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Contrasting Host-Parasite Population Structure: Morphology and Mitogenomics of a Parasitic Flatworm on Pelagic Deepwater Cichlid Fishes from Lake Tanganyika. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080797. [PMID: 34440029 PMCID: PMC8389663 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Little phylogeographic structure is presumed for highly mobile species in pelagic zones. Lake Tanganyika is a unique ecosystem with a speciose and largely endemic fauna famous for its remarkable evolutionary history. In bathybatine cichlid fishes, the pattern of lake-wide population differentiation differs among species. We assessed the congruence between the phylogeographic structure of bathybatine cichlids and their parasitic flatworm Cichlidogyrus casuarinus to test the magnifying glass hypothesis. Additionally, we evaluated the use of a PoolSeq approach to study intraspecific variation in dactylogyrid monogeneans. The lake-wide population structure of C. casuarinus ex Hemibates stenosoma was assessed based on a portion of the cox1 gene combined with morphological characterisation. Additionally, intraspecific mitogenomic variation among 80 parasite samples from one spatially constrained metapopulation was assessed using shotgun NGS. While no clear geographic genetic structure was detected in parasites, both geographic and host-related phenotypic variation was apparent. The incongruence with the genetic north-south gradient observed in H. stenosoma may be explained by the broad host range of this flatworm including eupelagic bathybatine host species that form panmictic populations across the lake. In addition, we present the first parasite mitogenome from Lake Tanganyika and propose a methodological framework for studying the intraspecific mitogenomic variation of dactylogyrid monogeneans.
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Lehtonen TK, Elmer KR, Lappalainen M, Meyer A. Genetic evidence for panmixia in a colony-breeding crater lake cichlid fish. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1166. [PMID: 29348515 PMCID: PMC5773479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-scaled genetic structuring, as seen for example in many lacustrine fish, typically relates to the patterns of migration, habitat use, mating system or other ecological factors. Because the same processes can also affect the propensity of population differentiation and divergence, assessments of species from rapidly speciating clades, or with particularly interesting ecological traits, can be especially insightful. For this study, we assessed the spatial genetic relationships, including the genetic evidence for sex-biased dispersal, in a colony-breeding cichlid fish, Amphilophus astorquii, endemic to Crater Lake Apoyo in Nicaragua, using 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci (n = 123 individuals from three colonies). We found no population structure in A. astorquii either within colonies (no spatial genetic autocorrelation, r ~0), or at the lake-wide level (pairwise population differentiation FST = 0-0.013 and no clustering), and there was no sex-bias (male and female AIc values bounded 0) to this lack of genetic structure. These patterns may be driven by the colony-breeding reproductive behaviour of A. astorquii. The results suggest that strong philopatry or spatial assortative mating are unlikely to explain the rapid speciation processes associated with the history of this species in Lake Apoyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Lehtonen
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - K R Elmer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - M Lappalainen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A Meyer
- Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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Koblmüller S, Odhiambo EA, Sinyinza D, Sturmbauer C, Sefc KM. Big fish, little divergence: phylogeography of Lake Tanganyika's giant cichlid, Boulengerochromis microlepis. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2015; 748:29-38. [PMID: 25983338 PMCID: PMC4430823 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-014-1863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The largely endemic cichlid species flocks of the East African Great Lakes are among the prime examples for explosive speciation and adaptive radiation. Speciation rates differ among cichlid lineages, and the propensity to radiate has been linked to intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as sexual selection and ecological opportunity. Remarkably, only one cichlid tribe-the Boulengerochromini-comprises just a single species, Boulengerochromis microlepis, a predominantly piscivorous endemic of Lake Tanganyika and the world's largest cichlid. While the lineage diverged from its closest relatives at the onset of the Lake Tanganyika radiation >8 MYA, mitochondrial control region sequences collected in this study dated the most recent common ancestor of B. microlepis to ~60-110 KYA. There was no evidence of phylogeographic structure in the lake-wide sample. Patterns of genetic diversity and demographic analyses were consistent with slow and steady population growth throughout the reconstructed timescale. Additionally, the shallow divergence within the species may be related to a possibly large variance in reproductive success in this highly fecund species. Trophic niche space restriction by sympatric piscivores, lack of geographic structure, low potential for sexual selection arising from the monogamous mating system and extinction may have contributed to keeping the lineage monotypic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Koblmüller
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elizabeth A Odhiambo
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria; Ichthyology Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Danny Sinyinza
- Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Lifestock, Mpulungu, Zambia
| | - Christian Sturmbauer
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kristina M Sefc
- Department of Zoology, Karl-Franzens-University Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Genetic structure of pelagic and littoral cichlid fishes from Lake Victoria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74088. [PMID: 24040175 PMCID: PMC3765259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The approximately 700 species of cichlids found in Lake Victoria in East Africa are thought to have evolved over a short period of time, and they represent one of the largest known examples of adaptive radiation. To understand the processes that are driving this spectacular radiation, we must determine the present genetic structure of these species and elucidate how this structure relates to the ecological conditions that caused their adaptation. We analyzed the genetic structure of two pelagic and seven littoral species sampled from the southeast area of Lake Victoria using sequences from the mtDNA control region and 12 microsatellite loci as markers. Using a Bayesian model-based clustering method to analyze the microsatellite data, we separated these nine species into four groups: one group composed of pelagic species and another three groups composed mainly of rocky-shore species. Furthermore, we found significant levels of genetic variation between species within each group at both marker loci using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), although the nine species often shared mtDNA haplotypes. We also found significant levels of genetic variation between populations within species. These results suggest that initial groupings, some of which appear to have been related to habitat differences, as well as divergence between species within groups took place among the cichlid species of Lake Victoria.
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Koblmüller S, Egger B, Sturmbauer C, Sefc KM. Rapid radiation, ancient incomplete lineage sorting and ancient hybridization in the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Tropheini. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 55:318-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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SALZBURGER WALTER. The interaction of sexually and naturally selected traits in the adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:169-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Maeda K, Takeda M, Kamiya K, Aibara M, Mzighani SI, Nishida M, Mizoiri S, Sato T, Terai Y, Okada N, Tachida H. Population structure of two closely related pelagic cichlids in Lake Victoria, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. laparogramma. Gene 2008; 441:67-73. [PMID: 19084056 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria show spectacular diversification that is thought to be recent. Therefore, by investigating those fishes, we may be able to elucidate recently completed or ongoing speciation processes. We studied the population structures of two closely related pelagic cichlid species, Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus and H. laparogramma, using a mitochondrial DNA locus and 12 nuclear microsatellite loci as putative neutral markers. Ten and two populations of H. pyrrhocephalus and H. laparogramma, respectively, were sampled from the southern part of Lake Victoria. We grouped those 12 populations into four mutually differentiated regional populations, one of which consisted of the two H. laparogramma populations. The levels of differentiation were substantial at the mitochondrial locus (F(ST) = 0.03-0.54), but very low at microsatellite loci (R(ST) = 0.008-0.116). The data from both types of loci indicated that the regional population of H. laparogramma was first separated from those of H. pyrrhocephalus if we set aside one erratic population of H. pyrrhocephalus. The data also suggested recent population expansions of the two species, the time scales for which were estimated to be on the order of 10(4)-10(5) years. These data suggested that dynamic speciation processes accompanied occasional spawning of new species and population size changes in this lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Maeda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan
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MICROSATELLITE POLYMORPHISM WITHIN TWO LAKE BAIKAL OILFISH SPECIES (COMEPHORUS LACEPEDE, 1801). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.17816/ecogen5250-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic polymorphism of a Baikal Lake endemic, big Baikal oilfish (Comephorus baicalensis Pallas, 1776), was evaluated based on microsatellite analysis. The obtained results have compared to the results received earlier for a little Baikal oilfish (C. dybowski Korotneff, 1905). Six microsatellite loci designed for the European sculpin, Cottus gobio, were used. Big Baikal oilfish samples were tested from the three Baikal trenches (southern, middle, northern). Average values of F<sub>ST</sub> and R<sub>ST</sub>indexes between the samples did not exceed 0,02 that point to weak intraspecific genetic differentiation. Big Baikal oilfish had the smaller allele variety, the greater deficit of heterozygotes and presence of low-molecular alleles in comparison with little Baikal oilfish. The values of genetic differentiation were equaled F<sub>ST</sub> = 0,138 and R<sub>ST</sub> = 0,244 for all loci between cumulative samples of little and big Baikal oilfish. Analysis of microsatellite polymorphism has showed that both a big and little Baikal oilfishes are represented by single populations. The factor promoting panmixia within the Baikal oilfish species is apparently a passive transfer of juvenile and adult fishes by water currents.
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Sefc KM, Baric S, Salzburger W, Sturmbauer C. Species-Specific Population Structure in Rock-Specialized Sympatric Cichlid Species in Lake Tanganyika, East Africa. J Mol Evol 2006; 64:33-49. [PMID: 17160645 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-006-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Species richness and geographical phenotypic variation in East African lacustrine cichlids are often correlated with ecological specializations and limited dispersal. This study compares mitochondrial and microsatellite genetic diversity and structure among three sympatric rock-dwelling cichlids of Lake Tanganyika, Eretmodus cyanostictus, Tropheus moorii, and Ophthalmotilapia ventralis. The species represent three endemic, phylogenetically distinct tribes (Eretmodini, Tropheini, and Ectodini), and display divergent ecomorphological and behavioral specialization. Sample locations span both continuous, rocky shoreline and a potential dispersal barrier in the form of a muddy bay. High genetic diversity and population differentiation were detected in T. moorii and E. cyanostictus, whereas much lower variation and structure were found in O. ventralis. In particular, while a 7-km-wide muddy bay curtails dispersal in all three species to a similar extent, gene flow along mostly continuous habitat appeared to be controlled by distance in E. cyanostictus, further restricted by site philopatry and/or minor habitat discontinuities in T. moorii, and unrestrained in O. ventralis. In contrast to the general pattern of high gene flow along continuous shorelines in rock-dwelling cichlids of Lake Malawi, our study identifies differences in population structure among stenotopic Lake Tanganyika species. The amount of genetic differentiation among populations was not related to the degree of geographical variation of body color, especially since more phenotypic variation is observed in O. ventralis than in the genetically highly structured E. cyanostictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Sefc
- Department of Zoology, Karl Franzens University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Koblmüller S, Sefc KM, Duftner N, Warum M, Sturmbauer C. Genetic population structure as indirect measure of dispersal ability in a Lake Tanganyika cichlid. Genetica 2006; 130:121-31. [PMID: 16897454 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-0027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diversification and speciation processes are influenced by intrinsic (ecological specialization, dispersal) and extrinsic (habitat structure and instability) factors, but the effect of ecological characteristics on dispersal is difficult to assess. This study uses mitochondrial control region sequences to investigate the population structure and demographic history of the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus caudopunctatus with a preference for the rock-sand interface along two stretches of continuous, rocky shoreline, and across a sandy bay representing a potential dispersal barrier. Populations along uninterrupted habitat were not differentiated; whereas, the sandy bay separated two reciprocally monophyletic clades. The split between the two clades between 170,000 and 260,000 years BP coincides with a period of rising water level following a major lowstand, and indicates that clades remained isolated throughout subsequent lake level fluctuations. Low long-term effective population sizes were inferred from modest genetic diversity estimates, and may be due to recent population expansions starting from small population sizes 45,000-60,000 years BP. Comparisons with available data from specialized rock-dwelling species of the same area suggest that habitat structure and lake level fluctuations determine phylogeographic patterns on large scales, while fine-scale population structure and demography are modulated by species-specific ecologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Koblmüller
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
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Duftner N, Sefc KM, Koblmüller S, Nevado B, Verheyen E, Phiri H, Sturmbauer C. Distinct population structure in a phenotypically homogeneous rock-dwelling cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:2381-95. [PMID: 16842413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several lineages of cichlid fishes in the East African Great Lakes display stunning levels of morphological diversification. The rapid evolution of rock-dwelling polygynous mouthbrooders in Lake Malawi, for example, was in part ascribed to their allopatric distribution on disjunct stretches of rocky coast, where even short habitat discontinuities reduce gene flow effectively. However, as seen in other cichlids, ecological barriers do not always prevent gene flow, whereas genetic structure can develop along continuous habitat, and morphological diversification does not necessarily accompany genetic differentiation. The present study investigates the population structure of Variabilichromis moorii, a monogamous substrate-brooding lamprologine of rocky coasts in Lake Tanganyika, which occurs over about 1000 km of shoreline almost without phenotypic variation. Phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicated that dispersal is infrequent and generally occurs between adjacent locations only. Exceptions to this pattern are closely related haplotypes from certain locations on opposite lakeshores, a phenomenon which has been observed in other species and is thought to reflect lake crossing along an underwater ridge in times of low water level. Genetic population differentiation, estimated from mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data in six adjacent populations, was equally high across localities separated by sandy shores and along uninterrupted stretches of rocky shore. Our results suggest that ecological barriers are not required to induce philopatric behavior in Variabilichromis, and that morphological stasis persists in the face of high levels of neutral genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Duftner
- Department of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Abstract
The 500-1000 cichlid species endemic to Lake Malawi constitute one of the most rapid and extensive radiations of vertebrates known. There is a growing debate over the role natural and sexual selection have played in creating this remarkable assemblage of species. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lake Malawi species flock has been confounded by the lack of appropriate morphological characters and an exceptional rate of speciation, which has allowed ancestral molecular polymorphisms to persist within species. To overcome this problem we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to reconstruct the evolution of species within three genera of Lake Malawi sand-dwelling cichlids that construct elaborate male display platforms, or bowers. Sister taxa with distinct bower morphologies, and that exist in discrete leks separated by only 1-2 m of depth, are divergent in both sexually selected and ecological traits. Our phylogeny suggests that the forces of sexual and ecological selection are intertwined during the speciation of this group and that specific bower characteristics and trophic morphologies have evolved repeatedly. These results suggest that trophic morphology and bower form may be inappropriate characters for delineating taxonomic lineages. Specifically the morphological characters used to describe the genera Lethrinops and Tramitichromis do not define monophyletic clades. Using a combination of behavioural and genetic characters, we were able to identify several cryptic cichlid species on a single beach, which suggests that sand dweller species richness has been severely underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kidd
- Hubbard Center for Genome Studies and Department of Zoology, Suite 400, Gregg Hall, 35 Colovos Road, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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