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Genetic Divergence between Two Sympatric Ecotypes of Phalaenopsis pulcherrima on Hainan Island. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13090446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecotypes are the result of ecological differentiation at the early stages of speciation. Adaptation to soil conditions offers arguably the best examples of local adaptation in plants. Two sympatric ecotypes, with either a red or green abaxial leaf surface, were found without clear geographical isolation in Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a Southeast Asia endemic and endangered orchid. The soil of the red leaf ecotype has a higher water content and nutrient content than the green ecotype. What is the genetic structure of the two ecotypes? Is there complete or partial reproductive isolation between the two ecotypes? In this work, leaf reflection of the two ecotypes in P. pulcherrima were compared, to illustrate their difference in leaf color. The genetic differentiation between two ecotypes was examined, using ISSR and SRAP markers to determine the genetic structure of the populations. Our results showed that the green ecotype had reflectance spectrum peaks at 530 nm and 620 nm, while in the red ecotype, the peak at 530 nm was absent. A total of 165 ISSR and SRAP loci showed a high level of genetic diversity within the green ecotype, and analyses of the population structure revealed two genetic clusters that corresponded to the red and green ecotypes. The percentage of variation between the two ecotypes (24.55%) was greater than the percentage of variation among the populations (16.54%)—indicating partial reproductive isolation, high genetic differentiation, and that ecological differentiation has been more important than geographical barriers among populations within ecotypes. Most pairwise FST values between the populations within either ecotype on Hainan Island were less than 0.15; however, the FST between both the Thai and Malaysian populations and the Hainan Island population was greater than 0.25, due to South China sea isolation. Ecotypic differentiation is an important part of speciation; therefore, we must take into account the axes along which lineages sort, when formulating protection strategies.
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Nam BH, Kim H, Seol D, Kim H, Noh ES, Kim EM, Noh JK, Kim YO, Park JY, Kwak W. Genotyping-by-Sequencing of the regional Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus) genomes reveals population structures and patterns of gene flow. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247815. [PMID: 33826655 PMCID: PMC8026068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of the present genetic status is essential to preserve the genetic resource of wild populations. In this study, we sequenced regional Pacific abalone Haliotis discus samples from three different locations around the Korean peninsula to assess population structure, utilizing Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) method. Using PstI enzyme for genome reduction, we demonstrated the resultant library represented the whole genome region with even spacing, and as a result 16,603 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were produced. Genetic diversity and population structure were investigated using several methods, and a strong genetic heterogeneity was observed in the Korean abalone populations. Additionally, by comparison of the variant sets among population groups, we were able to discover 26 Korean abalone population-specific SNVs, potentially associated with phenotype differences. This is the first study demonstrating the feasibility of GBS for population genetic study on H. discus. Our results will provide valuable data for the genetic conservation and management of wild abalone populations in Korea and help future GBS studies on the marine mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyaekang Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeok Seol
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Genome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Genome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Noh
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Koo Noh
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- Genome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Phylogeography in an "oyster" shell provides first insights into the genetic structure of an extinct Ostrea edulis population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2307. [PMID: 33504886 PMCID: PMC7840910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical phylogeography of Ostrea edulis was successfully depicted in its native range for the first time using ancient DNA methods on dry shells from museum collections. This research reconstructed the historical population structure of the European flat oyster across Europe in the 1870s-including the now extinct population in the Wadden Sea. In total, four haplogroups were identified with one haplogroup having a patchy distribution from the North Sea to the Atlantic coast of France. This irregular distribution could be the result of translocations. The other three haplogroups are restricted to narrow geographic ranges, which may indicate adaptation to local environmental conditions or geographical barriers to gene flow. The phylogenetic reconstruction of the four haplogroups suggests the signatures of glacial refugia and postglacial expansion. The comparison with present-day O. edulis populations revealed a temporally stable population genetic pattern over the past 150 years despite large-scale translocations. This historical phylogeographic reconstruction was able to discover an autochthonous population in the German and Danish Wadden Sea in the late nineteenth century, where O. edulis is extinct today. The genetic distinctiveness of a now-extinct population hints at a connection between the genetic background of O. edulis in the Wadden Sea and for its absence until today.
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Audusseau H, Baudrin G, Shaw MR, Keehnen NLP, Schmucki R, Dupont L. Ecology and Genetic Structure of the Parasitoid Phobocampe confusa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Relation to Its Hosts, Aglais Species (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080478. [PMID: 32731507 PMCID: PMC7469161 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The biology of parasitoids in natural ecosystems remains very poorly studied, though they are key species for their functioning. Here we focused on Phobocampe confusa, a Nymphalini specialist, responsible for high mortality rates in charismatic butterfly species in Europe (genus Aglais). We studied its ecology and genetic structure in connection with those of its host butterflies in Sweden. To this aim, we gathered data from 428 P. confusa individuals reared from 6094 butterfly larvae (of A. urticae, A. io, and in two occasions of Araschnia levana) collected over two years (2017 and 2018) and across 19 sites distributed along a 500 km latitudinal gradient. We found that P. confusa is widely distributed along the latitudinal gradient. Its distribution seems constrained over time by the phenology of its hosts. The large variation in climatic conditions between sampling years explains the decrease in phenological overlap between P. confusa and its hosts in 2018 and the 33.5% decrease in the number of butterfly larvae infected. At least in this study, P. confusa seems to favour A. urticae as host. While it parasitized nests of A. urticae and A. io equally, the proportion of larvae parasitized is significantly higher for A. urticae. At the landscape scale, P. confusa is almost exclusively found in vegetated open land and near deciduous forests, whereas artificial habitats are negatively correlated with the likelihood of a nest to be parasitized. The genetic analyses on 89 adult P. confusa and 87 adult A. urticae using CO1 and AFLP markers reveal a low genetic diversity in P. confusa and a lack of genetic structure in both species, at the scale of our sampling. Further genetic studies using high-resolution genomics tools will be required to better understand the population genetic structure of P. confusa, its biotic interactions with its hosts, and ultimately the stability and the functioning of natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Audusseau
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaspard Baudrin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, F-94010 Creteil, France; (G.B.); (L.D.)
- Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Mark R. Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK;
| | | | - Reto Schmucki
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK;
| | - Lise Dupont
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Univ Paris-Est Créteil, F-94010 Creteil, France; (G.B.); (L.D.)
- Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut d’Écologie et des Sciences de l’Environnement de Paris, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
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5
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Peres PA, Mantelatto FL. Salinity tolerance explains the contrasting phylogeographic patterns of two swimming crabs species along the tropical western Atlantic. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-020-10057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kraft S, Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Olavarría C, Poulin E. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, with new data from the southeastern Pacific. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1769. [PMID: 32019997 PMCID: PMC7000830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrilineal long-finned pilot whale presents an antitropical distribution and is divided into two subspecies, one in the temperate seas of the Southern Hemisphere and the other restricted to the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Until now, population genetic and phylogeographic studies have included localities of most of its Northern Hemisphere distribution, while only the southwestern Pacific has been sampled in the Southern Hemisphere. We add new genetic data from the southeastern Pacific to the published sequences. Low mitochondrial and nuclear diversity was encountered in this new area, as previously reported for other localities. Four haplotypes were found with only one new for the species. Fifteen haplotypes were detected in the global dataset, underlining the species’ low diversity. As previously reported, the subspecies shared two haplotypes and presented a strong phylogeographic structure. The extant distribution of this species has been related to dispersal events during the Last Glacial Maximum. Using the genetic data and Approximate Bayesian Calculations, this study supports this historical biogeographic scenario. From a taxonomic perspective, even if genetic analyses do not support the subspecies category, this study endorses the incipient divergence process between hemispheres, thus maintaining their status and addressing them as Demographically Independent Populations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Kraft
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - MJosé Pérez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Eutropia, Santiago, Chile. .,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Olavarría
- Centro de Investigación Eutropia, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Peres PA, Azevedo-Silva M, Andrade SCS, Leite FPP. Is there host-associated differentiation in marine herbivorous amphipods? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Peres
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Marianne Azevedo-Silva
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Fosca P P Leite
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil
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Wang L, Yu H, Li Q. Development of microsatellite markers and analysis of genetic diversity of Barbatia virescens in the southern coasts of China. Genes Genomics 2018; 41:407-416. [PMID: 30478704 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-018-0769-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood clam Barbatia virescens is an ecologically and economically important species in the southern coast of China. Understanding of the genetic structure of B. virescens populations is vital to breeding strategies and conservation programs. OBJECTIVE To develop and characterize a set of microsatellites loci primers for B. virescens, and provide helpful information for reasonable utilization and protection of B. virescens natural resources. METHODS The microsatellites of B. virescens were detected using a RAD-seq approach based on an Illumina sequencing platform. For the test of microsatellite development, we calculated the number of alleles (Na), observed heterozygosities (Ho), expected heterozygosities (He) and exact tests for deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Twelve polymorphic loci were used to access the genetic diversity and population structure of four B. virescens populations. RESULTS In this study, 50,729 microsatellites of B. virescens were detected. Twenty-two polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for B. virescens. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 15, and expected heterozygosities varied from 0. 567 to 0.911. All the PIC values of the 22 loci were greater than 0.5, indicating that these markers were highly informative for further genetic analysis. Twelve loci were selected to analyze genetic diversity and population structure of four B. virescens populations collected from different geographical regions along the southern coast of China. The results showed moderate to high levels of genetic diversity in the four populations (mean Ar = 7.756-8.133; mean Ho = 0.575-0.639; mean He = 0.754-0.775). Pairwise FST estimates indicated that there was significant divergence among the four populations. CONCLUSION This study not only provides a large scale of sequence information of microsatellites which are valuable for future genetic mapping, trait association and kinship among B. virescens, but also offers useful information for the sustainable management of natural stocks and the development of breeding industry of B. virescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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9
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Garcia-Cisneros A, Palacín C, Ventura CRR, Feital B, Paiva PC, Pérez-Portela R. Intraspecific genetic structure, divergence and high rates of clonality in an amphi-Atlantic starfish. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:752-772. [PMID: 29218784 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic diversity and divergence have a large influence on the adaption and evolutionary potential of species. The widely distributed starfish, Coscinasterias tenuispina, combines sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction via fission. Here we analyse the phylogeography of this starfish to reveal historical and contemporary processes driving its intraspecific genetic divergence. We further consider whether asexual reproduction is the most important method of propagation throughout the distribution range of this species. Our study included 326 individuals from 16 populations, covering most of the species' distribution range. A total of 12 nuclear microsatellite loci and sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were analysed. COI and microsatellites were clustered in two isolated lineages: one found along the southwestern Atlantic and the other along the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. This suggests the existence of two different evolutionary units. Marine barriers along the European coast would be responsible for population clustering: the Almeria-Oran Front that limits the entrance of migrants from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean, and the Siculo-Tunisian strait that divides the two Mediterranean basins. The presence of identical genotypes was detected in all populations, although two monoclonal populations were found in two sites where annual mean temperatures and minimum values were the lowest. Our results based on microsatellite loci showed that intrapopulation genetic diversity was significantly affected by clonality whereas it had lower effect for the global phylogeography of the species, although still some impact on populations' genetic divergence could be observed between some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garcia-Cisneros
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Biodiversity (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain.,Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accès a la Cala Sant Francesc, Girona, Spain
| | - Creu Palacín
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Research Institute of Biodiversity (IRBIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Renato Rezende Ventura
- Invertebrate Department, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Feital
- Invertebrate Department, National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cesar Paiva
- Department of Zoology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Accès a la Cala Sant Francesc, Girona, Spain
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Contrasting patterns of population structure and gene flow facilitate exploration of connectivity in two widely distributed temperate octocorals. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 119:35-48. [PMID: 28295035 PMCID: PMC5520136 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2017.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectivity is an important component of metapopulation dynamics in marine systems and can influence population persistence, migration rates and conservation decisions associated with Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). In this study, we compared the genetic diversity, gene flow and population structure of two octocoral species, Eunicella verrucosa and Alcyonium digitatum, in the northeast Atlantic (ranging from the northwest of Ireland and the southern North Sea, to southern Portugal), using two panels of 13 and 8 microsatellite loci, respectively. Our results identified regional genetic structure in E. verrucosa partitioned between populations from southern Portugal, northwest Ireland and Britain/France; subsequent hierarchical analysis of population structure also indicated reduced gene flow between southwest Britain and northwest France. However, over a similar geographical area, A. digitatum showed little evidence of population structure, suggesting high gene flow and/or a large effective population size; indeed, the only significant genetic differentiation detected in A. digitatum occurred between North Sea samples and those from the English Channel/northeast Atlantic. In both species the vast majority of gene flow originated from sample sites within regions, with populations in southwest Britain being the predominant source of contemporary exogenous genetic variants for the populations studied. Overall, historical patterns of gene flow appeared more complex, though again southwest Britain appeared to be an important source of genetic variation for both species. Our findings have major conservation implications, particularly for E. verrucosa, a protected species in UK waters and listed by the IUCN as ‘Vulnerable’, and for the designation and management of European MPAs.
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Implications for management and conservation of the population genetic structure of the wedge clam Donax trunculus across two biogeographic boundaries. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39152. [PMID: 27991535 PMCID: PMC5171699 DOI: 10.1038/srep39152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In a resource management perspective, the understanding of the relative influence of the physical factors on species connectivity remains a major challenge and is also of great ecological and conservation biology interest. Despite the overfishing threat on the wedge clam Donax trunculus in Europe, relatively little information is known about its population genetic structure and connectivity and their consequences on conservation policies. We employed 16 microsatellite loci to characterise the genetic diversity and population structure of D. trunculus. A total of 514 samples from seven different localities along the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition, from the Atlantic (Gulf of Cádiz) to the north-western Mediterranean were genotyped. The analysis of the population genetic structure displayed a clear distinction along the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition with different clusters in the Atlantic Ocean, the Alboran Sea and the northwestern Mediterranean. Consequently, we recommend that these three areas should be considered as different management units. We showed that all populations seem to be at high long-term risk of extinction with the exception of the protected Doñana National Park population which still seems to have evolutionary potential. Therefore, our results emphasized the necessity of protection of this economic resource and the validity of molecular tools to evaluate the population dynamics.
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12
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Garcia-Cisneros A, Palacín C, Ben Khadra Y, Pérez-Portela R. Low genetic diversity and recent demographic expansion in the red starfish Echinaster sepositus (Retzius 1816). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33269. [PMID: 27627860 PMCID: PMC5024105 DOI: 10.1038/srep33269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the phylogeography and genetic structure of populations and the processes responsible of patterns therein is crucial for evaluating the vulnerability of marine species and developing management strategies. In this study, we explore how past climatic events and ongoing oceanographic and demographic processes have shaped the genetic structure and diversity of the Atlanto-Mediterranean red starfish Echinaster sepositus. The species is relatively abundant in some areas of the Mediterranean Sea, but some populations have dramatically decreased over recent years due to direct extraction for ornamental aquariums and souvenir industries. Analyses across most of the distribution range of the species based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene and eight microsatellite loci revealed very low intraspecific genetic diversity. The species showed a weak genetic structure within marine basins despite the a priori low dispersal potential of its lecithotrophic larva. Our results also revealed a very recent demographic expansion across the distribution range of the species. The genetic data presented here indicate that the species might be highly vulnerable, due to its low intraspecific genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Garcia-Cisneros
- Animal Biology Department and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBIO), Barcelona University, Avda. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, Spain.,Center of Advanced Studies of Blanes (CSIC-CEAB), Accès cala St. Francesc, 14, Blanes, Spain
| | - Creu Palacín
- Animal Biology Department and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBIO), Barcelona University, Avda. Diagonal, 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yousra Ben Khadra
- Laboratoire de Recherche Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bioressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Av. Tahar Haddad, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Center of Advanced Studies of Blanes (CSIC-CEAB), Accès cala St. Francesc, 14, Blanes, Spain
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Weber AAT, Mérigot B, Valière S, Chenuil A. Influence of the larval phase on connectivity: strong differences in the genetic structure of brooders and broadcasters in the Ophioderma longicauda species complex. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:6080-94. [PMID: 26547515 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Closely related species with divergent life history traits are excellent models to infer the role of such traits in genetic diversity and connectivity. Ophioderma longicauda is a brittle star species complex composed of different genetic clusters, including brooders and broadcasters. These species diverged very recently and some of them are sympatric and ecologically syntopic, making them particularly suitable to study the consequences of their trait differences. At the scale of the geographic distribution of the broadcasters (Mediterranean Sea and northeastern Atlantic), we sequenced the mitochondrial marker COI and genotyped an intron (i51) for 788 individuals. In addition, we sequenced 10 nuclear loci newly developed from transcriptome sequences, for six sympatric populations of brooders and broadcasters from Greece. At the large scale, we found a high genetic structure within the brooders (COI: 0.07 < F(ST) < 0.65) and no polymorphism at the nuclear locus i51. In contrast, the broadcasters displayed lower genetic structure (0 < F(ST) < 0.14) and were polymorphic at locus i51. At the regional scale, the multilocus analysis confirmed the contrasting genetic structure between species, with no structure in the broadcasters (global F(ST) < 0.001) and strong structure in the brooders (global F(ST) = 0.49), and revealed a higher genetic diversity in broadcasters. Our study showed that the lecithotrophic larval stage allows on average a 50-fold increase in migration rates, a 280-fold increase in effective size and a threefold to fourfold increase in genetic diversity. Our work, investigating complementary genetic markers on sympatric and syntopic taxa, highlights the strong impact of the larval phase on connectivity and genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A-T Weber
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - CNRS - IRD - UAPV, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, F-13007, Marseille, France.,Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, 4051, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Mérigot
- Université de Montpellier, UMR MARine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation MARBEC (IRD, IFREMER, UM, CNRS), Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet - BP 171, 34203, Sète Cedex, France
| | - S Valière
- INRA, UAR1209 (Département de Génétique Animale), Get-PlaGe, Genotoul, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - A Chenuil
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE) - CNRS - IRD - UAPV, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, F-13007, Marseille, France
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Glynn F, Houghton JDR, Provan J. Population genetic analyses reveal distinct geographical blooms of the jellyfishRhizostoma octopus(Scyphozoa). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fergal Glynn
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road BT9 7BL Belfast UK
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Jonathan D. R. Houghton
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road BT9 7BL Belfast UK
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
- Queen's Marine Laboratory; 12-13 The Strand BT22 1PF Portaferry UK
| | - Jim Provan
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; 97 Lisburn Road BT9 7BL Belfast UK
- Institute for Global Food Security; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast UK
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15
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Past and present drivers of population structure in a small coastal fish, the European long snouted seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus. CONSERV GENET 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-015-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Addamo AM, García-Jiménez R, Taviani M, Machordom A. Development of Microsatellite Markers in the Deep-Sea Cup Coral Desmophyllum dianthus by 454 Sequencing and Cross-Species Amplifications in Scleractinia Order. J Hered 2015; 106:322-30. [PMID: 25810120 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite loci were isolated for the first time for the deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus, using 454 GS-FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. We developed conditions for amplifying 24 markers in 10 multiplex reactions. Three to 16 alleles per locus were detected across 25 samples analyzed from Santa Maria di Leuca coral province (Mediterranean Sea). For the 24 polymorphic loci, observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.211 to 0.880 and 0.383 to 0.910, respectively; 3 loci deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, after null allele and sequential Holm-Bonferroni corrections. These newly isolated microsatellites are very useful genetic markers that provide data for future conservation strategies. Cross-amplification of these microsatellites, tested in 46 coral species, representing 40 genera, and 10 families of the phylum Cnidaria, produced informative allelic profiles for 1 to 24 loci. The utility of extending analyses to cross-species amplifications is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Addamo
- From the Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Addamo, García-Jiménez, and Machordom); and the Istituto di Scienze Marine-CNR, Bologna, Italy (Taviani).
| | - Ricardo García-Jiménez
- From the Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Addamo, García-Jiménez, and Machordom); and the Istituto di Scienze Marine-CNR, Bologna, Italy (Taviani)
| | - Marco Taviani
- From the Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Addamo, García-Jiménez, and Machordom); and the Istituto di Scienze Marine-CNR, Bologna, Italy (Taviani)
| | - Annie Machordom
- From the Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain (Addamo, García-Jiménez, and Machordom); and the Istituto di Scienze Marine-CNR, Bologna, Italy (Taviani)
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17
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Xue DX, Wang HY, Zhang T, Liu JX. Population genetic structure and demographic history of Atrina pectinata based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95436. [PMID: 24789175 PMCID: PMC4006771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pen shell, Atrina pectinata, is one of the commercial bivalves in East Asia and thought to be recently affected by anthropogenic pressure (habitat destruction and/or fishing pressure). Information on its population genetic structure is crucial for the conservation of A. pectinata. Considering its long pelagic larval duration and iteroparity with high fecundity, the genetic structure for A. pectinata could be expected to be weak at a fine scale. However, the unusual oceanography in the coasts of China and Korea suggests potential for restricted dispersal of pelagic larvae and geographical differentiation. In addition, environmental changes associated with Pleistocene sea level fluctuations on the East China Sea continental shelf may also have strongly influenced historical population demography and genetic diversity of marine organisms. Here, partial sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and seven microsatellite loci were used to estimate population genetic structure and demographic history of seven samples from Northern China coast and one sample from North Korea coast. Despite high levels of genetic diversity within samples, there was no genetic differentiation among samples from Northern China coast and low but significant genetic differentiation between some of the Chinese samples and the North Korean sample. A late Pleistocene population expansion, probably after the Last Glacial Maximum, was also demonstrated for A. pectinata samples. No recent genetic bottleneck was detected in any of the eight samples. We concluded that both historical recolonization (through population range expansion and demographic expansion in the late Pleistocene) and current gene flow (through larval dispersal) were responsible for the weak level of genetic structure detected in A. pectinata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Xiu Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Wang
- Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (JXL)
| | - Jin-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail: (TZ); (JXL)
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18
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Li W, Zhong J, Wang Y. Genetic diversity and population structure of two lancelets along the coast of China. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:83-91. [PMID: 23387841 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The western Pacific lancelet, once recognized as a monospecies, Branchiostoma belcheri, is a frequently used model in evolutionary and developmental studies, and researchers usually collect samples from the field without consideration of species identification and genetic divergence. However, recent studies found divergence of the lancelets from different localities and divided this monospecies into two separate species (S. belcheri and B. japonicum). To further estimate the genetic diversity of lancelet populations and the cause of their formation, we sampled 70 individuals from four major distribution areas along the coast of China, using both mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers in this investigation. Our results demonstrate that the two species possess extremely high genetic diversity at both mtDNA sequence level (h approaches 1.0) and microsatellite loci (He is above 0.8). Further demographic analysis reveals that the lancelets B. japonicum and B. belcheri underwent a recent historical population expansion at approximately 117,000 and 73,000 years ago respectively. Analyses on the population genetic structure revealed weak differentiation among different local populations. No evident differentiation was found among different local populations of the same species using mtDNA sequence data, but certain divergences among them were identified based on the microsatellite data. We suggest that discontinuous habitats may be responsible for the phylogeographic structure of the lancelets along China coasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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19
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Sanna D, Biagi F, Alaya HB, Maltagliati F, Addis A, Romero A, De Juan J, Quignard JP, Castelli A, Franzoi P, Torricelli P, Casu M, Carcupino M, Francalacci P. Mitochondrial DNA variability of the pipefish Syngnathus abaster. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:856-876. [PMID: 23464548 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides data on the genetic structuring of the pipefish Syngnathus abaster in the western Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A total of 109 specimens were collected in brackish-water biotopes. The control region and three other regions of the mitochondrial genome were analysed. The most relevant result was the high genetic structuring found by Bayesian inference (BI), maximum likelihood (ML) and network analyses, which were consistent in showing three well-separated clusters of S. abaster populations. Furthermore, BI and ML did not support the monophyly of the taxon S. abaster. These results suggest the occurrence of a species complex in the study area, whose differentiation may have occurred since the Pleistocene. The results also show a very high genetic variability at the inter-population level, with no shared haplotypes among sites. Evolutionary forces due to the fragmented nature of the brackish-water habitats may account for the high genetic divergence found among the groups and populations. Finally, although dispersal by rafting over long distances may occasionally occur, this study suggests linear stepping-stone model of colonization to be most likely. The complexity of the results obtained suggests that further studies are needed to elucidate the phylogeny of S. abaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio - Sezione di Zoologia, Archeozoologia e Genetica, Università di Sassari, Via Francesco Muroni 25, 07100, Sassari, Italy
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20
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Barbosa SS, Klanten SO, Puritz JB, Toonen RJ, Byrne M. Very fine-scale population genetic structure of sympatric asterinid sea stars with benthic and pelagic larvae: influence of mating system and dispersal potential. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio S. Barbosa
- School of Medical Science; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
| | - Selma O. Klanten
- School of Medical Science; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Puritz
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Kaneohe; HI; 96744; USA
| | - Robert J. Toonen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; Kaneohe; HI; 96744; USA
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21
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Pérez-Portela R, Almada V, Turon X. Cryptic speciation and genetic structure of widely distributed brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) in Europe. ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Li Y, Song N, Li WT, Gao TX. Population genetics of Zostera marina Linnaeus (Zosteraceae) based on AFLP analysis. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Merino-Serrais P, Casado-Amezúa P, Ocaña Ó, Templado J, Machordom A. Leve diferenciación genética entre los límites occidental y oriental de distribución de Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1776) (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae), inferida a partir de secuencias de COI e ITS. GRAELLSIA 2012. [DOI: 10.3989/graellsia.2012.v68.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
El estudio de la estructura de las poblaciones y su diferenciación a nivel genético es de gran utilidad para la elaboración de planes de manejo y conservación de especies amenazadas. En este estudio, utilizamos marcadores nucleares y mitocondriales (espaciadores internos de genes ribosomales -ITS y citocromo oxidasa, subunidad I -COI) y métodos de análisis filogenéticos y de clados anidados (NCA), para realizar la primera valoración de la estructura genética del coral naranja Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1766), una especie amenazada del Mediterráneo, a partir de muestras de 12 localidades a lo largo de su área de distribución. En las localidades situadas en la región más occidental del Mediterráneo se encontró cierta homogeneidad genética, mientras que al comparar estas localidades con las de las cuencas argelina y del mar Tirreno se observó una ligera diferenciación.
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24
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Patterns of spatial genetic structuring in the endangered limpet Patella ferruginea: implications for the conservation of a Mediterranean endemic. Genetica 2012; 139:1293-1308. [PMID: 22286933 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791 is an endangered marine gastropod endemic to the Western Mediterranean. Its range is restricted to the Sardinian-Corsican region (SCR), North Africa, a few scattered sites in Southern Spain, and Sicily. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and three different mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I, 12S (small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene) and 16S (large-subunit ribosomal RNA gene), were used to investigate the presence of genetic population structuring. The mtDNA sequences showed very low levels of genetic differentiation. Conversely, ISSRs showed the presence of two main genetic groups, corresponding to Spain, North Africa and Sicily and the SCR. The SCR was further split into two subgroups. The ISSR results suggest that, on a regional scale, the genetic structure of P. ferruginea is mainly determined by the restriction of gene flow by dispersal barriers. On a more local scale human harvesting may play a crucial role in population structuring by increasing the effect of genetic drift.
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25
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Analysis of meristic and mitochondrial DNA variation in Syngnathus abaster (Teleostea: Syngnathidae) from two western Mediterranean lagoons. Biologia (Bratisl) 2011. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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CASU MARCO, SANNA DARIA, COSSU PIERO, LAI TIZIANA, FRANCALACCI PAOLO, CURINI-GALLETTI MARCO. Molecular phylogeography of the microturbellarian Monocelis lineata (Platyhelminthes: Proseriata) in the North-East Atlantic. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Borrero-Pérez GH, González-Wangüemert M, Marcos C, Pérez-Ruzafa A. Phylogeography of the Atlanto-Mediterranean sea cucumber Holothuria (Holothuria) mammata: the combined effects of historical processes and current oceanographical pattern. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1964-75. [PMID: 21463375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the genetic structure of populations of the widely distributed sea cucumber Holothuria (Holothuria) mammata Grube, 1840, and investigated the effects of marine barriers to gene flow and historical processes. Several potential genetic breaks were considered, which would separate the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins, the isolated Macaronesian Islands from the other locations analysed, and the Western Mediterranean and Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean). We analysed mitochondrial 16S and COI gene sequences from 177 individuals from four Atlantic locations and four Mediterranean locations. Haplotype diversity was high (H=0.9307 for 16S and 0.9203 for COI), and the haplotypes were closely related (π=0.0058 for 16S and 0.0071 for COI). The lowest genetic diversities were found in the Aegean Sea population. Our results showed that the COI gene was more variable and more useful for the detection of population structure than the 16S gene. The distribution of mtDNA haplotypes, the pairwise F(ST) values and the results of exact tests and amova revealed: (i) a significant genetic break between the population in the Aegean Sea and those in the other locations, as supported by both mitochondrial genes, and (ii) weak differentiation of the Canary and Azores Islands from the other populations; however, the populations from the Macaronesian Islands, Algarve and West Mediterranean could be considered to be a panmictic metapopulation. Isolation by distance was not identified in H. (H.) mammata. Historical events behind the observed findings, together with the current oceanographic patterns, were proposed and discussed as the main factors that determine the population structure and genetic signature of H. (H.) mammata.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Borrero-Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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28
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Population structure of the spotted babylon, Babylonia areolata in three wild populations along the Chinese coastline revealed using AFLP fingerprinting. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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The rare oak polypore Piptoporus quercinus: Population structure, spore germination and growth. FUNGAL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Dasmahapatra KK, Elias M, Hill RI, Hoffman JI, Mallet J. Mitochondrial DNA barcoding detects some species that are real, and some that are not. Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 10:264-73. [PMID: 21565021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry and extensive geographical subspecies polymorphism combine to make species in the ithomiine butterfly genus Mechanitis (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae) difficult to determine. We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcoding, nuclear sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping to investigate species limits in this genus. Although earlier biosystematic studies based on morphology described only four species, mtDNA barcoding revealed eight well-differentiated haplogroups, suggesting the presence of four new putative 'cryptic species'. However, AFLP markers supported only one of these four new 'cryptic species' as biologically meaningful. We demonstrate that in this genus, deep genetic divisions expected on the basis of mtDNA barcoding are not always reflected in the nuclear genome, and advocate the use of AFLP markers as a check when mtDNA barcoding gives unexpected results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchon K Dasmahapatra
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK
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31
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Keever CC, Sunday J, Puritz JB, Addison JA, Toonen RJ, Grosberg RK, Hart MW. Discordant distribution of populations and genetic variation in a sea star with high dispersal potential. Evolution 2009; 63:3214-27. [PMID: 19663996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patiria miniata, a broadcast-spawning sea star species with high dispersal potential, has a geographic range in the intertidal zone of the northeast Pacific Ocean from Alaska to California that is characterized by a large range gap in Washington and Oregon. We analyzed spatial genetic variation across the P. miniata range using multilocus sequence data (mtDNA, nuclear introns) and multilocus genotype data (microsatellites). We found a strong phylogeographic break at Queen Charlotte Sound in British Columbia that was not in the location predicted by the geographical distribution of the populations. However, this population genetic discontinuity does correspond to previously described phylogeographic breaks in other species. Northern populations from Alaska and Haida Gwaii were strongly differentiated from all southern populations from Vancouver Island and California. Populations from Vancouver Island and California were undifferentiated with evidence of high gene flow or very recent separation across the range disjunction between them. The surprising and discordant spatial distribution of populations and alleles suggests that historical vicariance (possibly caused by glaciations) and contemporary dispersal barriers (possibly caused by oceanographic conditions) both shape population genetic structure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C Keever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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32
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Zhan A, Hu J, Hu X, Zhou Z, Hui M, Wang S, Peng W, Wang M, Bao Z. Fine-scale population genetic structure of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri): do local marine currents drive geographical differentiation? MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2009; 11:223-35. [PMID: 18766401 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine scallops, with extended planktonic larval stages which can potentially disperse over large distances when advected by marine currents, are expected to possess low geographical differentiation. However, the sessile lifestyle as adult tends to form discrete "sea beds" with unique population dynamics and structure. The narrow distribution of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri), its long planktonic larval stage, and the extremely hydrographic complexity in its distribution range provide an interesting case to elucidate the impact of marine currents on geographical differentiation for marine bivalves at a fine geographical scale. In this study, we analyzed genetic variation at nine microsatellite DNA loci in six locations throughout the distribution of Zhikong scallop in the Northern China. Very high genetic diversity was present in all six populations. Two populations sampled from the same marine gyre had no detectable genetic differentiation (F (ST) = 0.0013); however, the remaining four populations collected from different marine gyres or separated by strong marine currents showed low but significant genetic differentiation (F (ST) range 0.0184-0.0602). Genetic differentiation was further analyzed using the Monmonier algorithm to identify genetic barriers and using the assignment test conducted by software GeneClass2 to ascertain population membership of individuals. The genetic barriers fitting the orientation of marine gyres/currents were clearly identified, and the individual assignment analysis indicated that 95.6% of specimens were correctly allocated to one of the six populations sampled. The results support the hypothesis that significant population structure is present in Zhikong scallop at a fine geographical scale, and marine currents can be responsible for the genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibin Zhan
- Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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33
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Acevedo I, Bloor P, Cabezas P, Toledo C, Calvo M, Machordom A. Development of tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the cushion star, Asterina gibbosa, and cross-species amplification. Mol Ecol Resour 2009; 9:274-7. [PMID: 21564625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe nine polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the starfish, Asterina gibbosa. Loci were isolated from a partial genomic library that had been enriched for AAAC repeat sequences. Number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 in a sample of 85 individuals from three populations (two from Spain and one from the UK). Observed and expected heterozygosities per population ranged from 0.000 to 0.400 and from 0.040 to 0.784, respectively. All loci presented significant heterozygote deficits in one or more populations. Eight of these loci were amplified and variable in A. pancerii and A. phylactica. These loci will be used to study population structure in A. gibbosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Acevedo
- Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, c/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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34
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King RA, Tibble AL, Symondson WOC. Opening a can of worms: unprecedented sympatric cryptic diversity within British lumbricid earthworms. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4684-98. [PMID: 18992008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew King
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK.
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35
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Keever CC, Sunday J, Wood C, Byrne M, Hart MW. Discovery and cross-amplification of microsatellite polymorphisms in asterinid sea stars. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2008; 215:164-172. [PMID: 18840777 DOI: 10.2307/25470697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Variation in tandem repeats of two- to six-base nucleotide motifs (microsatellites) can be used to obtain inexpensive and highly informative multi-locus data on population genetics.We developed and tested a large set of cross-amplifiable sea star (Asterinidae) microsatellite markers from a mixed pool of genomic DNA from eight species. We describe cloned sequences, primers, and PCR conditions, and characterize population-level variation for some species and markers. A few clones containing microsatellites showed considerable similarity to sequences (including genes of known function) in other sea stars and in sea urchins (from the Strongylocentrotus purpuratus complete genome). The pooled genomic DNA method was an efficient way to sample microsatellites from many species: we cloned 2-10 microsatellites from each of eight species, and most could be cross-amplified in 1-7 other species. At 12 loci in two species, we found 1-10 alleles per microsatellite, with a broad range of inbreeding coefficients. Measures of polymorphism were negatively correlated with the extent of cross-amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C Keever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Pérez-Portela R, Turon X. Cryptic divergence and strong population structure in the colonial invertebrate Pycnoclavella communis (Ascidiacea) inferred from molecular data. ZOOLOGY 2008; 111:163-78. [PMID: 18261892 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We studied sequence variation in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) for 135 individuals from eight Mediterranean populations of the colonial ascidian Pycnoclavella communis across most of its presently known range of distribution in the Mediterranean. Three haplotypes from Atlantic locations were also included in the study. Phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were used to unravel the genetic variability within and between populations. The study revealed 32 haplotypes for COI, 29 of them grouped within two Mediterranean lineages of P. communis (mean nucleotide divergence between lineages was 8.55%). Phylogenetic and network analyses suggest the possible existence of cryptic species corresponding to these two lineages. Population genetic analyses were restricted to the five populations belonging to the main genetic lineage, and for these localities we compared the information gleaned from COI sequence data and from eight microsatellite loci. A high genetic divergence between populations was substantiated using both kinds of markers (COI, global Fst=0.343; microsatellite loci, global Fst=0.362). There were high numbers of private haplotypes (COI) and alleles (microsatellites) in the populations studied. Restricted gene flow and inbreeding occur in the present range of distribution of the species. Microsatellite loci showed a strong incidence of failed amplifications, which we attribute to the marked intraspecies variability that hampered the application of these highly specific markers. Our results show important genetic variability at all levels studied, from within populations to between basins, possibly coupled to speciation processes. This variability is attributable to restricted gene flow among populations due to short-distance dispersal of the larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Department of Animal Biology (Invertebrates), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 645, Diagonal Avenue, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Boissin E, Féral JP, Chenuil A. Defining reproductively isolated units in a cryptic and syntopic species complex using mitochondrial and nuclear markers: the brooding brittle star, Amphipholis squamata (Ophiuroidea). Mol Ecol 2008; 17:1732-44. [PMID: 18266624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
At a time when biodiversity is threatened, we are still discovering new species, and particularly in the marine realm. Delimiting species boundaries is the first step to get a precise idea of diversity. For sympatric species which are morphologically undistinguishable, using a combination of independent molecular markers is a necessary step to define separate species. Amphipholis squamata, a cosmopolitan brittle star, includes several very divergent mitochondrial lineages. These lineages appear totally intermixed in the field and studies on morphology and colour polymorphism failed to find any diagnostic character. Therefore, these mitochondrial lineages may be totally interbreeding presently. To test this hypothesis, we characterized the genetic structure of the complex in the French Mediterranean coast using sequences of mitochondrial DNA (16S) and for the first time, several nuclear DNA markers (introns and microsatellites). The data revealed six phylogenetic lineages corresponding to at least four biological species. These sibling species seem to live in syntopy. However, they seem to display contrasted levels of genetic diversity, suggesting they have distinct demographic histories and/or life-history traits. Genetic differentiation and isolation-by-distance within the French Mediterranean coasts are revealed in three lineages, as expected for a species without a free larval phase. Finally, although recombinant nuclear genotypes are common within mitochondrial lineages, the data set displays a total lack of heterozygotes, suggesting a very high selfing rate, a feature likely to have favoured the formation of the species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Boissin
- UMR 6540 - DIMAR, CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée, Aix-Marseille II, Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Station Marine d'Endoume, Chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
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Genetic analyses of the federally endangered Echinacea laevigata using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP)—Inferences in population genetic structure and mating system. CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Domingues VS, Faria C, Stefanni S, Santos RS, Brito A, Almada VC. Genetic divergence in the Atlantic-Mediterranean Montagu's blenny, Coryphoblennius galerita (Linnaeus 1758) revealed by molecular and morphological characters. Mol Ecol 2007; 16:3592-605. [PMID: 17845433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Coryphoblennius galerita is a small intertidal fish with a wide distribution and limited dispersal ability, occurring in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean. In this study, we examined Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of C. galerita to assess levels of genetic divergence across populations and to elucidate historical and contemporary factors underlying the distribution of the genetic variability. We analyse three mitochondrial and one nuclear marker and 18 morphological measurements. The combined dataset clearly supports the existence of two groups of C. galerita: one in the Mediterranean and another in the northeastern Atlantic. The latter group is subdivided in two subgroups: Azores and the remaining northeastern Atlantic locations. Divergence between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean can be the result of historical isolation between the populations of the two basins during the Pleistocene glaciations. Present-day barriers such as the Gibraltar Strait or the 'Almeria-Oran jet' are also suggested as responsible for this isolation. Our results show no signs of local extinctions during the Pleistocene glaciations, namely at the Azores, and contrast with the biogeographical pattern that has been observed for Atlantic-Mediterranean warm-water species, in which two groups of populations exist, one including the Mediterranean and the Atlantic coast of western Europe, and another encompassing the western tropical coast of Africa and the Atlantic islands of the Azores, Madeira and Canaries. Species like C. galerita that tolerate cooler waters, may have persisted during the Pleistocene glaciations in moderately affected locations, thus being able to accumulate genetic differences in the more isolated locations such as the Azores and the Mediterranean. This study is one of the first to combine morphological and molecular markers (mitochondrial and nuclear) with variable rates of molecular evolution to the study of the relationships of the Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of a cool-water species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Domingues
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, Unidade de Investigação em Eco-Etologia, R. Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Patarnello T, Volckaert FAMJ, Castilho R. Pillars of Hercules: is the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition a phylogeographical break? Mol Ecol 2007; 16:4426-44. [PMID: 17908222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The geological history of the Mediterranean Sea, its hydrography and connection with the Atlantic Ocean have been well documented. Despite a wealth of historical and oceanographic data, the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition remains controversial at the biological level as there are discordant results regarding the biogeographical separation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean biota. The opening of the Strait of Gibraltar at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (some 5.33 million years ago), removed the land barrier that impeded the marine biota allowing it to disperse freely into the Mediterranean Sea. However, present day genetic patterns suggest a limitation to gene flow for some marine species, preventing population admixture. In the last few years, a large number of studies have challenged the hypothesis of the Strait of Gibraltar representing a phylogeographical break. A review of more than 70 papers reveals no obvious relationship between either dispersal ability or life history, and observed patterns of partial or complete genetic isolation between Atlantic and Mediterranean populations. We re-analysed a selection of this large body of data (20 studies in total) in order to provide a homogeneous and coherent view on the generality of the phylogeographical patterns and the presence of a phylogeographical barrier. This offered the opportunity to summarize the state of the art on this matter and reach some general conclusions on the evolutionary history across the Atlantic-Mediterranean range. Geographically, some species in the transition zone showed step changes of allele frequencies associated with the Almeria-Oran Front rather than with the Strait of Gibraltar itself. A major part of the data describe evolutionary events well within the time frame of the Quaternary age as very few taxa pre-date closure of the Tethys Sea. Results point to a combined signature of vicariance, palaeoclimate fluctuation and life-history traits on the Atlantic-Mediterranean phylogeographical patterns. Principal component analysis failed to show any particular association between biological traits and genetic variables. It would argue that organismal determinism may play a far less significant role than marine biogeographers have generally believed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaso Patarnello
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Patologia Comparata e Igiene Veterinaria, Agripolis, Università di Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, I-35020 Legnaro (Pd), Italy.
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Guzmán NV, Lia VV, Lanteri AA, Confalonieri VA. Population structure of the boll weevil in cotton fields and subtropical forests of South America: a bayesian approach. Genetica 2006; 131:11-20. [PMID: 17043743 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-006-9108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this contribution is to investigate the genetic structure of boll weevil populations from South America (Argentina and Brazil) and to make further comparisons with a putative source population from USA. Samples were collected in a Paranaense forest under reserve protection, cotton fields and non-cultivated areas. Data from anonymous molecular markers were analysed using both traditional methods of population genetics and Bayesian approaches. Results help to support a previous hypothesis on the presence of two lineages of boll weevil populations in South America: one with characteristics of recent invaders and the other with characteristics of ancient populations. The sample from Urugua-í Provincial Park (Misiones, Argentina) shows the highest percentage of polymorphic loci, the highest values of mean heterozigosity, and the largest number of population-specific alleles, all being typical features of ancient populations. Furthermore, the Urugua-í sample shows two gene pools occurring in sympatry, probably as a consequence of a secondary contact. The remaining samples reveal not only lower percentages of polymorphic loci and heterozygosity values, but also an almost negligible presence of specific alleles. Bayesian methods also suggest the occasional migration of some individuals of ancient lineages from their natural habitats in fragments of the Paranaense forest into cotton fields, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chevolot M, Hoarau G, Rijnsdorp AD, Stam WT, Olsen JL. Phylogeography and population structure of thornback rays (Raja clavata L., Rajidae). Mol Ecol 2006; 15:3693-705. [PMID: 17032267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phylogeography of thornback rays (Raja clavata) was assessed from European waters, using five nuclear microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochome b sequences. Strong regional differentiation was found between the Mediterranean basin, the Azores and the European continental shelf. Allelic and haplotype diversities were high in Portuguese populations, consistent with the existence of a refugium along the Iberian Peninsula. Unexpectedly, high diversity was also found in the English Channel/North Sea area. The lowest genetic diversity was found in the Black Sea. Populations sampled from the Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas were characterized by a single mitochondrial haplotype. This haplotype was also the most ancestral and widespread outside of the Mediterranean basin except for the Azores. Populations from the Azores were dominated by a second ancestral haplotype which was shared with British populations. Results from multidimensional scaling, amova and nested clade analysis indicate that British waters are a secondary contact zone recolonized from at least two refugia--one around the Iberian Peninsula and one possibly in the Azores. Links to a potential refugium known as the Hurd Deep, between Cornwall and Brittany, are discussed. Finally, a historical demographic analysis indicates that thornback ray populations started to expand between 580,000 and 362,000 years ago, which suggests that the Last Glacial Maximum (20,000 years ago) had mainly affected the distribution of populations rather than population size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia Chevolot
- Department of Marine Benthic Ecology and Evolution, Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Sciences, Biological Center, University of Groningen, Postbus 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Magoulas A, Castilho R, Caetano S, Marcato S, Patarnello T. Mitochondrial DNA reveals a mosaic pattern of phylogeographical structure in Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 39:734-46. [PMID: 16515866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study extends the geographic coverage of a previous study of mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism in European anchovy. Both studies together include 24 samples representing 17 localities extending from the Black Sea, through the Mediterranean Sea to the eastern Atlantic as far south as Dakar, Senegal. Eighty-eight haplotypes define two clades (A and B) separated by 3.2% sequence divergence. Clade A has a star-like genealogy indicative of a recent population expansion. Clade B has a more complex genealogy, consisting of several haplotypes at intermediate frequencies. The distributions of these clades consist of a mosaic with abrupt changes between some areas and gradients between other areas. Clade A predominates the Black and Aegean seas, but is present throughout the Mediterranean. Unexpectedly, new data show that clade A is also at a high frequency in the Atlantic, from Portugal to at least Senegal. Overall, the level of genetic differentiation among populations is high (F(ST)=0.148, p<0.0001), with the greatest differences between basins. AMOVA reveals four main geographical groups: Atlantic, central Mediterranean, Aegean Sea, and Black Sea. Mismatch distribution clearly indicates historical bottleneck and population expansion for clade A, while for clade B such evidence is equivocal. This difference may reflect a range expansion for both clades, but with higher gene flow (Nm values) between demes for clade A. Both contemporary and historical processes are important in shaping the complex genetic population structure of European anchovy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Magoulas
- Institute of Marine Biology and Genetics, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, P.O. Box 2214, GR 710 03 Heraklion, Greece.
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