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Current Understanding on Adhesion and Biofilm Development in Actinobacteria. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:6637438. [PMID: 34122552 PMCID: PMC8166509 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6637438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation and microbial adhesion are two related and complex phenomena. These phenomena are known to play an important role in microbial life and various functions with positive and negative aspects. Actinobacteria have wide distribution in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This phylum is very large and diverse and contains two important genera Streptomyces and Mycobacteria. The genus Streptomyces is the most biotechnologically important, while the genus Mycobacteria contains the pathogenic species of Mycobacteriaceae. According to the literature, the majority of studies carried out on actinomycetes are focused on the detection of new molecules. Despite the well-known diversity and metabolic activities, less attention has been paid to this phylum. Research on adhesion and biofilm formation is not well developed. In the present review, an attempt has been made to review the literature available on the different aspects on biofilm formation and adhesion of Actinobacteria. We focus especially on the genus Streptomyces. Furthermore, a brief overview about the molecules and structures involved in the adhesion phenomenon in the most relevant genus is summarized. We mention the mechanisms of quorum sensing and quorum quenching because of their direct association with biofilm formation.
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Sánchez de la Nieta R, Antoraz S, Alzate JF, Santamaría RI, Díaz M. Antibiotic Production and Antibiotic Resistance: The Two Sides of AbrB1/B2, a Two-Component System of Streptomyces coelicolor. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587750. [PMID: 33162964 PMCID: PMC7581861 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance currently presents one of the biggest threats to humans. The development and implementation of strategies against the spread of superbugs is a priority for public health. In addition to raising social awareness, approaches such as the discovery of new antibiotic molecules and the elucidation of resistance mechanisms are common measures. Accordingly, the two-component system (TCS) of Streptomyces coelicolor AbrB1/B2, offer amenable ways to study both antibiotic production and resistance. Global transcriptomic comparisons between the wild-type strain S. coelicolor M145 and the mutant ΔabrB, using RNA-Seq, showed that the AbrB1/B2 TCS is implicated in the regulation of different biological processes associated with stress responses, primary and secondary metabolism, and development and differentiation. The ΔabrB mutant showed the up-regulation of antibiotic biosynthetic gene clusters and the down-regulation of the vancomycin resistance gene cluster, according to the phenotypic observations of increased antibiotic production of actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin, and greater susceptibility to vancomycin. The role of AbrB1/B2 in vancomycin resistance has also been shown by an in silico analysis, which strongly indicates that AbrB1/B2 is a homolog of VraR/S from Staphylococcus aureus and LiaR/S from Enterococcus faecium/Enterococcus faecalis, both of which are implied in vancomycin resistance in these pathogenic organisms that present a serious threat to public health. The results obtained are interesting from a biotechnological perspective since, on one hand, this TCS is a negative regulator of antibiotic production and its high degree of conservation throughout Streptomyces spp. makes it a valuable tool for improving antibiotic production and the discovery of cryptic metabolites with antibiotic action. On the other hand, AbrB1/B2 contributes to vancomycin resistance and is a homolog of VraR/S and LiaR/S, important regulators in clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, the study of AbrB1/B2 could provide new insight into the mechanism of this type of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Sánchez de la Nieta
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio Antoraz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ramón I Santamaría
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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González-Quiñónez N, Corte-Rodríguez M, Álvarez-Fernández-García R, Rioseras B, López-García MT, Fernández-García G, Montes-Bayón M, Manteca A, Yagüe P. Cytosolic copper is a major modulator of germination, development and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4214. [PMID: 30862861 PMCID: PMC6414726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are important biotechnological bacteria with complex differentiation. Copper is a well-known positive regulator of differentiation and antibiotic production. However, the specific mechanisms buffering cytosolic copper and the biochemical pathways modulated by copper remain poorly understood. Here, we developed a new methodology to quantify cytosolic copper in single spores which allowed us to propose that cytosolic copper modulates asynchrony of germination. We also characterised the SCO2730/2731 copper chaperone/P-type ATPase export system. A Streptomyces coelicolor strain mutated in SCO2730/2731 shows an important delay in germination, growth and sporulation. Secondary metabolism is heavily enhanced in the mutant which is activating the production of some specific secondary metabolites during its whole developmental cycle, including germination, the exponential growth phase and the stationary stage. Forty per cent of the S. coelicolor secondary metabolite pathways, are activated in the mutant, including several predicted pathways never observed in the lab (cryptic pathways). Cytosolic copper is precisely regulated and has a pleiotropic effect in gene expression. The only way that we know to achieve the optimal concentration for secondary metabolism activation, is the mutagenesis of SCO2730/2731. The SCO2730/2731 genes are highly conserved. Their inactivation in industrial streptomycetes may contribute to enhance bioactive compound discovery and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly González-Quiñónez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Corte-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ISPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gemma Fernández-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Montes-Bayón
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ISPA, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, IUOPA and ISPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Novel Two-Component System MacRS Is a Pleiotropic Regulator That Controls Multiple Morphogenic Membrane Protein Genes in Streptomyces coelicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02178-18. [PMID: 30530707 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02178-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As with most annotated two-component systems (TCSs) of Streptomyces coelicolor, the function of TCS SCO2120/2121 was unknown. Based on our findings, we have designated this TCS MacRS, for morphogenesis and actinorhodin regulator/sensor. Our study indicated that either single or double mutation of MacRS largely blocked production of actinorhodin but enhanced formation of aerial mycelium. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, using an S. coelicolor strain expressing MacR-Flag fusion protein, identified in vivo targets of MacR, and DNase I footprinting of these targets revealed a consensus sequence for MacR binding, TGAGTACnnGTACTCA, containing two 7-bp inverted repeats. A genome-wide search revealed sites identical or highly similar to this consensus sequence upstream of six genes encoding putative membrane proteins or lipoproteins. These predicted sites were confirmed as MacR binding sites by DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in vitro and by ChIP-quantitative PCR in vivo, and transcriptional analyses demonstrated that MacR significantly impacts expression of these target genes. Disruption of three of these genes, sco6728, sco4924, and sco4011, markedly accelerated aerial mycelium formation, indicating that their gene products are novel morphogenic factors. Two-hybrid assays indicated that these three proteins, which we have named morphogenic membrane protein A (MmpA; SCO6728), MmpB (SCO4924), and MmpC (SCO4011), interact with one another and with the putative membrane protein and MacR target SCO4225. Notably, SAV6081/82 and SVEN1780/81, homologs of MacRS TCS from S. avermitilis and S. venezuelae, respectively, can substitute for MacRS, indicating functional conservation. Our findings reveal a role for MacRS in cellular morphogenesis and secondary metabolism in Streptomyces IMPORTANCE TCSs help bacteria adapt to environmental stresses by altering gene expression. However, the roles and corresponding regulatory mechanisms of most TCSs in the Streptomyces model strain S. coelicolor are unknown. We investigated the previously uncharacterized MacRS TCS and identified the core DNA recognition sequence, two seven-nucleotide inverted repeats, for the DNA-binding protein MacR. We further found that MacR directly controls a group of membrane proteins, including MmpA-C, which are novel morphogenic factors that delay formation of aerial mycelium. We also discovered that these membrane proteins interact with one another and that other Streptomyces species have conserved MacRS homologs. Our findings suggest a conserved role for MacRS in morphogenesis and/or other membrane-associated activities. Additionally, our study showed that MacRS impacts, albeit indirectly, the production of the signature metabolite actinorhodin, further suggesting that MacRS and its homologs function as novel pleiotropic regulatory systems in Streptomyces.
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Daniels W, Bouvin J, Busche T, Rückert C, Simoens K, Karamanou S, Van Mellaert L, Friðjónsson ÓH, Nicolai B, Economou A, Kalinowski J, Anné J, Bernaerts K. Transcriptomic and fluxomic changes in Streptomyces lividans producing heterologous protein. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:198. [PMID: 30577858 PMCID: PMC6302529 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Gram-positive Streptomyces lividans TK24 is an attractive host for heterologous protein production because of its high capability to secrete proteins-which favors correct folding and facilitates downstream processing-as well as its acceptance of methylated DNA and its low endogeneous protease activity. However, current inconsistencies in protein yields urge for a deeper understanding of the burden of heterologous protein production on the cell. In the current study, transcriptomics and [Formula: see text]-based fluxomics were exploited to uncover gene expression and metabolic flux changes associated with heterologous protein production. The Rhodothermus marinus thermostable cellulase A (CelA)-previously shown to be successfully overexpressed in S. lividans-was taken as an example protein. RESULTS RNA-seq and [Formula: see text]-based metabolic flux analysis were performed on a CelA-producing and an empty-plasmid strain under the same conditions. Differential gene expression, followed by cluster analysis based on co-expression and co-localization, identified transcriptomic responses related to secretion-induced stress and DNA damage. Furthermore, the OsdR regulon (previously associated with hypoxia, oxidative stress, intercellular signaling, and morphological development) was consistently upregulated in the CelA-producing strain and exhibited co-expression with isoenzymes from the pentose phosphate pathway linked to secondary metabolism. Increased expression of these isoenzymes matches to increased fluxes in the pentose phosphate pathway. Additionally, flux maps of the central carbon metabolism show increased flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the CelA-producing strain. Redirection of fluxes in the CelA-producing strain leads to higher production of NADPH, which can only partly be attributed to increased secretion. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic and fluxomic changes uncover potential new leads for targeted strain improvement strategies which may ease the secretion stress and metabolic burden associated with heterologous protein synthesis and secretion, and may help create a more consistently performing S. lividans strain. Yet, links to secondary metabolism and redox balancing should be further investigated to fully understand the S. lividans metabolome under heterologous protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Daniels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2424, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Bouvin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2424, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2424, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1037, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Van Mellaert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1037, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Nicolai
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1037, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jozef Anné
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1037, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2424, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Streptomyces Differentiation in Liquid Cultures as a Trigger of Secondary Metabolism. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020041. [PMID: 29757948 PMCID: PMC6022995 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces is a diverse group of gram-positive microorganisms characterised by a complex developmental cycle. Streptomycetes produce a number of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds used in the clinic. Most screening campaigns looking for new bioactive molecules from actinomycetes have been performed empirically, e.g., without considering whether the bacteria are growing under the best developmental conditions for secondary metabolite production. These screening campaigns were extremely productive and discovered a number of new bioactive compounds during the so-called “golden age of antibiotics” (until the 1980s). However, at present, there is a worrying bottleneck in drug discovery, and new experimental approaches are needed to improve the screening of natural actinomycetes. Streptomycetes are still the most important natural source of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds. They harbour many cryptic secondary metabolite pathways not expressed under classical laboratory cultures. Here, we review the new strategies that are being explored to overcome current challenges in drug discovery. In particular, we focus on those aimed at improving the differentiation of the antibiotic-producing mycelium stage in the laboratory.
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Bobek J, Šmídová K, Čihák M. A Waking Review: Old and Novel Insights into the Spore Germination in Streptomyces. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2205. [PMID: 29180988 PMCID: PMC5693915 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex development undergone by Streptomyces encompasses transitions from vegetative mycelial forms to reproductive aerial hyphae that differentiate into chains of single-celled spores. Whereas their mycelial life – connected with spore formation and antibiotic production – is deeply investigated, spore germination as the counterpoint in their life cycle has received much less attention. Still, germination represents a system of transformation from metabolic zero point to a new living lap. There are several aspects of germination that may attract our attention: (1) Dormant spores are strikingly well-prepared for the future metabolic restart; they possess stable transcriptome, hydrolytic enzymes, chaperones, and other required macromolecules stabilized in a trehalose milieu; (2) Germination itself is a specific sequence of events leading to a complete morphological remodeling that include spore swelling, cell wall reconstruction, and eventually germ tube emergences; (3) Still not fully unveiled are the strategies that enable the process, including a single cell’s signal transduction and gene expression control, as well as intercellular communication and the probability of germination across the whole population. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the germination process in Streptomyces, while focusing on the aforementioned points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bobek
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia.,Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Klára Šmídová
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matouš Čihák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Rioseras B, Yagüe P, López-García MT, Gonzalez-Quiñonez N, Binda E, Marinelli F, Manteca A. Characterization of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase involved in spore cell wall maturation, resistance, and germination in Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21659. [PMID: 26867711 PMCID: PMC4751497 DOI: 10.1038/srep21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work contributes to the understanding of cell wall modifications during sporulation and germination in Streptomyces by assessing the biological function and biochemical properties of SCO4439, a D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase (DD-CPase) constitutively expressed during development. SCO4439 harbors a DD-CPase domain and a putative transcriptional regulator domain, separated by a putative transmembrane region. The recombinant protein shows that DD-CPase activity is inhibited by penicillin G. The spores of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant are affected in their resistance to heat and acid and showed a dramatic increase in swelling during germination. The mycelium of the SCO4439::Tn5062 mutant is more sensitive to glycopeptide antibiotics (vancomycin and teicoplanin). The DD-CPase domain and the hydrophobic transmembrane region are highly conserved in Streptomyces, and both are essential for complementing the wild type phenotypes in the mutant. A model for the biological mechanism behind the observed phenotypes is proposed, in which SCO4439 DD-CPase releases D-Ala from peptidoglycan (PG) precursors, thereby reducing the substrate pool for PG crosslinking (transpeptidation). PG crosslinking regulates spore physical resistance and germination, and modulates mycelium resistance to glycopeptides. This study is the first demonstration of the role of a DD-CPase in the maturation of the spore cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nathaly Gonzalez-Quiñonez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elisa Binda
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.,"The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico of Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J. H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.,"The Protein Factory" Research Center, Politecnico of Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Gonzalez-Quiñonez N, López-García MT, Yagüe P, Rioseras B, Pisciotta A, Alduina R, Manteca Á. New ΦBT1 site-specific integrative vectors with neutral phenotype in Streptomyces. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2797-808. [PMID: 26758297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrative plasmids are one of the best options to introduce genes in low copy and in a stable form into bacteria. The ΦC31-derived plasmids constitute the most common integrative vectors used in Streptomyces. They integrate at different positions (attB and pseudo-attB sites) generating different mutations. The less common ΦBT1-derived vectors integrate at the unique attB site localized in the SCO4848 gene (S. coelicolor genome) or their orthologues in other streptomycetes. This work demonstrates that disruption of SCO4848 generates a delay in spore germination. SCO4848 is co-transcribed with SCO4849, and the spore germination phenotype is complemented by SCO4849. Plasmids pNG1-4 were created by modifying the ΦBT1 integrative vector pMS82 by introducing a copy of SCO4849 under the control of the promoter region of SCO4848. pNG2 and pNG4 also included a copy of the P ermE * in order to facilitate gene overexpression. pNG3 and pNG4 harboured a copy of the bla gene (ampicillin resistance) to facilitate selection in E. coli. pNG1-4 are the only integrative vectors designed to produce a neutral phenotype when they are integrated into the Streptomyces genome. The experimental approach developed in this work can be applied to create phenotypically neutral integrative plasmids in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Gonzalez-Quiñonez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Annalisa Pisciotta
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ángel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional e IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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10
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van Dissel D, Claessen D, van Wezel GP. Morphogenesis of Streptomyces in submerged cultures. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 89:1-45. [PMID: 25131399 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800259-9.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Streptomyces are mycelial bacteria that undergo a complex multicellular life cycle and propagate via sporulation. Streptomycetes are important industrial microorganisms, as they produce a plethora of medically relevant natural products, including the majority of clinically important antibiotics, as well as a wide range of enzymes with industrial application. While development of Streptomyces in surface-grown cultures is well studied, relatively little is known of the parameters that determine morphogenesis in submerged cultures. Here, growth is characterized by the formation of mycelial networks and pellets. From the perspective of industrial fermentations, such mycelial growth is unattractive, as it is associated with slow growth, heterogeneous cultures, and high viscosity. Here, we review the current insights into the genetic and environmental factors that determine mycelial growth and morphology in liquid-grown cultures. The genetic factors include cell-matrix proteins and extracellular polymers, morphoproteins with specific roles in liquid-culture morphogenesis, with the SsgA-like proteins as well-studied examples, and programmed cell death. Environmental factors refer in particular to those dictated by process engineering, such as growth media and reactor set-up. These insights are then integrated to provide perspectives as to how this knowledge can be applied to improve streptomycetes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino van Dissel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Claessen
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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11
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Yagüe P, Rodríguez-García A, López-García MT, Rioseras B, Martín JF, Sánchez J, Manteca A. Transcriptomic analysis of liquid non-sporulating Streptomyces coelicolor cultures demonstrates the existence of a complex differentiation comparable to that occurring in solid sporulating cultures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86296. [PMID: 24466012 PMCID: PMC3897704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces species produce many clinically relevant secondary metabolites and exhibit a complex development that includes hyphal differentiation and sporulation in solid cultures. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures, conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that no differentiation took place. The aim of this work was to compare the transcriptomes of S. coelicolor growing in liquid and solid cultures, deepening the knowledge of Streptomyces differentiation. Microarrays demonstrated that gene expression in liquid and solid cultures were comparable and data indicated that physiological differentiation was similar for both conditions. Eighty-six percent of all transcripts showed similar abundances in liquid and solid cultures, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of actinorhodin (actVA, actII-4) and undecylprodigiosin (redF); activation of secondary metabolism (absR1, ndsA); genes regulating hydrophobic cover formation (aerial mycelium) (bldB, bldC, bldM, bldN, sapA, chpC, chpD, chpE, chpH, ramA, ramC, ramS); and even some genes regulating early stages of sporulation (wblA, whiG, whiH, whiJ). The two most important differences between transcriptomes from liquid and solid cultures were: first, genes related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis (CDA, CPK, coelichelin, desferrioxamine clusters) were highly up-regulated in liquid but not in solid cultures; and second, genes involved in the final stages of hydrophobic cover/spore maturation (chpF, rdlA, whiE, sfr) were up-regulated in solid but not in liquid cultures. New information was also provided for several non-characterized genes differentially expressed in liquid and solid cultures which might be regulating, at least in part, the metabolic and developmental differences observed between liquid and solid cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María Teresa López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León, INBIOTEC, Parque Científico de León, León, Spain
| | - Jesús Sánchez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and IUOPA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yagüe P, López-García MT, Rioseras B, Sánchez J, Manteca A. Pre-sporulation stages of Streptomyces differentiation: state-of-the-art and future perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:79-88. [PMID: 23496097 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes comprise very important industrial bacteria, producing two-thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. They are mycelial microorganisms with complex developmental cycles that include programmed cell death (PCD) and sporulation. Industrial fermentations are usually performed in liquid cultures (large bioreactors), conditions in which Streptomyces strains generally do not sporulate, and it was traditionally assumed that there was no differentiation. In this work, we review the current knowledge on Streptomyces pre-sporulation stages of Streptomyces differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, and IUBA, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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13
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Yagüe P, Rodríguez-García A, López-García MT, Martín JF, Rioseras B, Sánchez J, Manteca A. Transcriptomic analysis of Streptomyces coelicolor differentiation in solid sporulating cultures: first compartmentalized and second multinucleated mycelia have different and distinctive transcriptomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60665. [PMID: 23555999 PMCID: PMC3610822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are very important industrial bacteria, which produce two thirds of all clinically relevant secondary metabolites. They have a complex developmental-cycle in which an early compartmentalized mycelium (MI) differentiates to a multinucleated mycelium (MII) that grows inside the culture medium (substrate mycelium) until it starts to growth into the air (aerial mycelium) and ends up forming spores. Streptomyces developmental studies have focused mainly on the later stages of MII differentiation (aerial mycelium and sporulation), with regulation of pre-sporulation stages (MI/MII transition) essentially unknown. This work represents the first study of the Streptomyces MI transcriptome, analyzing how it differs from the MII transcriptome. We have used a very conservative experimental approach to fractionate MI from MII and quantify gene expressions. The expression of well characterized key developmental/metabolic genes involved in bioactive compound production (actinorhodin, undecylprodigiosin, calcium-dependent antibiotic, cpk, geosmin) or hydrophobic cover formation-sporulation (bld, whi, wbl, rdl, chp, ram) was correlated with MII differentiation. Additionally, 122 genes conserved in the Streptomyces genus, whose biological function had not been previously characterized, were found to be differentially expressed (more than 4-fold) in MI or MII. These genes encoded for putative regulatory proteins (transcriptional regulators, kinases), as well as hypothetical proteins. Knowledge about differences between the MI (vegetative) and MII (reproductive) transcriptomes represents a huge advance in Streptomyces biology that will make future experiments possible aimed at characterizing the biochemical pathways controlling pre-sporulation developmental stages and activation of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Yagüe
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - María T. López-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan F. Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología de León (INBIOTEC), León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rioseras
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jesús Sánchez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Angel Manteca
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ulrych A, Goldová J, Petříček M, Benada O, Kofroňová O, Rampírová P, Petříčková K, Branny P. The pleiotropic effect of WD-40 domain containing proteins on cellular differentiation and production of secondary metabolites in Streptomyces coelicolor. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1453-69. [PMID: 23529369 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Streptomyces coelicolor encodes six potential WD-40 genes. Two of them, the wdpB (SCO5953) and the wdpC (SCO4422) genes, were studied to determine their function. Deletion of the wdpB gene resulted in a considerable decrease of aerial hyphae formation, leading to a conditionally bald phenotype, and reduced undecylprodigiosin production. In addition, the aerial hyphae of the ΔwdpB mutant strain were unusually branched and showed the signs of irregular septation and precocious lysis. Disruption of wdpC resulted in the reduction of undecylprodigiosin and delayed actinorhodin production. The ΔwdpC mutant strain showed precocious lysis of hyphae and delayed sporulation without typical curling of aerial hyphae in the early sporulation stage. The whole-genome transcriptome analysis revealed that deletion of wdpB affects the expression of genes involved in aerial hyphae differentiation, sporulation and secondary metabolites production. Deletion of wdpC caused downregulation of several gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites. Both the wdp genes seem to possess transcriptional autoregulatory function. Overexpression and genetic complementation studies confirmed the observed phenotype of both mutants. The results obtained suggest that both genes studied have a pleiotropic effect on physiological and morphological differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Ulrych
- Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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15
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Analysis of two distinct mycelial populations in liquid-grown Streptomyces cultures using a flow cytometry-based proteomics approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1301-12. [PMID: 23070651 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are proficient producers of enzymes and antibiotics. When grown in bioreactors, these filamentous microorganisms form mycelial pellets that consist of interconnected hyphae. We here employed a flow cytometry approach designed for large particles (COPAS) and demonstrate that liquid-grown Streptomyces cultures consist of two distinct populations of pellets. One population consists of mycelia with a constant mean diameter of approximately 260 μm, whereas the other population contains larger mycelia whose diameter depends on the strain, the age of the culture, and medium composition. Quantitative proteomics analysis revealed that 37 proteins differed in abundance between the two populations of pellets. Stress-related proteins and biosynthetic proteins for production of the calcium-dependent antibiotic were more abundant in the population of large mycelia, while proteins involved in DNA topology, modification, or degradation were overrepresented in the population of small mycelia. Deletion of genes for the cellulose synthase-like protein CslA and the chaplins affected the average size of the population of large pellets but not that of small pellets. Considering the fact that the production of enzymes and metabolites depends on pellet size, these results provide new leads toward rational strain design of Streptomyces strains tailored for industrial fermentations.
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16
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Translocase and major signal peptidase malfunctions affect aerial mycelium formation in Streptomyces lividans. J Biotechnol 2012; 160:112-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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de Jong W, Vijgenboom E, Dijkhuizen L, Wösten HAB, Claessen D. SapB and the rodlins are required for development of Streptomyces coelicolor in high osmolarity media. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 329:154-9. [PMID: 22309453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02517.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor produces spore-forming aerial hyphae after a period of vegetative growth. These aerial structures are decorated with a hydrophobic coating of rodlets consisting of chaplins and rodlins. Here, we show that rodlins and the surface-active peptide SapB are essential for development during growth in a medium with high osmolarity. To this end, both vegetative and aerial hyphae secrete SapB, whereas rodlins are only secreted by the spore-forming aerial hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter de Jong
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Duong A, Capstick DS, Di Berardo C, Findlay KC, Hesketh A, Hong HJ, Elliot MA. Aerial development in Streptomyces coelicolor requires sortase activity. Mol Microbiol 2012; 83:992-1005. [PMID: 22296345 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.07983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor is a multicellular bacterium whose life cycle encompasses three differentiated states: vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae and spores. Among the factors required for aerial development are the 'chaplins', a family of eight secreted proteins that coat the surface of aerial hyphae. Three chaplins (the 'long' chaplins, ChpA, B and C) possess an LAXTG-containing C-terminal sorting signal and are predicted sortase substrates. The five remaining 'short' chaplins are presumed to be associated with the cell surface through interactions with the long chaplins. We show here that two sortase enzymes, SrtE1 and SrtE2, cleave LAXTG-containing peptides at two distinct positions in vitro, and are required for cell wall anchoring of ChpC in vivo. srtE1/E2 double mutants are delayed in aerial hyphae formation, do not sporulate and fail to display all short chaplins on their aerial surfaces. Surprisingly, these mutant characteristics were not shared by a long chaplin mutant, which exhibited only modest delays in aerial development, leading us to revise the current model of chaplin-mediated aerial development. The sortase mutant phenotype, instead, appears to stem from an inability to transcribe aerial hyphae-specific genes, whose products have diverse functions. This suggests that sortase activity triggers an important, and previously unknown, developmental checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Duong
- Department of Biology and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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19
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McCormick JR, Flärdh K. Signals and regulators that govern Streptomyces development. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:206-31. [PMID: 22092088 PMCID: PMC3285474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor is the genetically best characterized species of a populous genus belonging to the gram-positive Actinobacteria. Streptomycetes are filamentous soil organisms, well known for the production of a plethora of biologically active secondary metabolic compounds. The Streptomyces developmental life cycle is uniquely complex and involves coordinated multicellular development with both physiological and morphological differentiation of several cell types, culminating in the production of secondary metabolites and dispersal of mature spores. This review presents a current appreciation of the signaling mechanisms used to orchestrate the decision to undergo morphological differentiation, and the regulators and regulatory networks that direct the intriguing development of multigenomic hyphae first to form specialized aerial hyphae and then to convert them into chains of dormant spores. This current view of S. coelicolor development is destined for rapid evolution as data from '-omics' studies shed light on gene regulatory networks, new genetic screens identify hitherto unknown players, and the resolution of our insights into the underlying cell biological processes steadily improve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klas Flärdh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Teertstra WR, Krijgsheld P, Wösten HAB. Absence of repellents in Ustilago maydis induces genes encoding small secreted proteins. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2011; 100:219-29. [PMID: 21626092 PMCID: PMC3133707 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-011-9581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rep1 gene of the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis encodes a pre-pro-protein that is processed in the secretory pathway into 11 peptides. These so-called repellents form amphipathic amyloid fibrils at the surface of aerial hyphae. A SG200 strain in which the rep1 gene is inactivated (∆rep1 strain) is affected in aerial hyphae formation. We here assessed changes in global gene expression as a consequence of the inactivation of the rep1 gene. Microarray analysis revealed that only 31 genes in the ∆rep1 SG200 strain had a fold change in expression of ≥2. Twenty-two of these genes were up-regulated and half of them encode small secreted proteins (SSPs) with unknown functions. Seven of the SSP genes and two other genes that are over-expressed in the ∆rep1 SG200 strain encode proteins that can be classified as secreted cysteine-rich proteins (SCRPs). Interestingly, most of the SCRPs are predicted to form amyloids. The SCRP gene um00792 showed the highest up-regulation in the ∆rep1 strain. Using GFP as a reporter, it was shown that this gene is over-expressed in the layer of hyphae at the medium-air interface. Taken together, it is concluded that inactivation of rep1 hardly affects the expression profile of U. maydis, despite the fact that the mutant strain has a strong reduced ability to form aerial hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke R Teertstra
- Department of Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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D'Alia D, Eggle D, Nieselt K, Hu W, Breitling R, Takano E. Deletion of the signalling molecule synthase ScbA has pleiotropic effects on secondary metabolite biosynthesis, morphological differentiation and primary metabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Microb Biotechnol 2011; 4:239-51. [PMID: 21342469 PMCID: PMC3818864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes have high biotechnological relevance as producers of diverse metabolites widely used in medical and agricultural applications. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is controlled by signalling molecules, γ-butyrolactones, that act as bacterial hormones. In Streptomyces coelicolor, a group of signalling molecules called SCBs (S. coelicolorbutanolides) regulates production of the pigmented antibiotics coelicolor polyketide (CPK), actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin. The γ-butyrolactone synthase ScbA is responsible for the biosynthesis of SCBs. Here we show the results of a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of a scbA deletion mutant prior to and during the transition to antibiotic production. We report a strong perturbation in the expression of three pigmented antibiotic clusters in the mutant throughout the growth curve, thus providing a molecular explanation for the antibiotic phenotype observed previously. Our study also revealed, for the first time, that the secondary metabolite cluster responsible for synthesis of the siderophore desferrioxamine is under the control of SCB signalling. Moreover, expression of the genes encoding enzymes for primary metabolism pathways, which supply antibiotic precursors and genes for morphological differentiation, was found shifted earlier in time in the mutant. In conclusion, our time series analysis demonstrates new details of the regulatory effects of the γ-butyrolactone system in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide D'Alia
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands
| | - Daniela Eggle
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen, Department of Information and Cognitive Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kay Nieselt
- Center for Bioinformatics Tübingen, Department of Information and Cognitive Sciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wei‐Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rainer Breitling
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eriko Takano
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands
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22
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Fowler-Goldsworthy K, Gust B, Mouz S, Chandra G, Findlay KC, Chater KF. The actinobacteria-specific gene wblA controls major developmental transitions in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:1312-1328. [PMID: 21330440 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.047555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) sporulation gene whiB is the paradigm of a family of genes (wbl, whiB-like) that are confined to actinobacteria. The chromosome of S. coelicolor contains 11 wbl genes, among which five are conserved in many actinobacteria: whiB itself; whiD, a sporulation gene; wblC, which is required for multi-drug resistance; and wblA and wblE, whose roles had previously been little studied. We succeeded in disrupting wblA and the six non-conserved genes, but could not disrupt wblE. Although mutations in the six non-conserved wbl genes (including some multiple wbl mutants) produced no readily detectable phenotype, mutations in wblA had novel and complex effects. The aerial mycelium of wblA mutants was coloured red, because of the ectopic presence of pigmented antibiotics (actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin) normally confined to lower parts of wild-type colonies, and consisted almost entirely of non-sporulating, thin, straight filaments, often bundled together in a fibrillar matrix. Rare spore chains were also formed, which exhibited wild-type properties but were genetically still wblA mutants. A wblA mutant achieved higher biomass than the wild-type. Microarray analysis indicated major transcriptional changes in a wblA mutant: using a relatively stringent cut-off, 183 genes were overexpressed, including genes for assimilative primary metabolism and actinorhodin biosynthesis, and 103 were underexpressed, including genes associated with stages of aerial hyphal growth. We suggest that WblA is important in both the slow-down of biomass accumulation and the change from aerial hyphal initial cells to the subapical stem and apical compartments that precede sporulation; and that the mutant aerial mycelium consists of recapitulated defective aerial hyphal initial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Fowler-Goldsworthy
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bertolt Gust
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sébastien Mouz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Govind Chandra
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Kim C Findlay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Keith F Chater
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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23
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Abstract
Actinomycete bacteria of the genus Streptomyces are major producers of bioactive compounds for the biotechnology industry. They are the source of most clinically used antibiotics, as well as of several widely used drugs against common diseases, including cancer . Genome sequencing has revealed that the potential of Streptomyces species for the production of valuable secondary metabolites is even larger than previously realized. Accessing this rich genomic resource to discover new compounds by activating "cryptic" pathways is an interesting challenge for synthetic biology. This approach is facilitated by the inherent natural modularity of secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, at the level of individual enzymes (such as modular polyketide synthases), but also of gene cassettes/operons and entire biosynthetic gene clusters. It also benefits from a long tradition of molecular biology in Streptomyces, which provides a number of specific tools, ranging from cloning vectors to inducible promoters and translational control elements. In this chapter, we first provide an overview of the synthetic biology challenges in Streptomyces and then present the existing toolbox of molecular methods that can be employed in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix H Medema
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Den Hengst CD, Tran NT, Bibb MJ, Chandra G, Leskiw BK, Buttner MJ. Genes essential for morphological development and antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor are targets of BldD during vegetative growth. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:361-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Chater KF, Biró S, Lee KJ, Palmer T, Schrempf H. The complex extracellular biology ofStreptomyces. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2010; 34:171-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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26
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de Jong W, Wösten HAB, Dijkhuizen L, Claessen D. Attachment of Streptomyces coelicolor is mediated by amyloidal fimbriae that are anchored to the cell surface via cellulose. Mol Microbiol 2009; 73:1128-40. [PMID: 19682261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The chaplin proteins ChpA-H enable the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor to form reproductive aerial structures by assembling into surface-active amyloid-like fibrils. We here demonstrate that chaplins also mediate attachment of S. coelicolor to surfaces. Attachment coincides with the formation of fimbriae, which are connected to the cell surface via spike-shaped protrusions. Mass spectrometry, electron microscopy and Congo red treatment showed that these fimbriae are composed of bundled amyloid fibrils of chaplins. Attachment and fimbriae formation were abolished in a strain in which the chaplin genes chpA-H were inactivated. Instead, very thin fibrils emerged from the spike-shaped protrusions in this mutant. These fibrils were susceptible to cellulase treatment. This enzymatic treatment also released wild-type fimbriae from the cell surface, thereby abolishing attachment. The reduced attachment of a strain in which the gene of a predicted cellulose synthase was inactivated also indicates a role of cellulose in surface attachment. We propose that the mechanism of attachment via cellulose-anchored amyloidal fimbriae is widespread in bacteria and may function in initiation of infection and in formation of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter de Jong
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), Department of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands
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