstrand C, Bondesson U, Gabrielsson J, Hedeland M, Kallings P, Olsén L, Ingvast-Larsson C. Plasma concentration-dependent suppression of endogenous hydrocortisone in the horse after intramuscular administration of dexamethasone-21-isonicotinate. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:235-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Ekstrand
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - U. Bondesson
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene; National Veterinary Institute; Uppsala Sweden
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - J. Gabrielsson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - M. Hedeland
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene; National Veterinary Institute; Uppsala Sweden
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - P. Kallings
- Swedish-Norwegian Foundation for Equine Research; Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish Trotting Association; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Olsén
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
| | - C. Ingvast-Larsson
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Uppsala Sweden
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22
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Brennan KM, Urschel KL. Recovery of insulin sensitivity in mature horses after a 3 week course of dexamethasone therapy. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:718-21. [PMID: 24533602 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY Dexamethasone is an anti-inflammatory drug commonly used in equine medicine. Insulin sensitivity decreases with prolonged dexamethasone administration, but little information is available about the duration of this side effect after long-term treatment ends. OBJECTIVES To determine how long it takes for blood glucose, insulin and markers of insulin sensitivity to return to normal ranges after extended dexamethasone treatment has ceased. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Eight healthy, mature, mixed-breed horses received 0.04 mg/kg bwt/day oral dexamethasone for 21 days. Blood samples were taken weekly during dexamethasone treatment (Days -21, -14 and -7). Following the final dose of dexamethasone on Day 0, blood samples were taken on Days 1-6, 8, 10, 12, 15 and 22. Day -21 represents baseline or normal blood predexamethasone. RESULTS On Day 1, plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and the modified insulin-to-glucose ratio (a proxy for pancreatic β cell responsiveness) were higher and the reciprocal of the square root of insulin (a proxy for the estimate of insulin sensitivity) was lower, in comparison with Day -21 values. Blood glucose concentrations dropped and returned to Day -21 values by Day 2. Insulin concentrations remained elevated until Day 3. Values for the modified insulin-to-glucose ratio decreased and returned to Day -21 concentrations by Day 4. Values for the reciprocal of the square root of insulin did not return to Day -21 values until Day 15. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that, in contrast to blood glucose concentrations, which return to normal quickly (within 2 days after treatment ends), the pancreatic insulin-secreting response has a delayed recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Brennan
- Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, Alltech Inc, Nicholasville, Kentucky, USA
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23
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Wyns H, Meyer E, Watteyn A, Plessers E, De Baere S, De Backer P, Croubels S. Pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone after intravenous and intramuscular administration in pigs. Vet J 2013; 198:286-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Capolongo F, Gallina G, Fidani M, Baia F, Montesissa C. Endocrine evaluation after an intra-articular therapeutic dosage of dexamethasone in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 36:542-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Capolongo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina comparata e Alimentazione; Università di Padova; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | - G. Gallina
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina comparata e Alimentazione; Università di Padova; Legnaro Padova Italy
| | | | - F. Baia
- Unirelab; Settimo Milanese MI Italy
| | - C. Montesissa
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina comparata e Alimentazione; Università di Padova; Legnaro Padova Italy
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