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Kremer A, Hipp AL. Oaks: an evolutionary success story. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:987-1011. [PMID: 31630400 PMCID: PMC7166131 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Quercus is among the most widespread and species-rich tree genera in the northern hemisphere. The extraordinary species diversity in America and Asia together with the continuous continental distribution of a limited number of European species raise questions about how macro- and microevolutionary processes made the genus Quercus an evolutionary success. Synthesizing conclusions reached during the past three decades by complementary approaches in phylogenetics, phylogeography, genomics, ecology, paleobotany, population biology and quantitative genetics, this review aims to illuminate evolutionary processes leading to the radiation and expansion of oaks. From opposing scales of time and geography, we converge on four overarching explanations of evolutionary success in oaks: accumulation of large reservoirs of diversity within populations and species; ability for rapid migration contributing to ecological priority effects on lineage diversification; high rates of evolutionary divergence within clades combined with convergent solutions to ecological problems across clades; and propensity for hybridization, contributing to adaptive introgression and facilitating migration. Finally, we explore potential future research avenues, emphasizing the integration of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Kremer
- BIOGECO, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 69 Route
d'Arcachon, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Andrew L. Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, Lisle IL 60532-1293, USA
- The Field Museum, Chicago IL 60605, USA
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Nakanishi A, Takeuchi T, Ueno S, Nishimura N, Tomaru N. Spatial variation in bird pollination and its mitigating effects on the genetic diversity of pollen pools accepted by Camellia japonica trees within a population at a landscape level. Heredity (Edinb) 2019; 124:170-181. [PMID: 31485029 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-019-0262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bird pollination can vary spatially in response to spatial fluctuations in flowering even within plant populations. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the spatial variation in bird pollination may induce mitigating effects, which maintains or increases genetic diversity of pollen pools at local sites with low flowering densities. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the landscape-level genetic effects within a population of Camellia japonica on the pollen pools accepted by individuals in two reproductive years by using genotypes at eight microsatellite loci of 1323 seeds from 19 seed parents. Regression analyses using the quadratic models of correlated paternity between pollen pools against spatial distances between the seed-parent pairs revealed not only local pollination but also some amount of long-distance pollen dispersal. The genetic diversity of pollen pools accepted by seed parents tended to be negatively related to the densities of flowering individuals near the seed parents during winter (when the effective pollination of C. japonica is mediated mostly by Zosterops japonica). We show that the low density of flowering individuals may induce the expansion of the foraging areas of Z. japonica and consequently increase the genetic diversity of pollen pools. This spatial variation in bird pollination may induce the mitigating effects on the C. japonica population. The comparisons between the two study years indicate that the overall pattern of bird pollination and the genetic effects described here, including the mitigating effects, may be stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakanishi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, 062-8516, Japan
| | - Tomoe Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Forestry Department, Saku Regional Development Bureau, Nagano Prefectural Government, 65-1 Atobe, Saku, Nagano, 385-0054, Japan
| | - Saneyoshi Ueno
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Nishimura
- Faculty of Social and Information Studies, Gunma University, 4-2 Aramaki-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tomaru
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Espeland EK, Emery NC, Mercer KL, Woolbright SA, Kettenring KM, Gepts P, Etterson JR. Evolution of plant materials for ecological restoration: insights from the applied and basic literature. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin K. Espeland
- USDA-ARS Pest Management Research Unit; 1500 N. Central Avenue Sidney MT 59270 USA
| | - Nancy C. Emery
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; RAMY 0334, University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80309 USA
| | - Kristin L. Mercer
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science; 2021 Coffey Road, Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Scott A. Woolbright
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Arkansas at Little Rock 2801 S. University Avenue; Little Rock AR 72204 USA
| | - Karin M. Kettenring
- Ecology Center and Department of Watershed Sciences; 5210 Old Main Hill, Utah State University; Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1; University of California; 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Julie R. Etterson
- Department of Biology; University of Minnesota Duluth; 1049 University Drive Duluth MN 55812 USA
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Deacon NJ, Cavender-Bares J. Limited Pollen Dispersal Contributes to Population Genetic Structure but Not Local Adaptation in Quercus oleoides Forests of Costa Rica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138783. [PMID: 26407244 PMCID: PMC4583504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quercus oleoides Cham. and Schlect., tropical live oak, is a species of conservation importance in its southern range limit of northwestern Costa Rica. It occurs in high-density stands across a fragmented landscape spanning a contrasting elevation and precipitation gradient. We examined genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure in this geographically isolated and genetically distinct population. We characterized population genetic diversity at 11 nuclear microsatellite loci in 260 individuals from 13 sites. We monitored flowering time at 10 sites, and characterized the local environment in order to compare observed spatial genetic structure to hypotheses of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment. Finally, we quantified pollen dispersal distances and tested for local adaptation through a reciprocal transplant experiment in order to experimentally address these hypotheses. Results High genetic diversity is maintained in the population and the genetic variation is significantly structured among sampled sites. We identified 5 distinct genetic clusters and average pollen dispersal predominately occurred over short distances. Differences among sites in flowering phenology and environmental factors, however, were not strictly associated with genetic differentiation. Growth and survival of upland and lowland progeny in their native and foreign environments was expected to exhibit evidence of local adaptation due to the more extreme dry season in the lowlands. Seedlings planted in the lowland garden experienced much higher mortality than seedlings in the upland garden, but we did not identify evidence for local adaptation. Conclusion Overall, this study indicates that the Costa Rican Q. oleoides population has a rich population genetic history. Despite environmental heterogeneity and habitat fragmentation, isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-environment alone do not explain spatial genetic structure. These results add to studies of genetic structure by examining a common, tropical tree over multiple habitats and provide information for managers of a successional forest in a protected area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas John Deacon
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Plant Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeannine Cavender-Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Gerber S, Chadœuf J, Gugerli F, Lascoux M, Buiteveld J, Cottrell J, Dounavi A, Fineschi S, Forrest LL, Fogelqvist J, Goicoechea PG, Jensen JS, Salvini D, Vendramin GG, Kremer A. High rates of gene flow by pollen and seed in oak populations across Europe. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85130. [PMID: 24454802 PMCID: PMC3890301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow is a key factor in the evolution of species, influencing effective population size, hybridisation and local adaptation. We analysed local gene flow in eight stands of white oak (mostly Quercus petraea and Q. robur, but also Q. pubescens and Q. faginea) distributed across Europe. Adult trees within a given area in each stand were exhaustively sampled (range [239, 754], mean 423), mapped, and acorns were collected ([17,147], 51) from several mother trees ([3], [47], 23). Seedlings ([65,387], 178) were harvested and geo-referenced in six of the eight stands. Genetic information was obtained from screening distinct molecular markers spread across the genome, genotyping each tree, acorn or seedling. All samples were thus genotyped at 5–8 nuclear microsatellite loci. Fathers/parents were assigned to acorns and seedlings using likelihood methods. Mating success of male and female parents, pollen and seed dispersal curves, and also hybridisation rates were estimated in each stand and compared on a continental scale. On average, the percentage of the wind-borne pollen from outside the stand was 60%, with large variation among stands (21–88%). Mean seed immigration into the stand was 40%, a high value for oaks that are generally considered to have limited seed dispersal. However, this estimate varied greatly among stands (20–66%). Gene flow was mostly intraspecific, with large variation, as some trees and stands showed particularly high rates of hybridisation. Our results show that mating success was unevenly distributed among trees. The high levels of gene flow suggest that geographically remote oak stands are unlikely to be genetically isolated, questioning the static definition of gene reserves and seed stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Gerber
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | | | - Felix Gugerli
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Joan Cottrell
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aikaterini Dounavi
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Laura L Forrest
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Fogelqvist
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Daniela Salvini
- Institute for Plant Protection, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy ; Forest & Landscape, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Giovanni G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Antoine Kremer
- BIOGECO, UMR1202, INRA, Cestas, France ; BIOGECO, UMR1202, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
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Iwaizumi MG, Takahashi M, Isoda K, Austerlitz F. Consecutive five-year analysis of paternal and maternal gene flow and contributions of gametic heterogeneities to overall genetic composition of dispersed seeds of Pinus densiflora (Pinaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:1896-904. [PMID: 23997208 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Genetic variability in monoecious woody plant populations results from the assemblage of individuals issued from asymmetrical male and female reproductive functions, produced during spatially and temporarily heterogeneous reproductive and dispersal events. Here we investigated the dispersal patterns and levels of genetic diversity and differentiation of both paternal and maternal gametes in a natural population of Pinus densiflora at the multiple-year scale as long as five consecutive years. • METHODS We analyzed the paternity and maternity for 1576 seeds and 454 candidate adult trees using nuclear DNA polymorphisms of diploid biparental embryos and haploid maternal megagametophytes at eight microsatellite loci. • KEY RESULTS Despite the low levels of genetic differentiation among gamete groups, a two-way AMOVA analysis showed that the parental origin (paternal vs. maternal gametes), the year of gamete production and their interaction had significant effects on the genetic composition of the seeds. While maternal gamete groups showed a significant FST value across the 5 years, this was not true for their paternal counterparts. Within the population, we found that the relative reproductive contributions of the paternal vs. the maternal parent differed among adult trees, the maternal contributions showing a larger year-to-year fluctuation. • CONCLUSIONS The overall genetic variability of dispersed seeds appeared to result from two sources of heterogeneity: the difference between paternal and maternal patterns of reproduction and gamete dispersal and year-to-year heterogeneity of reproduction of adult trees, especially in their maternal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu G Iwaizumi
- Kansai Regional Breeding Office, Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1043, Uetsukinaka, Shoo, Katsuta, Okayama 709-4335, Japan
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Chybicki IJ, Burczyk J. Seeing the forest through the trees: comprehensive inference on individual mating patterns in a mixed stand of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:561-74. [PMID: 23788747 PMCID: PMC3718219 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sexual reproduction is one of the most important moments in a life cycle, determining the genetic composition of individual offspring. Controlled pollination experiments often show high variation in the mating system at the individual level, suggesting a persistence of individual variation in natural populations. Individual variation in mating patterns may have significant adaptive implications for a population and for the entire species. Nevertheless, field data rarely address individual differences in mating patterns, focusing rather on averages. This study aimed to quantify individual variation in the different components of mating patterns. METHODS Microsatellite data were used from 421 adult trees and 1911 seeds, structured in 72 half-sib families collected in a single mixed stand of Quercus robur and Q. petraea in northern Poland. Using a Bayesian approach, mating patterns were investigated, taking into account pollen dispersal, male fecundity, possible hybridization and heterogeneity in immigrant pollen pools. KEY RESULTS Pollen dispersal followed a heavy-tailed distribution (283 m on average). In spite of high pollen mobility, immigrant pollen pools showed strong genetic structuring among mothers. At the individual level, immigrant pollen pools showed highly variable divergence rates, revealing that sources of immigrant pollen can vary greatly among particular trees. Within the stand, the distribution of male fecundity appeared highly skewed, with a small number of dominant males, resulting in a ratio of census to effective density of pollen donors of 5·3. Male fecundity was not correlated with tree diameter but showed strong cline-like spatial variation. This pattern can be attributed to environmental variation. Quercus petraea revealed a greater preference (74 %) towards intraspecific mating than Q. robur (36 %), although mating preferences varied among trees. CONCLUSIONS Mating patterns can reveal great variation among individuals, even within a single even-age stand. The results show that trees can mate assortatively, with little respect for spatial proximity. Such selective mating may be a result of variable combining compatibility among trees due to genetic and/or environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor J Chybicki
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Chybicki IJ. Note on the Applicability of the F-model in Analysis of Pollen Pool Heterogeneity. J Hered 2013; 104:578-85. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abadie P, Roussel G, Dencausse B, Bonnet C, Bertocchi E, Louvet JM, Kremer A, Garnier-Géré P. Strength, diversity and plasticity of postmating reproductive barriers between two hybridizing oak species (Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl.). J Evol Biol 2011; 25:157-73. [PMID: 22092648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02414.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Very little is known about the nature and strength of reproductive isolation (RI) in Quercus species, despite extensive research on the estimation and evolutionary significance of hybridization rates. We characterized postmating pre- and postzygotic RI between two hybridizing oak species, Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, using a large set of controlled crosses between different genotypes. Various traits potentially associated with reproductive barriers were quantified at several life history stages, from pollen-pistil interactions to seed set and progeny fitness-related traits. Results indicate strong intrinsic postmating prezygotic barriers, with significant barriers also at the postzygotic level, but relatively weaker extrinsic barriers on early hybrid fitness measures assessed in controlled conditions. Using general linear modelling of common garden data with clonal replicates, we showed that most traits exhibited important genotypic differences, as well as different levels of sensitivity to micro-environmental heterogeneity. These new findings suggest a large potential genetic diversity and plasticity of reproductive barriers and are confronted with hybridization evidence in these oak species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abadie
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d'Arcachon, F-33612 Cestas, France
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Buschbom J, Yanbaev Y, Degen B. Efficient long-distance gene flow into an isolated relict oak stand. J Hered 2011; 102:464-72. [PMID: 21525180 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographically isolated and small populations outside a species' central distribution range are likely to be of major importance to a species' ability to quickly adjust its distribution range to global change dynamics. Gene flow from the outside plays a pivotal role in the fate of these marginal populations. It has been proposed that spatial fragmentation and perceived geographic isolation do not necessarily reflect a loss of genetic connectivity in tree species. However, the spatial limits of long-distance gene flow, as well as its magnitude and impact, are still generally unknown. In the present study, we analyzed long-distance pollen-mediated gene flow into an isolated relict stand consisting of 7 individuals of Quercus robur L. based on a total sample of 177 trees and 9 microsatellite loci. We show that pollen-mediated gene flow across more than 80 km in this wind-pollinated tree species contributed at least 35% of all successful pollinations in the investigated isolated and small oak stand at the eastern limit of the species' distribution. The observed pollen immigration shaped the genetic diversity of acorn progenies in the stand and might explain the comparably high genetic diversity in the persisting adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Buschbom
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany.
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CHYBICKI IJ, BURCZYK J. Realized gene flow within mixed stands of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea (Matt.) L. revealed at the stage of naturally established seedling. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:2137-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Curtu AL, Gailing O, Finkeldey R. Patterns of contemporary hybridization inferred from paternity analysis in a four-oak-species forest. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:284. [PMID: 19968862 PMCID: PMC2795763 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies address the issue of hybridization in a more than two-species context. The species-rich Quercus complex is one of the systems which can offer such an opportunity. To investigate the contemporary pattern of hybridization we sampled and genotyped 320 offspring from a natural mixed forest comprising four species of the European white oak complex: Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, and Q. frainetto. Results A total of 165 offspring were assigned unambiguously to one of the pollen donors within the study plot. The minimum amount of effective pollen originating from outside the plot varied markedly among the seed parents, ranging from 0.18 to 0.87. The majority of the successful matings (64.1%) occurred between conspecific individuals indicating the existence of reproductive barriers between oak species. However, the isolation was not complete since we found strong evidence for both first-generation (8.4%) and later-generation hybrids (27.5%). Only two out of eight seed parents, belonging to Q. petraea and Q. robur, showed a high propensity to hybridize with Q. pubescens and Q. petraea, respectively. Significant structure of the effective pollen pools (Φpt = 0.069, P = 0.01) was detected in our sample. However, no support was found for the isolation by distance hypothesis. The proportion of hybrids was much higher (79%) in the seed generation when compared to the adult tree generation. Conclusion First-generation hybrids were observed only between three out of six possible species combinations. Hybrids between one pair of species preferred to mate with one of their parental species. The observation of first and later-generation hybrids in higher frequency in acorns than in adults might be explained by selection against hybrid genotypes, the history of this uneven-aged forest or past introgression between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru L Curtu
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Germany.
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Iwaizumi MG, Takahashi M, Watanabe A, Ubukata M. Simultaneous Evaluation of Paternal and Maternal Immigrant Gene Flow and the Implications for the Overall Genetic Composition of Pinus densiflora Dispersed Seeds. J Hered 2009; 101:144-53. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Albaladejo RG, González-Martínez SC, Heuertz M, Vendramin GG, Aparicio A. Spatiotemporal mating pattern variation in a wind-pollinated Mediterranean shrub. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:5195-206. [PMID: 19889041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variation in mating patterns is poorly known in wind-pollinated plant species. Here, we analysed mating patterns of the wind-pollinated dioecious shrub Pistacia lentiscus by genotyping 904 seeds from 30 mother plants with eight microsatellite markers in a high-density population in two consecutive flowering seasons. We found significant differences in some mating system estimates between years, particularly in the levels of correlated paternity. Overall, within-mothers correlated paternity was higher in 2007 than in 2006 (r(pWM) = 0.085 and 0.030), which translated into an effective number of fathers (N(ep)) of 11.8 and 33.6 respectively. Using a smoothing interpolation technique, we show that the effective pollen cloud was spatially structured in patches of high- and low-genetic diversity, which do not remain constant from year to year. In 2006, the among-mothers correlated paternity (r(pAM)) showed no trend with distance, suggesting no restriction of pollen dispersal. However, in 2007, r(pAM) was greater than zero at short distances, revealing the existence of small-scale patterns of pollen dispersal. The fact that the studied seasons were climatically homogeneous during the flowering time suggested that the observed differences might be ascribed to between-year phenological variation of individuals in the studied population or other (unknown) factors. Numerical simulations, based on the real data set, indicated that the clumping of males and decreasing plant density, which is related to different types of pollen limitation, greatly increase correlated mating in this wind-pollinated species, which is of relevance under the frame of the continuous anthropogenic habitat disturbance suffered by Mediterranean ecosystems.
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Bittencourt JVM, Sebbenn AM. Pollen movement within a continuous forest of wind-pollinated Araucaria angustifolia, inferred from paternity and TwoGener analysis. CONSERV GENET 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-007-9411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Austerlitz F, Dutech C, Smouse PE, Davis F, Sork VL. Estimating anisotropic pollen dispersal: a case study in Quercus lobata. Heredity (Edinb) 2007; 99:193-204. [PMID: 17487216 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen dispersal distribution is an important element of the neighbourhood size of plant populations. Most methods aimed at estimating the dispersal curve assume that pollen dispersal is isotropic, but evidence indicates that this assumption does not hold for many plant species, particularly wind-pollinated species subject to prevailing winds during the pollination season. We propose here a method of detecting anisotropy of pollen dispersal and of gauging its intensity, based on the estimation of the differentiation of maternal pollen clouds (TWOGENER extraction), assuming that pollen dispersal is bivariate and normally distributed. We applied the new method to a case study in Quercus lobata, detecting only a modest level of anisotropy in pollen dispersal in a direction roughly similar to the prevailing wind direction. Finally, we conducted a simulation to explore the conditions under which anisotropy can be detected with this method, and we show that while anisotropy is detectable, in principle, it requires a large volume of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Austerlitz
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay Cedex, France
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17
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Fernández-Manjarrés JF, Idol J, Sork VL. Mating Patterns of Black Oak Quercus velutina (Fagaceae) in a Missouri Oak-Hickory Forest. J Hered 2006; 97:451-5. [PMID: 16985080 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esl022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind-pollinated forest trees usually have high outcrossing rates, but allogamy does not necessarily translate into high pollen movement. The goal of this study was to determine the outcrossing rates, pollen pool genetic structure, and the size of the effective pollination neighborhood in a population of black oak, Quercus velutina, in a Missouri oak-hickory forest. Based on 6 allozyme loci, 12 maternal trees, and 439 progenies sampled along a transect of 1300 m, we found complete outcrossing (t(m) = 1.000, P < 0.001) and small amounts of biparental inbreeding. Using a TwoGener analysis of the pollen gene pool, we found significant structure across maternal plants (Phi(FT) = 0.078, P < 0.001), which when corrected for adult inbreeding translates into Phi(FT) = 0.066 that corresponds to an effective number of pollen donors of 7.5 individuals. Assuming a bivariate normal distribution and an adult density of 16.25 trees ha(-1), we estimated that the effective pollination neighborhood area had a radius of 41.9 m. Even assuming that our estimates may be conservative, these findings join a growing body of evidence that suggest that the local neighborhood of wind-pollinated forest tree populations may be relatively small creating opportunities for local selection and genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Fernández-Manjarrés
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, Bât 360, Université Paris 11 Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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