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Basile LA, Zalguizuri A, Briones G, Lepek VC. Two Rieske Fe/S Proteins and TAT System in Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099: Differential Regulation and Roles on Nodulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1686. [PMID: 30515183 PMCID: PMC6256036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 is a rhizobial strain that nodulates Lotus spp. A M. loti MAFF303099 mutant strain affected in the tatC gene was generated. This strain presented an altered protein secretion level to the culture supernatant and also a higher sensitivity to SDS. Its nodulation phenotype on Lotus showed the induction of small and colorless nodules, and in a larger number than those induced by the wild-type strain. In addition, these nodules presented defects in the degree of occupation by rhizobia. Two Rieske Fe/S proteins, encoded by the mll2707 and mlr0970 genes, were predicted as potential Tat substrates in M. loti MAFF303099. The transcriptional expression of mll2707 and mlr0970 genes was analyzed under different oxygen growth conditions. The mll2707 gene was expressed constitutively, while the expression of the mlr0970 gene was only detected under anaerobic and microaerophilic in vitro conditions. Both genes were down-regulated in the tatC mutant strain. mll2707 and mlr0970 mRNAs from the wild-type strain were detected in nodules. Using a translational reporter peptide fusion, we found that the Mll2707 protein was only detectable in the wild-type strain. On the other hand, although Mlr0970 protein was detected in wild-type and tatC mutant strains, its association with the membrane was favored in the wild-type strain. The tatC and the mll2707 mutant strains were affected in the cytochrome c oxidase activity. These results confirm that Mll2707 is required for cytochrome c-dependent respiration and that Tat functionality is required for the correct activity of Mll2707. The mll2707 mutant strain showed a nodulation phenotype similar to the tatC mutant strain, although it presented only a slight difference in comparison with wild-type strain in terms of nodule occupation. No defective phenotype was observed in the nodulation with the mlr0970 mutant strain. These results indicate that, of the two Rieske Fe/S proteins coded by M. loti MAFF303099, only Mll2707 expression is required for the induction of effective nodules, and that the functionality of the Tat system is necessary not only for the correct function of this protein, but also for some other protein required in an earlier stage of the nodulation process.
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Vuorijoki L, Tiwari A, Kallio P, Aro EM. Inactivation of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis regulator SufR in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 induces unique iron-dependent protein-level responses. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1085-1098. [PMID: 28216046 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are protein-bound cofactors associated with cellular electron transport and redox sensing, with multiple specific functions in oxygen-evolving photosynthetic cyanobacteria. The aim here was to elucidate protein-level effects of the transcriptional repressor SufR involved in the regulation of Fe-S cluster biogenesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. METHODS The approach was to quantitate 94 pre-selected target proteins associated with various metabolic functions using SRM in Synechocystis. The evaluation was conducted in response to sufR deletion under different iron conditions, and complemented with EPR analysis on the functionality of the photosystems I and II as well as with RT-qPCR to verify the effects of SufR also on transcript level. RESULTS The results on both protein and transcript levels show that SufR acts not only as a repressor of the suf operon when iron is available but also has other direct and indirect functions in the cell, including maintenance of the expression of pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase NifJ and other Fe-S cluster proteins under iron sufficient conditions. Furthermore, the results imply that in the absence of iron the suf operon is repressed by some additional regulatory mechanism independent of SufR. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that Fe-S cluster metabolism in Synechocystis is stringently regulated, and has complex interactions with multiple primary functions in the cell, including photosynthesis and central carbon metabolism. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The study provides new insight into the regulation of Fe-S cluster biogenesis via suf operon, and the associated wide-ranging protein-level changes in photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Vuorijoki
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Arjun Tiwari
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pauli Kallio
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Degli Esposti M, Chouaia B, Comandatore F, Crotti E, Sassera D, Lievens PMJ, Daffonchio D, Bandi C. Evolution of mitochondria reconstructed from the energy metabolism of living bacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96566. [PMID: 24804722 PMCID: PMC4013037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ancestors of mitochondria, or proto-mitochondria, played a crucial role in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and derived from symbiotic α-proteobacteria which merged with other microorganisms - the basis of the widely accepted endosymbiotic theory. However, the identity and relatives of proto-mitochondria remain elusive. Here we show that methylotrophic α-proteobacteria could be the closest living models for mitochondrial ancestors. We reached this conclusion after reconstructing the possible evolutionary pathways of the bioenergy systems of proto-mitochondria with a genomic survey of extant α-proteobacteria. Results obtained with complementary molecular and genetic analyses of diverse bioenergetic proteins converge in indicating the pathway stemming from methylotrophic bacteria as the most probable route of mitochondrial evolution. Contrary to other α-proteobacteria, methylotrophs show transition forms for the bioenergetic systems analysed. Our approach of focusing on these bioenergetic systems overcomes the phylogenetic impasse that has previously complicated the search for mitochondrial ancestors. Moreover, our results provide a new perspective for experimentally re-evolving mitochondria from extant bacteria and in the future produce synthetic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bessem Chouaia
- Department of Food, Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Comandatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Crotti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Evolutionary Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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ten Brink F, Schoepp-Cothenet B, van Lis R, Nitschke W, Baymann F. Multiple Rieske/cytb complexes in a single organism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:1392-406. [PMID: 23507620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most organisms contain a single Rieske/cytb complex. This enzyme can be integrated in any respiratory or photosynthetic electron transfer chain that is quinone-based and sufficiently energy rich to allow for the turnover of three enzymes - a quinol reductase, a Rieske/cytb complex and a terminal oxidase. Despite this universal usability of the enzyme a variety of phylogenetically distant organisms have multiple copies thereof and no reason for this redundancy is obvious. In this review we present an overview of the distribution of multiple copies among species and describe their properties from the scarce experimental results, analysis of their amino acid sequences and genomic context. We discuss the predicted redox properties of the Rieske cluster in relation to the nature of the pool quinone. It appears that acidophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria specialized one of their two copies for reverse electron transfer, archaeal Thermoprotei adapted their three copies to the interaction with different oxidases and several, phylogenetically unrelated species imported a second complex with a putative heme ci that may confer some yet to be determined properties to the complex. These hypothesis and all the more the so far completely unexplained cases call for further studies and we put forward a number of suggestions for future research that we hope to be stimulating for the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory complex III and related bc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F ten Brink
- BIP/UMR7281, FR3479, CNRS/AMU, 13 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
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Kallas T. Cytochrome b 6 f Complex at the Heart of Energy Transduction and Redox Signaling. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1579-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gao H, Barua S, Liang Y, Wu L, Dong Y, Reed S, Chen J, Culley D, Kennedy D, Yang Y, He Z, Nealson KH, Fredrickson JK, Tiedje JM, Romine M, Zhou J. Impacts of Shewanella oneidensis c-type cytochromes on aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Microb Biotechnol 2011; 3:455-66. [PMID: 21255343 PMCID: PMC3815811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shewanella are renowned for their ability to utilize a wide range of electron acceptors (EA) for respiration, which has been partially accredited to the presence of a large number of the c‐type cytochromes. To investigate the involvement of c‐type cytochrome proteins in aerobic and anaerobic respiration of Shewanella oneidensis Mr ‐1, 36 in‐frame deletion mutants, among possible 41 predicted, c‐type cytochrome genes were obtained. The potential involvement of each individual c‐type cytochrome in the reduction of a variety of EAs was assessed individually as well as in competition experiments. While results on the well‐studied c‐type cytochromes CymA(SO4591) and MtrC(SO1778) were consistent with previous findings, collective observations were very interesting: the responses of S. oneidensis Mr ‐1 to low and highly toxic metals appeared to be significantly different; CcoO, CcoP and PetC, proteins involved in aerobic respiration in various organisms, played critical roles in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration with highly toxic metals as EA. In addition, these studies also suggested that an uncharacterized c‐type cytochrome (SO4047) may be important to both aerobiosis and anaerobiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichun Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Hassani BK, Steunou AS, Liotenberg S, Reiss-Husson F, Astier C, Ouchane S. Adaptation to oxygen: role of terminal oxidases in photosynthesis initiation in the purple photosynthetic bacterium, Rubrivivax gelatinosus. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:19891-9. [PMID: 20335164 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.086066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere via oxygenic photosynthesis required strict anaerobes and obligate phototrophs to cope with the presence of this toxic molecule. Here we show that in the anoxygenic phototroph Rubrivivax gelatinosus, the terminal oxidases (cbb(3), bd, and caa(3)) expand the range of ambient oxygen tensions under which the organism can initiate photosynthesis. Unlike the wild type, the cbb(3)(-)/bd(-) double mutant can start photosynthesis only in deoxygenated medium or when oxygen is removed, either by sparging cultures with nitrogen or by co-inoculation with strict aerobes bacteria. In oxygenated environments, this mutant survives nonphotosynthetically until the O(2) tension is reduced. The cbb(3) and bd oxidases are therefore required not only for respiration but also for reduction of the environmental O(2) pressure prior to anaerobic photosynthesis. Suppressor mutations that restore respiration simultaneously restore photosynthesis in nondeoxygenated medium. Furthermore, induction of photosystem in the cbb(3)(-) mutant led to a highly unstable strain. These results demonstrate that photosynthetic metabolism in environments exposed to oxygen is critically dependent on the O(2)-detoxifying action of terminal oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahia Khalfaoui Hassani
- CNRS, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, the Université Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France
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Schultze M, Forberich B, Rexroth S, Dyczmons NG, Roegner M, Appel J. Localization of cytochrome b6f complexes implies an incomplete respiratory chain in cytoplasmic membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:1479-85. [PMID: 19577535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome b(6)f complex is an integral part of the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chain of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. The core of this complex is composed of four subunits, cytochrome b, cytochrome f, subunit IV and the Rieske protein (PetC). In this study deletion mutants of all three petC genes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were constructed to investigate their localization, involvement in electron transfer, respiration and photohydrogen evolution. Immunoblots revealed that PetC1, PetC2, and all other core subunits were exclusively localized in the thylakoids, while the third Rieske protein (PetC3) was the only subunit found in the cytoplasmic membrane. Deletion of petC3 and both of the quinol oxidases failed to elicit a change in respiration rate, when compared to the respective oxidase mutant. This supports a different function of PetC3 other than respiratory electron transfer. We conclude that the cytoplasmic membrane of Synechocystis lacks both a cytochrome c oxidase and the cytochrome b(6)f complex and present a model for the major electron transfer pathways in the two membranes of Synechocystis. In this model there is no proton pumping electron transfer complex in the cytoplasmic membrane. Cyclic electron transfer was impaired in all petC1 mutants. Nonetheless, hydrogenase activity and photohydrogen evolution of all mutants were similar to wild type cells. A reduced linear electron transfer and an increased quinol oxidase activity seem to counteract an increased hydrogen evolution in this case. This adds further support to the close interplay between the cytochrome bd oxidase and the bidirectional hydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schultze
- Botanisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Abstract
Purple bacteria have thus far been considered to operate light-driven cyclic electron transfer chains containing ubiquinone (UQ) as liposoluble electron and proton carrier. We show that in the purple gamma-proteobacterium Halorhodospira halophila, menaquinone-8 (MK-8) is the dominant quinone component and that it operates in the Q(B)-site of the photosynthetic reaction center (RC). The redox potentials of the photooxidized pigment in the RC and of the Rieske center of the bc(1) complex are significantly lower (E(m) = +270 mV and +110 mV, respectively) than those determined in other purple bacteria but resemble those determined for species containing MK as pool quinone. These results demonstrate that the photosynthetic cycle in H. halophila is based on MK and not on UQ. This finding together with the unusual organization of genes coding for the bc(1) complex in H. halophila suggests a specific scenario for the evolutionary transition of bioenergetic chains from the low-potential menaquinones to higher-potential UQ in the proteobacterial phylum, most probably induced by rising levels of dioxygen 2.5 billion years ago. This transition appears to necessarily proceed through bioenergetic ambivalence of the respective organisms, that is, to work both on MK- and on UQ-pools. The establishment of the corresponding low- and high-potential chains was accompanied by duplication and redox optimization of the bc(1) complex or at least of its crucial subunit oxidizing quinols from the pool, the Rieske protein. Evolutionary driving forces rationalizing the empirically observed redox tuning of the chain to the quinone pool are discussed.
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Guiral M, Prunetti L, Lignon S, Lebrun R, Moinier D, Giudici-Orticoni MT. New Insights into the Respiratory Chains of the Chemolithoautotrophic and Hyperthermophilic Bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1717-30. [DOI: 10.1021/pr8007946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Guiral
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Laurence Prunetti
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Sabrina Lignon
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Danielle Moinier
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Giudici-Orticoni
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France, and Service de Microséquençage et de Spectrométrie de Masse, IBSM-CNRS, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13402 Marseille cedex 20, France
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Identification of components of electron transport chains in the extremely thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Metallosphaera sedula through iron and sulfur compound oxidation transcriptomes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:7723-32. [PMID: 18931292 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01545-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crenarchaeal order Sulfolobales collectively contain at least five major terminal oxidase complexes. Based on genome sequence information, all five complexes are found only in Metallosphaera sedula and Sulfolobus tokodaii, the two sequenced Sulfolobales capable of iron oxidization. While specific respiratory complexes in certain Sulfolobales have been characterized previously as proton pumps for maintaining intracellular pH and generating proton motive force, their contribution to sulfur and iron biooxidation has not been considered. For M. sedula growing in the presence of ferrous iron and reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs), global transcriptional analysis was used to track the response of specific genes associated with these complexes, as well as other known and putative respiratory electron transport chain elements. Open reading frames from all five terminal oxidase or bc(1)-like complexes were stimulated on one or more conditions tested. Components of the fox (Msed0467 to Msed0489) and soxNL-cbsABA (Msed0500 to Msed0505) terminal/quinol oxidase clusters were triggered by ferrous iron, while the soxABCDD' terminal oxidase cluster (Msed0285 to Msed0291) were induced by tetrathionate and S(0). Chemolithotrophic electron transport elements, including a putative tetrathionate hydrolase (Msed0804), a novel polysulfide/sulfur/dimethyl sulfoxide reductase-like complex (Msed0812 to Msed0818), and a novel heterodisulfide reductase-like complex (Msed1542 to Msed1550), were also stimulated by RISCs. Furthermore, several hypothetical proteins were found to have strong responses to ferrous iron or RISCs, suggesting additional candidates in iron or sulfur oxidation-related pathways. From this analysis, a comprehensive model for electron transport in M. sedula could be proposed as the basis for examining specific details of iron and sulfur oxidation in this bioleaching archaeon.
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Lebrun E, Santini JM, Brugna M, Ducluzeau AL, Ouchane S, Schoepp-Cothenet B, Baymann F, Nitschke W. The Rieske Protein: A Case Study on the Pitfalls of Multiple Sequence Alignments and Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Mol Biol Evol 2006; 23:1180-91. [PMID: 16569761 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msk010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously published phylogenetic trees reconstructed on "Rieske protein" sequences frequently are at odds with each other, with those of other subunits of the parent enzymes and with small-subunit rRNA trees. These differences are shown to be at least partially if not completely due to problems in the reconstruction procedures. A major source of erroneous Rieske protein trees lies in the presence of a large, poorly conserved domain prone to accommodate very long insertions in well-defined structural hot spots substantially hampering multiple alignments. The remaining smaller domain, in contrast, is too conserved to allow distant phylogenies to be deduced with sufficient confidence. Three-dimensional structures of representatives from this protein family are now available from phylogenetically distant species and from diverse enzymes. Multiple alignments can thus be refined on the basis of these structures. We show that structurally guided alignments of Rieske proteins from Rieske-cytochrome b complexes and arsenite oxidases strongly reduce conflicts between resulting trees and those obtained on their companion enzyme subunits. Further problems encountered during this work, mainly consisting in database errors such as wrong annotations and frameshifts, are described. The obtained results are discussed against the background of hypotheses stipulating pervasive lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, Institut de Biologie Structurale et Microbiologie (IFR), Marseille, France
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Schneider D, Schmidt CL. Multiple Rieske proteins in prokaryotes: where and why? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2005; 1710:1-12. [PMID: 16271700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many microbial genomes have been sequenced in the recent years. Multiple genes encoding Rieske iron-sulfur proteins, which are subunits of cytochrome bc-type complexes or oxygenases, have been detected in many pro- and eukaryotic genomes. The diversity of substrates, co-substrates and reactions offers obvious explanations for the diversity of the low potential Rieske proteins associated with oxygenases, but the physiological significance of the multiple genes encoding high potential Rieske proteins associated with the cytochrome bc-type complexes remains elusive. For some organisms, investigations into the function of the later group of genes have been initiated. Here, we summarize recent finding on the characteristics and physiological functions of multiple high potential Rieske proteins in prokaryotes. We suggest that the existence of multiple high potential Rieske proteins in prokaryotes could be one way of allowing an organism to adapt their electron transfer chains to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schneider
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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