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Díaz-Arce N, Gagnaire PA, Richardson DE, Walter JF, Arnaud-Haond S, Fromentin JM, Brophy D, Lutcavage M, Addis P, Alemany F, Allman R, Deguara S, Fraile I, Goñi N, Hanke AR, Karakulak FS, Pacicco A, Quattro JM, Rooker JR, Arrizabalaga H, Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N. Unidirectional trans-Atlantic gene flow and a mixed spawning area shape the genetic connectivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17188. [PMID: 37921120 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The commercially important Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), a large migratory fish, has experienced notable recovery aided by accurate resource assessment and effective fisheries management efforts. Traditionally, this species has been perceived as consisting of eastern and western populations, spawning respectively in the Mediterranean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, with mixing occurring throughout the Atlantic. However, recent studies have challenged this assumption by revealing weak genetic differentiation and identifying a previously unknown spawning ground in the Slope Sea used by Atlantic bluefin tuna of uncertain origin. To further understand the current and past population structure and connectivity of Atlantic bluefin tuna, we have assembled a unique dataset including thousands of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 500 larvae, young of the year and spawning adult samples covering the three spawning grounds and including individuals of other Thunnus species. Our analyses support two weakly differentiated but demographically connected ancestral populations that interbreed in the Slope Sea. Moreover, we also identified signatures of introgression from albacore (Thunnus alalunga) into the Atlantic bluefin tuna genome, exhibiting varied frequencies across spawning areas, indicating strong gene flow from the Mediterranean Sea towards the Slope Sea. We hypothesize that the observed genetic differentiation may be attributed to increased gene flow caused by a recent intensification of westward migration by the eastern population, which could have implications for the genetic diversity and conservation of western populations. Future conservation efforts should consider these findings to address potential genetic homogenization in the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz-Arce
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Sukarrieta, Spain
| | | | - David E Richardson
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - John F Walter
- Southeast Fisheries Sciences Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Deirdre Brophy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Center, Atlantic Technological University (ATU), Galway City, Ireland
| | - Molly Lutcavage
- Large Pelagics Research Center, School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Piero Addis
- Department of Environmental and Life Science, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francisco Alemany
- International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, GBYP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Allman
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, USA
| | | | - Igaratza Fraile
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain
| | - Nicolas Goñi
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain
| | - Alex R Hanke
- St Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | - Ashley Pacicco
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph M Quattro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jay R Rooker
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Haritz Arrizabalaga
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Pasaia, Spain
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Myers BM, Burns KJ, Clark CJ, Brelsford A. Sampling affects population genetic inference: A case study of the Allen's (Selasphorus sasin) and rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). J Hered 2023; 114:625-636. [PMID: 37455658 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene flow can affect evolutionary inference when species are undersampled. Here, we evaluate the effects of gene flow and geographic sampling on demographic inference of 2 hummingbirds that hybridize, Allen's hummingbird (Selasphorus sasin) and rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus). Using whole-genome data and extensive geographic sampling, we find widespread connectivity, with introgression far beyond the Allen's × rufous hybrid zone, although the Z chromosome resists introgression beyond the hybrid zone. We test alternative hypotheses of speciation history of Allen's, rufous, and Calliope (S. calliope) hummingbird and find that rufous hummingbird is the sister taxon to Allen's hummingbird, and Calliope hummingbird is the outgroup. A model treating the 2 subspecies of Allen's hummingbird as a single panmictic population fit observed genetic data better than models treating the subspecies as distinct populations, in contrast to morphological and behavioral differences and analyses of spatial population structure. With additional sampling, our study builds upon recent studies that came to conflicting conclusions regarding the evolutionary histories of these 2 species. Our results stress the importance of thorough geographic sampling when assessing demographic history in the presence of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kevin J Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Clark
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Speith Hall, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Speith Hall, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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DiBattista JD, Fowler AM, Riley IJ, Reader S, Hay A, Parkinson K, Hobbs JPA. The use of environmental DNA to monitor impacted coastal estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 181:113860. [PMID: 35779383 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly being used to assess community composition in coastal ecosystems. In this study, we chose to examine temporal and spatial changes in the aquatic community of Manly Lagoon - one of the most heavily developed and polluted estuaries in eastern Australia. Based on metabarcoding of the 16S mitochondrial gene (for fish) and the 18S nuclear gene (for macroinvertebrates), we identified seasonal differences in fish and macroinvertebrate community composition as well as species richness, which correlated, in some cases, with the environmental parameters of sea surface temperature and freshwater input. Moreover, given the greater taxonomic resolution of fish versus macroinvertebrate assignments, we identified several known migratory fish species of management importance that contributed significantly to the overall patterns observed. Overall, our data support the use of eDNA metabarcoding to track fish assemblages shifting in response to environmental drivers in polluted estuaries with increased sampling and consultation with historical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D DiBattista
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Ashley M Fowler
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Indiana J Riley
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Sally Reader
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Hay
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kerryn Parkinson
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jean-Paul A Hobbs
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4069, Australia
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4
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Applying Population Viability Analysis to Inform Genetic Rescue That Preserves Locally Unique Genetic Variation in a Critically Endangered Mammal. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13080382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic rescue can reduce the extinction risk of inbred populations, but it has the poorly understood risk of ‘genetic swamping’—the replacement of the distinctive variation of the target population. We applied population viability analysis (PVA) to identify translocation rates into the inbred lowland population of Leadbeater’s possum from an outbred highland population that would alleviate inbreeding depression and rapidly reach a target population size (N) while maximising the retention of locally unique neutral genetic variation. Using genomic kinship coefficients to model inbreeding in Vortex, we simulated genetic rescue scenarios that included gene pool mixing with genetically diverse highland possums and increased the N from 35 to 110 within ten years. The PVA predicted that the last remaining population of lowland Leadbeater’s possum will be extinct within 23 years without genetic rescue, and that the carrying capacity at its current range is insufficient to enable recovery, even with genetic rescue. Supplementation rates that rapidly increased population size resulted in higher retention (as opposed to complete loss) of local alleles through alleviation of genetic drift but reduced the frequency of locally unique alleles. Ongoing gene flow and a higher N will facilitate natural selection. Accordingly, we recommend founding a new population of lowland possums in a high-quality habitat, where population growth and natural gene exchange with highland populations are possible. We also recommend ensuring gene flow into the population through natural dispersal and/or frequent translocations of highland individuals. Genetic rescue should be implemented within an adaptive management framework, with post-translocation monitoring data incorporated into the models to make updated predictions.
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Tesfaye G, Curto M, Meulenbroek P, Englmaier GK, Tibihika PD, Alemayehu E, Getahun A, Meimberg H. Genetic diversity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) populations in Ethiopia: insights from nuclear DNA microsatellites and implications for conservation. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:113. [PMID: 34098870 PMCID: PMC8183085 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) is among the economically most important freshwater fish species in East Africa, and a major source of protein for local consumption. Human induced translocations of non-native stocks for aquaculture and fisheries have been found as a potential threat to the genetic diversity and integrity of local populations. In the present study, we investigate the genetic structure of O. niloticus from 16 waterbodies across Ethiopia using 37 microsatellite loci with SSR-GBAS techniques. RESULTS The samples are structured into three main clusters shaped either by biogeographic factors or stocking activities. High FST values (Global FST = 0.438) between populations indicate a high level of genetic differentiation and may suggest long term isolation even within the same drainage systems. Natural populations of the Omo-Turkana system and the lakes in the Southern Main Ethiopian Rift showed the highest genetic variability while low variability was found in stocked populations of lakes Hora, Hashenge and Hayq. CONCLUSIONS The results presented herein, may provide an essential basis for the management and conservation of the unique genetic resources in northern East Africa, and advance our understanding of biodiversity, phylogeny, evolution and development towards phylogenetically more accurate taxonomic classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genanaw Tesfaye
- EIAR - National Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, P.O. Box 64, Sebeta, Ethiopia.
| | - Manuel Curto
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
- MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paul Meulenbroek
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
- WasserCluster Lunz - biologische Station, Lunz am See, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Prom. 5, 3293, Lunz/See, Austria.
| | - Gernot K Englmaier
- University of Graz, Institute of Biology, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Esayas Alemayehu
- EIAR - National Fisheries and Other Aquatic Life Research Center, P.O. Box 64, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Getahun
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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Hammer MP, Adams M, Unmack PJ, Hassell KL, Bertozzi T. Surprising Pseudogobius: Molecular systematics of benthic gobies reveals new insights into estuarine biodiversity (Teleostei: Gobiiformes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 160:107140. [PMID: 33711446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Snubnose gobies (genus Pseudogobius: Gobionellinae) are ubiquitous to, and important components of, estuarine ecosystems of the Indo-west Pacific. These small benthic fishes occur in freshwater, brackish and marine habitats such as mangroves, sheltered tide pools and lowland streams, and represent a model group for understanding the biodiversity and biogeography of estuarine fauna. To develop the species-level framework required for a concurrent morphological taxonomic appraisal, we undertook thorough sampling around the extensive Australian coastline, referenced to international locations, as part of a molecular systematic review using both nuclear and mitochondrial markers. The results indicate that while there are currently eight recognised species, the true diversity is close to double this, with a hotspot of endemism located in Australia. Complicated patterns were observed in southern Australia owing to two differing zones of introgression/admixture. Key drivers of diversity in the group appear to include plate tectonics, latitude, and historic barriers under glacial maxima, where an interplay between ready dispersal and habitat specialisation has led to regional panmixia but frequent geographic compartmentalisation within past and present landscapes. The findings have significant implications for biodiversity conservation, coastal and estuarine development, the basic foundations of field ecology, and for applied use such as in biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hammer
- Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia; Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | - Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Peter J Unmack
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Terry Bertozzi
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Caeiro-Dias G, Brelsford A, Kaliontzopoulou A, Meneses-Ribeiro M, Crochet PA, Pinho C. Variable levels of introgression between the endangered Podarcis carbonelli and highly divergent congeneric species. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 126:463-476. [PMID: 33199832 PMCID: PMC8027454 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-00386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that speciation with gene flow is more common than previously thought. From a conservation perspective, the potential negative effects of hybridization raise concerns on the genetic integrity of endangered species. However, introgressive hybridization has also been growingly recognized as a source of diversity and new advantageous alleles. Carbonell's wall lizard (Podarcis carbonelli) is an endangered species whose distribution overlaps with four other congeneric species. Our goal here was to determine whether P. carbonelli is completely reproductively isolated from its congeners and to evaluate the relevance of hybridization and interspecific gene flow for developing a conservation plan. We used restriction site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to discover SNPs in samples from four contact zones between P. carbonelli and four other species. Principal component analysis, multilocus genotype assignment and interspecific heterozygosity suggest incomplete reproductive isolation and ongoing gene flow between species. However, hybridization dynamics vary across all pairs, suggesting complex interactions between multiple intrinsic and extrinsic barriers. Despite seemingly ubiquitous interspecific gene flow, we found evidence of strong reproductive isolation across most contact zones. Instead, indirect effects of hybridization like waste of reproductive effort in small isolated populations may be more problematic. Our results highlight the need to further evaluate the consequences of introgression for P. carbonelli, both on a geographic and genomic level and included in a comprehensive and urgently needed conservation plan. Besides, those findings will add important insights on the potential effects of hybridization and introgression for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Caeiro-Dias
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal.
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
| | - Alan Brelsford
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biology Department, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Mariana Meneses-Ribeiro
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pierre-André Crochet
- CEFE, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Catarina Pinho
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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Drygala F, Rode-Margono J, Semiadi G, Wirdateti, Frantz AC. Evidence of hybridisation between the common Indonesian banded pig (Sus scrofa vitattus) and the endangered Java warty pig (Sus verrucosus). CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Tibihika PD, Curto M, Alemayehu E, Waidbacher H, Masembe C, Akoll P, Meimberg H. Molecular genetic diversity and differentiation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758) in East African natural and stocked populations. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 32000675 PMCID: PMC6990601 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The need for enhancing the productivity of fisheries in Africa triggered the introduction of non-native fish, causing dramatic changes to local species. In East Africa, the extensive translocation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the major factors in this respect. Using 40 microsatellite loci with SSR-GBS techniques, we amplified a total of 664 individuals to investigate the genetic structure of O. niloticus from East Africa in comparison to Ethiopian and Burkina Faso populations. RESULTS All three African regions were characterized by independent gene-pools, however, the Ethiopian population from Lake Tana was genetically more divergent (Fst = 2.1) than expected suggesting that it might be a different sub-species. In East Africa, the genetic structure was congruent with both geographical location and anthropogenic activities (Isolation By Distance for East Africa, R2 = 0.67 and Uganda, R2 = 0.24). O. niloticus from Lake Turkana (Kenya) was isolated, while in Uganda, despite populations being rather similar to each other, two main natural catchments were able to be defined. We show that these two groups contributed to the gene-pool of different non-native populations. Moreover, admixture and possible hybridization with other tilapiine species may have contributed to the genetic divergence found in some populations such as Lake Victoria. We detected other factors that might be affecting Nile tilapia genetic variation. For example, most of the populations have gone through a reduction in genetic diversity, which can be a consequence of bottleneck (G-W, < 0.5) caused by overfishing, genetic erosion due to fragmentation or founder effect resulting from stocking activities. CONCLUSIONS The anthropogenic activities particularly in the East African O. niloticus translocations, promoted artificial admixture among Nile Tilapia populations. Translocations may also have triggered hybridization with the native congenerics, which needs to be further studied. These events may contribute to outbreeding depression and hence compromising the sustainability of the species in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papius Dias Tibihika
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Wien, Austria
- National Agricultural Research Organization, Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 421, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Manuel Curto
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- National Agricultural Research Organization, Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute, P.O. Box 421, Kabale, Uganda
- Institute for Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystems Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor Mendel Straße 33/DG, 1180 Wien, Austria
| | - Herwig Waidbacher
- National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Centre, P.O. Box 64, Addis Ababa, Sebeta Ethiopia
| | - Charles Masembe
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences-Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Akoll
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences-Makerere University Kampala, P. O. Box, 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Wien, Austria
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10
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Chan WY, Hoffmann AA, Oppen MJH. Hybridization as a conservation management tool. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Chan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ary A. Hoffmann
- Bio21 InstituteUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. Oppen
- Australian Institute of Marine Science Townsville Queensland Australia
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
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11
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Barker AM, Adams DH, Driggers WB, Frazier BS, Portnoy DS. Hybridization between sympatric hammerhead sharks in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190004. [PMID: 30940019 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization between closely related species has been documented across a wide range of taxa but has not been well studied in elasmobranchs. Hammerhead sharks have drawn global conservation concern because they experience some of the highest mortality rates among sharks when interacting with fisheries. Here we report on the detection of hybrids between the globally distributed scalloped hammerhead ( Sphyrna lewini) and recently described Carolina hammerhead ( S. gilberti) which are only known from the western Atlantic Ocean. Using a genomics approach, 10 first-generation hybrids and 15-17 backcrosses were detected from 554 individuals. The identification of backcrosses demonstrates hybrids are viable, and all backcrosses but one involved a scalloped hammerhead. All hybrids but one possessed Carolina hammerhead mtDNA, indicating sex-biased gene flow between species. Repeated hybridization and backcrossing with scalloped hammerheads could lead to the loss of endemic Carolina hammerheads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Barker
- 1 Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, TX , USA
| | - Douglas H Adams
- 2 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute , Melbourne, FL , USA
| | - William B Driggers
- 3 Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA , Pascagoula, MS , USA
| | - Bryan S Frazier
- 4 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources , Charleston, SC , USA
| | - David S Portnoy
- 1 Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi , Corpus Christi, TX , USA
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12
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Gibson I, Welsh AB, Welsh SA, Cincotta DA. Genetic swamping and possible species collapse: tracking introgression between the native Candy Darter and introduced Variegate Darter. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Harrison HB, Berumen ML, Saenz-Agudelo P, Salas E, Williamson DH, Jones GP. Widespread hybridization and bidirectional introgression in sympatric species of coral reef fish. Mol Ecol 2018; 26:5692-5704. [PMID: 29080371 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs are highly diverse ecosystems, where numerous closely related species often coexist. How new species arise and are maintained in these high geneflow environments have been long-standing conundrums. Hybridization and patterns of introgression between sympatric species provide a unique insight into the mechanisms of speciation and the maintenance of species boundaries. In this study, we investigate the extent of hybridization between two closely related species of coral reef fish: the common coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) and the bar-cheek coral trout (Plectropomus maculatus). Using a complementary set of 25 microsatellite loci, we distinguish pure genotype classes from first- and later-generation hybrids, identifying 124 interspecific hybrids from a collection of 2,991 coral trout sampled in inshore and mid-shelf reefs of the southern Great Barrier Reef. Hybrids were ubiquitous among reefs, fertile and spanned multiple generations suggesting both ecological and evolutionary processes are acting to maintain species barriers. We elaborate on these finding to investigate the extent of genomic introgression and admixture from 2,271 SNP loci recovered from a ddRAD library of pure and hybrid individuals. An analysis of genomic clines on recovered loci indicates that 261 SNP loci deviate from a model of neutral introgression, of which 132 indicate a pattern of introgression consistent with selection favouring both hybrid and parental genotypes. Our findings indicate genome-wide, bidirectional introgression between two sympatric species of coral reef fishes and provide further support to a growing body of evidence for the role of hybridization in the evolution of coral reef fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo B Harrison
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael L Berumen
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pablo Saenz-Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eva Salas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.,California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David H Williamson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Geoffrey P Jones
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.,College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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14
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Sovic MG, Kubatko LS, Fuerst PA. The effects of locus number, genetic divergence, and genotyping error on the utility of dominant markers for hybrid identification. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:462-73. [PMID: 24634730 PMCID: PMC3936392 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In surveys of hybrid zones, dominant genetic markers are often used to identify individuals of hybrid origin and assign these individuals to one of several potential hybrid classes. Quantitative analyses that address the statistical power of dominant markers in such inference are scarce. In this study, dominant genotype data were simulated to evaluate the effects of, first, the number of loci analyzed, second, the magnitude of differentiation between the markers scored in the groups that are hybridizing, and third, the level of genotyping error associated with the data when assigning individuals to various parental and hybrid categories. The overall performance of the assignment methods was relatively modest at the lowest level of divergence examined (Fst ˜ 0.4), but improved substantially at higher levels of differentiation (Fst ˜ 0.67 or 0.8). The effect of genotyping error was dependent on the level of divergence between parental taxa, with larger divergences tempering the effects of genotyping error. These results highlight the importance of considering the effects of each of the variables when assigning individuals to various parental and hybrid categories, and can help guide decisions regarding the number of loci employed in future hybridization studies to achieve the power and level of resolution desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Sovic
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 314 Aronoff Laboratory, The Ohio State University 318 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Laura S Kubatko
- Departments of Statistics and Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University 404 Cockins Hall, 1958 Neil Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210
| | - Paul A Fuerst
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, 386 Aronoff Laboratory, The Ohio State University 318 W. 12th Ave, Columbus, Ohio, 43210
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15
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Roberts DG, Gray CA, Ayre DJ. Microsatellite primers for Australian recreationally and commercially important estuarine fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:273-281. [PMID: 24383812 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight primer sets that amplify microsatellite DNA loci were developed for the estuarine fishes, dusky flathead Platycephalus fuscus and sand whiting Sillago ciliata, which are targets of recreational and commercial fishers on the east coast of Australia. Surveys across these loci revealed remarkably similar levels of genetic diversity within samples of c. 22 P. fuscus and S. ciliata from each of the two estuaries. These loci will be useful in determining the genetic stock structure of these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Roberts
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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16
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Muto N, Kai Y, Noda T, Nakabo T. Extensive hybridization and associated geographic trends between two rockfishes Sebastes vulpes
and S. zonatus
(Teleostei: Scorpaeniformes: Sebastidae). J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1750-62. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Muto
- Division of Applied Biosciences; Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University c/o The Kyoto University Museum; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto Japan
| | - Y. Kai
- Field Science Education and Research Centre; Maizuru Fisheries Research Station; Kyoto University; Maizuru Kyoto Japan
| | - T. Noda
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute; Fisheries Research Agency; Miyako Iwate Japan
| | - T. Nakabo
- The Kyoto University Museum; Kyoto University; Sakyo Kyoto Japan
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17
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Abbott R, Albach D, Ansell S, Arntzen JW, Baird SJE, Bierne N, Boughman J, Brelsford A, Buerkle CA, Buggs R, Butlin RK, Dieckmann U, Eroukhmanoff F, Grill A, Cahan SH, Hermansen JS, Hewitt G, Hudson AG, Jiggins C, Jones J, Keller B, Marczewski T, Mallet J, Martinez-Rodriguez P, Möst M, Mullen S, Nichols R, Nolte AW, Parisod C, Pfennig K, Rice AM, Ritchie MG, Seifert B, Smadja CM, Stelkens R, Szymura JM, Väinölä R, Wolf JBW, Zinner D. Hybridization and speciation. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:229-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1370] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Quéré N, Desmarais E, Tsigenopoulos CS, Belkhir K, Bonhomme F, Guinand B. Gene flow at major transitional areas in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the possible emergence of a hybrid swarm. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:3061-78. [PMID: 23301173 PMCID: PMC3539001 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The population genetic structure of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) along a transect from the Atlantic Ocean (AO) to the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) Sea differs from that of most other marine taxa in this area. Three populations (AO, Western Mediterranean [WM], EM) are recognized today, which were originally two allopatric populations. How two ancestral genetic units have evolved into three distinct units has not been addressed yet. Therefore, to investigate mechanisms that lead to the emergence of the central WM population, its current status, and its connectivity with the two parental populations, we applied 20 nuclear loci that were either gene associated or gene independent. Results confirmed the existence of three distinct gene pools, with higher differentiation at two transitional areas, the Almeria-Oran Front (AOF) and of the Siculo-Tunisian Strait (STS), than within any population. Significant linkage disequilibrium and heterozygote excess indicated that the STS is probably another tension zone, as already described for the AOF. Neutrality tests fail to reveal marker loci that could be driven by selection within or among metapopulations, except for locus DLA0068. Collectively, results support that the central WM population arose by trapping two tensions zones at distinct geographic locations of limited connectivity. Population assignment further revealed that WM individuals were more introgressed than individuals from the other two metapopulations. This suggests that this population might result from hybrid swarming, and was or is still seeded by genes received through the filter of each tension zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Quéré
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral2 Avenue des chantiers, 34200, Sète, France
| | - Erick Desmarais
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- LabEx CeMEB, Université Montpellier IIplace E. Bataillon, cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Costas S Tsigenopoulos
- Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biology and GeneticsPO Box 2214, Gournes Pediados, 71500, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Khalid Belkhir
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - François Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral2 Avenue des chantiers, 34200, Sète, France
| | - Bruno Guinand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2cc63, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Station Méditerranéenne de l'Environnement Littoral2 Avenue des chantiers, 34200, Sète, France
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19
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Ochwada-Doyle F, Roberts D, Gray C, Barnes L, Haddy J, Fearman J. Characterizing the biological traits and life history of Acanthopagrus (Sparidae) hybrid complexes: implications for conservation and management. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2012; 81:1540-1558. [PMID: 23020560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the spatio-temporal reproductive patterns, population structure, maturity and growth of Acanthopagrus hybrid complexes, which comprise mainly black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri and the hybrids they form with yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis, in two Australian estuaries (Coila and Brou Lakes, NSW). There were no differences between pure A. butcheri and hybrids in terms of their population structure, growth and maturity, suggesting that these two breeds have similar life histories and may therefore be managed as single, naturally cohesive units. Sexual variation in size structure was only observed for the complex in Coila Lake. Although there was significant variation in age structure between estuaries, both complexes exhibited dominance of only a few year classes indicating episodic recruitment and high fishing mortality. Acanthopagrus eggs occurred in higher numbers within upstream creek habitats compared to lake habitats, thereby highlighting the need to protect these spawning habitats. Although maturity in the complexes was not influenced by gender or estuary, differences in growth were detected between the genders and estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ochwada-Doyle
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Cronulla Fisheries Research Centre, Cronulla, NSW 2230, Australia.
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20
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Shaddick K, Burridge CP, Jerry DR, Schwartz TS, Truong K, Gilligan DM, Beheregaray LB. A hybrid zone and bidirectional introgression between two catadromous species: Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata and estuary perch Macquaria colonorum. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 79:1214-1235. [PMID: 22026603 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03105.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of hybrid individuals and the existence of a hybrid zone between the catadromous Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata and estuary perch Macquaria colonorum were investigated throughout the range of both species in Australia. Bayesian analyses and genotypic simulations identified 140 putative hybrids (11·5% of the total sample) with varying levels of introgression. Most hybrids were observed in an area extending from the Snowy River to the Albert River suggesting a hybrid zone in the eastern Bass Strait region. Sixteen hybrids, however, were found outside this zone, possibly reflecting the movement of hybrid offspring between estuaries or their inadvertent release during fish stocking programmes. Biparental backcrossing was found to occur suggesting that hybrids were fertile. These results have implications for the management of the extensive stocking programme in M. novemaculeata and for understanding the potential role of habitat degradation and reduced water flow in facilitating hybridization in species with migratory life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shaddick
- Molecular Ecology Lab., Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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21
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McCartney MA, Lima TG. Evolutionary consequences of introgression at M7 lysin, a gamete recognition locus, following secondary contact between blue mussel species. Integr Comp Biol 2011; 51:474-84. [PMID: 21742775 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icr073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridizing populations of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus, in Cobscook Bay (eastern Maine) have been used by our laboratory to study the evolution of gamete incompatibility and molecular evolution of the vitelline coat lysin proteins expressed in sperm. The M7 lysin locus has been the most studied of the three lysins, but evidence for positive selection necessary to help confirm its role in gamete recognition in western Atlantic hybrid zones is contradictory. We developed an alternative test, based on rates of introgression at M7 lysin. Contrary to expectations, introgression at this locus is much higher (instead of much lower) than is introgression at neutral markers. In this article, we present simulations, constructed using synthetic populations of combinations of admixed genotypes, representing various hybrid offspring categories. Simulations produced variation in introgression across loci, but did not generate the massive introgression at M7 lysin observed in natural populations in Cobscook Bay. We consider these results in the context of selection operating on gamete recognition loci, both within and between species, during the third stage of allopatric speciation in Mytilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A McCartney
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA.
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22
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The impact of distance and a shifting temperature gradient on genetic connectivity across a heterogeneous landscape. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:126. [PMID: 21586178 PMCID: PMC3112089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inter-population distance and differences in breeding times are barriers to reproduction that can contribute to genotypic differentiation between populations. Temporal changes in environmental conditions and local selective processes can further contribute to the establishment of reproductive barriers. Telopea speciosissima (Proteaceae) is an excellent subject for studying the effect of geographic, edaphic and phenological heterogeneity on genotypic differentiation because previous studies show that these factors are correlated with morphological variation. Molecular, morphological and environmental datasets were combined to characterise the relative influence of these factors on inter-population differentiation, and Bayesian analyses were used to investigate current levels of admixture between differentiated genomes. Results A landscape genetic approach involving molecular and morphological analyses identified three endpoints of differentiated population groups: coastal, upland and southern. The southern populations, isolated from the other populations by an edaphic barrier, show low migration and no evidence of admixture with other populations. Amongst the northern populations, coastal and upland populations are connected along a skewed altitudinal gradient by genetically intermediate populations. The strong association between temperature and flowering time in Telopea speciosissima was shown to maintain a temporally unstable reproductive barrier between coastal and upland populations. Conclusions Substrate-mediated allopatry appears to be responsible for long-term genetic isolation of the southern populations. However, the temperature-dependent reproductive barrier between upland and coastal populations bears the genetic signature of temporal adjustments. The extreme climatic events of the last glacial maximum are likely to have caused more complete allochronic isolation between upland and coastal populations, as well as exerting increased selective pressure upon local genomes. However, at intermediate altitudes, current climatic conditions allow for the incorporation of alleles from previously distinct genomes, generating new, intermediate genomic assemblages and possibly increasing overall adaptive potential.
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23
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Hybridization, Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography, and Prediction of the Early Stages of Reproductive Isolation: Lessons from New Zealand Cicadas (Genus Kikihia). Syst Biol 2011; 60:482-502. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syr017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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24
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Roberts DG, Gray CA, West RJ, Ayre DJ. Gamete compatibility between marine and estuarine Acanthopagrus spp. (Sparidae) and their hybrids. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2010; 77:425-431. [PMID: 20646166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
On Australia's south-east coast, hybridization between estuary-restricted black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri Munro and its migratory coastal congener yellowfin bream Acanthopagrus australis (Günther) has led to estuarine populations largely composed of hybrids that are most genetically similar to A. butcheri. The fertilization success achieved when ova of estuary-caught A. butcheri were fertilized with the cryogenically preserved sperm of either ocean-caught A. australis or estuary-caught A. butcheri-like was compared. The experimental crosses, which by chance included both pure parental and hybrid bream, revealed no evidence that gametic incompatibility provides a barrier to fertilization among both pure species and their hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Roberts
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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