1
|
Shimozuru M, Jimbo M, Adachi K, Kawamura K, Shirane Y, Umemura Y, Ishinazaka T, Nakanishi M, Kiyonari M, Yamanaka M, Amagai Y, Ijuin A, Sakiyama T, Kasai S, Nose T, Shirayanagi M, Tsuruga H, Mano T, Tsubota T, Fukasawa K, Uno H. Estimation of breeding population size using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction in brown bears. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9246. [PMID: 36091344 PMCID: PMC9448969 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust estimates of demographic parameters are critical for effective wildlife conservation and management but are difficult to obtain for elusive species. We estimated the breeding and adult population sizes, as well as the minimum population size, in a high-density brown bear population on the Shiretoko Peninsula, in Hokkaido, Japan, using DNA-based pedigree reconstruction. A total of 1288 individuals, collected in and around the Shiretoko Peninsula between 1998 and 2020, were genotyped at 21 microsatellite loci. Among them, 499 individuals were identified by intensive genetic sampling conducted in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020) mainly by noninvasive methods (e.g., hair and fecal DNA). Among them, both parents were assigned for 330 bears, and either maternity or paternity was assigned to 47 and 76 individuals, respectively. The subsequent pedigree reconstruction indicated a range of breeding and adult (≥4 years old) population sizes: 128-173 for female breeders and 66-91 male breeders, and 155-200 for female adults and 84-109 male adults. The minimum population size was estimated to be 449 (252 females and 197 males) in 2019. Long-term continuous genetic sampling prior to a short-term intensive survey would enable parentage to be identified in a population with a high probability, thus enabling reliable estimates of breeding population size for elusive species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michito Shimozuru
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Mina Jimbo
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan.,Hokkaido Research Organization Sapporo Japan
| | - Keisuke Adachi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Kei Kawamura
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Yuri Shirane
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan.,Hokkaido Research Organization Sapporo Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshio Tsubota
- Laboratory of Wildlife Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Keita Fukasawa
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uno
- Faculty of Agriculture Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
White SL, Sard NM, Brundage HM, Johnson RL, Lubinski BA, Eackles MS, Park IA, Fox DA, Kazyak DC. Evaluating sources of bias in pedigree-based estimates of breeding population size. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2602. [PMID: 35384108 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Applications of genetic-based estimates of population size are expanding, especially for species for which traditional demographic estimation methods are intractable due to the rarity of adult encounters. Estimates of breeding population size (NS ) are particularly amenable to genetic-based approaches as the parameter can be estimated using pedigrees reconstructed from genetic data gathered from discrete juvenile cohorts, therefore eliminating the need to sample adults in the population. However, a critical evaluation of how genotyping and sampling effort influence bias in pedigree reconstruction, and how these biases subsequently influence estimates of NS , is needed to evaluate the efficacy of the approach under a range of scenarios. We simulated a model system to understand the interactive effects of genotyping and sampling effort on error in genetic pedigrees reconstructed from the program COLONY. We then evaluated how errors in pedigree reconstruction influenced bias and precision in estimates of NS using three different rarefaction estimators. Results indicated that pedigree error can be minimal when adequate genetic data are available, such as when juvenile sample sizes are large and/or individuals are genotyped at many informative loci. However, even in cases for which data are limited, using results of the simulation analysis to understand the magnitude and sources of bias in reconstructed pedigrees can still be informative when estimating NS . We applied results of the simulation analysis to evaluate N ̂ $$ \hat{N} $$ S for a population of federally endangered Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) in the Delaware River, USA. Our results indicated that NS is likely to be three orders of magnitude lower compared with historic breeding population sizes, which is a considerable advancement in our understanding of the population status of Atlantic sturgeon in the Delaware River. Our analyses are broadly applicable in the design and interpretation of studies seeking to estimate NS and can help to guide conservation decisions when ecological uncertainty is high. The utility of these results is expected to grow as rapid advances in genetic technologies increase the popularity of genetic population monitoring and estimation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L White
- Akima Systems Engineers, Under Contract to the US Geological Survey, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Nicholas M Sard
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York-Oswego, Oswego, New York, USA
| | | | - Robin L Johnson
- US Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Barbara A Lubinski
- US Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael S Eackles
- US Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ian A Park
- Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife, Dover, Delaware, USA
| | - Dewayne A Fox
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, USA
| | - David C Kazyak
- US Geological Survey Eastern Ecological Science Center, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weise EM, Scribner KT, Adams JV, Boeberitz O, Jubar A, Bravener G, Johnson NS, Robinson JD. Pedigree analysis and estimates of effective breeding size characterize sea lamprey reproductive biology. Evol Appl 2022; 15:484-500. [PMID: 35386399 PMCID: PMC8965388 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is an invasive species in the Great Lakes and the focus of a large control and assessment program. Current assessment methods provide information on the census size of spawning adult sea lamprey in a small number of streams, but information characterizing reproductive success of spawning adults is rarely available. We used RAD-capture sequencing to genotype single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci for ~1600 sea lamprey larvae collected from three streams in northern Michigan (Black Mallard, Pigeon, and Ocqueoc Rivers). Larval genotypes were used to reconstruct family pedigrees, which were combined with Gaussian mixture analyses to identify larval age classes for estimation of spawning population size. Two complementary estimates of effective breeding size (N b), as well as the extrapolated minimum number of spawners (N s), were also generated for each cohort. Reconstructed pedigrees highlighted inaccuracies of cohort assignments from traditionally used mixture analyses. However, combining genotype-based pedigree information with length-at-age assignment of cohort membership greatly improved cohort identification accuracy. Population estimates across all three streams sampled in this study indicate a small number of successfully spawning adults when barriers were in operation, implying that barriers limited adult spawning numbers but were not completely effective at blocking access to spawning habitats. Thus, the large numbers of larvae present in sampled systems were a poor indicator of spawning adult abundance. Overall, pedigree-based N b and N s estimates provide a promising and rapid assessment tool for sea lamprey and other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Weise
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Kim T. Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Jean V. Adams
- US Geological Survey ‐ Great Lakes Science CenterAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Olivia Boeberitz
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | | | - Gale Bravener
- Fisheries and Oceans CanadaSea Lamprey Control CentreSault Ste. MarieOntarioCanada
| | - Nicholas S. Johnson
- US Geological SurveyGreat Lakes Science CenterHammond Bay Biological StationMillersburgMichiganUSA
| | - John D. Robinson
- Department of Fisheries and WildlifeMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sard NM, Hunter RD, Roseman EF, Hayes DB, DeBruyne RL, Scribner KT. Pedigree accumulation analysis: Combining methods from community ecology and population genetics for breeding adult estimation. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Sard
- Department of Biological Sciences State University of New York‐Oswego Oswego NY USA
| | - Robert D. Hunter
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Toledo Lake Erie Center Oregon OH USA
| | | | - Daniel B. Hayes
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Robin L. DeBruyne
- Department of Environmental Sciences University of Toledo Lake Erie Center Oregon OH USA
| | - Kim T. Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jarman SN, Polanowski AM, Faux CE, Robbins J, De Paoli-Iseppi R, Bravington M, Deagle BE. Molecular biomarkers for chronological age in animal ecology. Mol Ecol 2016; 24:4826-47. [PMID: 26308242 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chronological age of an individual animal predicts many of its biological characteristics, and these in turn influence population-level ecological processes. Animal age information can therefore be valuable in ecological research, but many species have no external features that allow age to be reliably determined. Molecular age biomarkers provide a potential solution to this problem. Research in this area of molecular ecology has so far focused on a limited range of age biomarkers. The most commonly tested molecular age biomarker is change in average telomere length, which predicts age well in a small number of species and tissues, but performs poorly in many other situations. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has recently been shown to cause age-related modifications to DNA and to cause changes in abundance of several RNA types throughout animal lifespans. Age biomarkers based on these epigenetic changes, and other new DNA-based assays, have already been applied to model organisms, humans and a limited number of wild animals. There is clear potential to apply these marker types more widely in ecological studies. For many species, these new approaches will produce age estimates where this was previously impractical. They will also enable age information to be gathered in cross-sectional studies and expand the range of demographic characteristics that can be quantified with molecular methods. We describe the range of molecular age biomarkers that have been investigated to date and suggest approaches for developing the newer marker types as age assays in nonmodel animal species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Jarman
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Andrea M Polanowski
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Cassandra E Faux
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| | - Jooke Robbins
- Center for Coastal Studies, 5 Holway Avenue, Provincetown, MA, 02657, USA
| | - Ricardo De Paoli-Iseppi
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia.,Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas., 7000, Australia
| | - Mark Bravington
- Marine Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, Tas., 7000, Australia
| | - Bruce E Deagle
- Australian Antarctic Division, 203 Channel Highway, Kingston, Tas., 7050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hunter ME, Nico LG. Genetic analysis of invasive Asian Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) in the Mississippi River Basin: evidence for multiple introductions. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
7
|
Mussen TD, Cocherell D, Poletto JB, Reardon JS, Hockett Z, Ercan A, Bandeh H, Kavvas ML, Cech JJ, Fangue NA. Unscreened water-diversion pipes pose an entrainment risk to the threatened green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86321. [PMID: 24454967 PMCID: PMC3893286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 3,300 unscreened agricultural water diversion pipes line the levees and riverbanks of the Sacramento River (California) watershed, where the threatened Southern Distinct Population Segment of green sturgeon, Acipenser medirostris, spawn. The number of sturgeon drawn into (entrained) and killed by these pipes is greatly unknown. We examined avoidance behaviors and entrainment susceptibility of juvenile green sturgeon (35±0.6 cm mean fork length) to entrainment in a large (>500-kl) outdoor flume with a 0.46-m-diameter water-diversion pipe. Fish entrainment was generally high (range: 26–61%), likely due to a lack of avoidance behavior prior to entering inescapable inflow conditions. We estimated that up to 52% of green sturgeon could be entrained after passing within 1.5 m of an active water-diversion pipe three times. These data suggest that green sturgeon are vulnerable to unscreened water-diversion pipes, and that additional research is needed to determine the potential impacts of entrainment mortality on declining sturgeon populations. Data under various hydraulic conditions also suggest that entrainment-related mortality could be decreased by extracting water at lower diversion rates over longer periods of time, balancing agricultural needs with green sturgeon conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Mussen
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dennis Cocherell
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jamilynn B. Poletto
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jon S. Reardon
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Zachary Hockett
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ali Ercan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hossein Bandeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - M. Levent Kavvas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph J. Cech
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nann A. Fangue
- Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nelson TC, Doukakis P, Lindley ST, Schreier AD, Hightower JE, Hildebrand LR, Whitlock RE, Webb MAH. Research tools to investigate movements, migrations, and life history of sturgeons (Acipenseridae), with an emphasis on marine-oriented populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71552. [PMID: 23990959 PMCID: PMC3750015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, sturgeons (Acipenseridae) are among the most endangered fishes due to habitat degradation, overfishing, and inherent life history characteristics (long life span, late maturation, and infrequent spawning). As most sturgeons are anadromous, a considerable portion of their life history occurs in estuarine and marine environments where they may encounter unique threats (e.g., interception in non-target fisheries). Of the 16 marine-oriented species, 12 are designated as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, and these include species commercially harvested. We review important research tools and techniques (tagging, electronic tagging, genetics, microchemistry, observatory) and discuss the comparative utility of these techniques to investigate movements, migrations, and life-history characteristics of sturgeons. Examples are provided regarding what the applications have revealed regarding movement and migration and how this information can be used for conservation and management. Through studies that include Gulf (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) and Green Sturgeon (A. medirostris), we illustrate what is known about well-studied species and then explore lesser-studied species. A more complete picture of migration is available for North American sturgeon species, while European and Asian species, which are among the most endangered sturgeons, are less understood. We put forth recommendations that encourage the support of stewardship initiatives to build awareness and provide key information for population assessment and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Troy C. Nelson
- Fraser River Sturgeon Conservation Society, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Phaedra Doukakis
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Steven T. Lindley
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea D. Schreier
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Hightower
- U. S. Geological Survey, NC Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Applied Ecology, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Rebecca E. Whitlock
- Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America
| | - Molly A. H. Webb
- U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bozeman Fish Technology Center, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Creel S, Rosenblatt E. Using pedigree reconstruction to estimate population size: genotypes are more than individually unique marks. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1294-304. [PMID: 23762516 PMCID: PMC3678484 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimates of population size are critical for conservation and management, but accurate estimates are difficult to obtain for many species. Noninvasive genetic methods are increasingly used to estimate population size, particularly in elusive species such as large carnivores, which are difficult to count by most other methods. In most such studies, genotypes are treated simply as unique individual identifiers. Here, we develop a new estimator of population size based on pedigree reconstruction. The estimator accounts for individuals that were directly sampled, individuals that were not sampled but whose genotype could be inferred by pedigree reconstruction, and individuals that were not detected by either of these methods. Monte Carlo simulations show that the population estimate is unbiased and precise if sampling is of sufficient intensity and duration. Simulations also identified sampling conditions that can cause the method to overestimate or underestimate true population size; we present and discuss methods to correct these potential biases. The method detected 2–21% more individuals than were directly sampled across a broad range of simulated sampling schemes. Genotypes are more than unique identifiers, and the information about relationships in a set of genotypes can improve estimates of population size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Creel
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University Bozeman, Montana, 59717 ; Zambian Carnivore Programme Box 80, Mfuwe, Eastern Province, Zambia
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wright LI, Fuller WJ, Godley BJ, McGowan A, Tregenza T, Broderick AC. Reconstruction of paternal genotypes over multiple breeding seasons reveals male green turtles do not breed annually. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:3625-35. [PMID: 22591073 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
For species of conservation concern, knowledge of key life-history and demographic components, such as the number and sex ratio of breeding adults, is essential for accurate assessments of population viability. Species with temperature-dependent sex determination can produce heavily biased primary sex ratios, and there is concern that adult sex ratios may be similarly skewed or will become so as a result of climate warming. Prediction and mitigation of such impacts are difficult when life-history information is lacking. In marine turtles, owing to the difficultly in observing males at sea, the breeding interval of males is unknown. It has been suggested that male breeding periodicity may be shorter than that of females, which could help to compensate for generally female-biased sex ratios. Here we outline how the use of molecular-based paternity analysis has allowed us, for the first time, to assess the breeding interval of male marine turtles across multiple breeding seasons. In our study rookery of green turtles (Chelonia mydas), 97% of males were assigned offspring in only one breeding season within the 3-year study period, strongly suggesting that male breeding intervals are frequently longer than 1year at this site. Our results also reveal a sex ratio of breeding adults of at least 1.3 males to each female. This study illustrates the utility of molecular-based parentage inference using reconstruction of parental genotypes as a method for monitoring the number and sex ratio of breeders in species where direct observations or capture are difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy I Wright
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|