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Kola JB, Turarova B, Csige D, Sipos Á, Varga L, Gergely B, Refai FA, Uray IP, Docsa T, Uray K. Stretch-Induced Down-Regulation of HCN2 Suppresses Contractile Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114359. [PMID: 37298834 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hyperpolarization-activated and cyclic nucleotide-gated 2 channels (HCN2) are expressed in multiple cell types in the gut, the role of HCN2 in intestinal motility is poorly understood. HCN2 is down-regulated in intestinal smooth muscle in a rodent model of ileus. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of HCN inhibition on intestinal motility. HCN inhibition with ZD7288 or zatebradine significantly suppressed both spontaneous and agonist-induced contractile activity in the small intestine in a dose-dependent and tetrodotoxin-independent manner. HCN inhibition significantly suppressed intestinal tone but not contractile amplitude. The calcium sensitivity of contractile activity was significantly suppressed by HCN inhibition. Inflammatory mediators did not affect the suppression of intestinal contractile activity by HCN inhibition but increased stretch of the intestinal tissue partially attenuated the effects of HCN inhibition on agonist-induced intestinal contractile activity. HCN2 protein and mRNA levels in intestinal smooth muscle tissue were significantly down-regulated by increased mechanical stretch compared to unstretched tissue. Increased cyclical stretch down-regulated HCN2 protein and mRNA levels in primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Overall, our results suggest that decreased HCN2 expression induced by mechanical signals, such as intestinal wall distension or edema development, may contribute to the development of ileus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Baffin Kola
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Botagoz Turarova
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Csige
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ádám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Luca Varga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bence Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Farah Al Refai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Iván P Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Kola JB, Docsa T, Uray K. Mechanosensing in the Physiology and Pathology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010177. [PMID: 36613619 PMCID: PMC9820522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal gastrointestinal function relies on sensing and transducing mechanical signals into changes in intracellular signaling pathways. Both specialized mechanosensing cells, such as certain enterochromaffin cells and enteric neurons, and non-specialized cells, such as smooth muscle cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and resident macrophages, participate in physiological and pathological responses to mechanical signals in the gastrointestinal tract. We review the role of mechanosensors in the different cell types of the gastrointestinal tract. Then, we provide several examples of the role of mechanotransduction in normal physiology. These examples highlight the fact that, although these responses to mechanical signals have been known for decades, the mechanosensors involved in these responses to mechanical signals are largely unknown. Finally, we discuss several diseases involving the overstimulation or dysregulation of mechanotransductive pathways. Understanding these pathways and identifying the mechanosensors involved in these diseases may facilitate the identification of new drug targets to effectively treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Baffin Kola
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Center of Excellence, The Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Uray IP, Uray K. Mechanotransduction at the Plasma Membrane-Cytoskeleton Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11566. [PMID: 34768998 PMCID: PMC8584042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues are crucial for survival, adaptation, and normal homeostasis in virtually every cell type. The transduction of mechanical messages into intracellular biochemical messages is termed mechanotransduction. While significant advances in biochemical signaling have been made in the last few decades, the role of mechanotransduction in physiological and pathological processes has been largely overlooked until recently. In this review, the role of interactions between the cytoskeleton and cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesions in transducing mechanical signals is discussed. In addition, mechanosensors that reside in the cell membrane and the transduction of mechanical signals to the nucleus are discussed. Finally, we describe two examples in which mechanotransduction plays a significant role in normal physiology and disease development. The first example is the role of mechanotransduction in the proliferation and metastasis of cancerous cells. In this system, the role of mechanotransduction in cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and motility, is described. In the second example, the role of mechanotransduction in a mechanically active organ, the gastrointestinal tract, is described. In the gut, mechanotransduction contributes to normal physiology and the development of motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván P. Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Soni KG, Dike PN, Suh JH, Halder T, Edwards PT, Foong JPP, Conner ME, Preidis GA. Early-life malnutrition causes gastrointestinal dysmotility that is sexually dimorphic. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13936. [PMID: 33021011 PMCID: PMC7688589 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow gastrointestinal (GI) transit occurs in moderate-to-severe malnutrition. Mechanisms underlying malnutrition-associated dysmotility remain unknown, partially due to lack of animal models. This study sought to characterize GI dysmotility in mouse models of malnutrition. METHODS Neonatal mice were malnourished by timed maternal separation. Alternatively, low-protein, low-fat diet was administered to dams, with malnourished neonates tested at two weeks or weaned to the same chow and tested as young adults. We determined total GI transit time by carmine red gavage, colonic motility by rectal bead latency, and both gastric emptying and small bowel motility with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. We assessed histology with light microscopy, ex vivo contractility and permeability with force-transduction and Ussing chamber studies, and gut microbiota composition by 16S rDNA sequencing. KEY RESULTS Both models of neonatal malnutrition and young adult malnourished males but not females exhibited moderate growth faltering, stunting, and grossly abnormal stomachs. Progression of fluorescent dye was impaired in both neonatal models of malnutrition, whereas gastric emptying was delayed only in maternally separated pups and malnourished young adult females. Malnourished young adult males but not females had atrophic GI mucosa, exaggerated intestinal contractile responses, and increased gut barrier permeability. These sex-specific abnormalities were associated with altered gut microbial communities. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Multiple models of early-life malnutrition exhibit delayed upper GI transit. Malnutrition affects young adult males more profoundly than females. These models will facilitate future studies to identify mechanisms underlying malnutrition-induced pathophysiology and sex-specific regulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakant G. Soni
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peace N. Dike
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ji Ho Suh
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tripti Halder
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Price T. Edwards
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jaime P. P. Foong
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret E. Conner
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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Mazzotta E, Villalobos-Hernandez EC, Fiorda-Diaz J, Harzman A, Christofi FL. Postoperative Ileus and Postoperative Gastrointestinal Tract Dysfunction: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Novel Treatment Strategies Beyond Colorectal Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:583422. [PMID: 33390950 PMCID: PMC7774512 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) and postoperative gastrointestinal tract dysfunction (POGD) are well-known complications affecting patients undergoing intestinal surgery. GI symptoms include nausea, vomiting, pain, abdominal distention, bloating, and constipation. These iatrogenic disorders are associated with extended hospitalizations, increased morbidity, and health care costs into the billions and current therapeutic strategies are limited. This is a narrative review focused on recent concepts in the pathogenesis of POI and POGD, pipeline drugs or approaches to treatment. Mechanisms, cellular targets and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis include gut surgical manipulation and surgical trauma, neuroinflammation, reactive enteric glia, macrophages, mast cells, monocytes, neutrophils and ICC's. The precise interactions between immune, inflammatory, neural and glial cells are not well understood. Reactive enteric glial cells are an emerging therapeutic target that is under intense investigation for enteric neuropathies, GI dysmotility and POI. Our review emphasizes current therapeutic strategies, starting with the implementation of colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocols to protect against POI and POGD. However, despite colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery, it remains a significant medical problem and burden on the healthcare system. Over 100 pipeline drugs or treatments are listed in Clin.Trials.gov. These include 5HT4R agonists (Prucalopride and TAK 954), vagus nerve stimulation of the ENS-macrophage nAChR cholinergic pathway, acupuncture, herbal medications, peripheral acting opioid antagonists (Alvimopen, Methlnaltexone, Naldemedine), anti-bloating/flatulence drugs (Simethiocone), a ghreline prokinetic agonist (Ulimovelin), drinking coffee, and nicotine chewing gum. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms for short and long-term outcomes is necessary before we can develop better prophylactic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio Mazzotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Juan Fiorda-Diaz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alan Harzman
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fievos L. Christofi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Docsa T, Bhattarai D, Sipos A, Wade CE, Cox CS, Uray K. CXCL1 is upregulated during the development of ileus resulting in decreased intestinal contractile activity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13757. [PMID: 31722447 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the development of ileus is widespread and negatively impacts patient outcomes, the mechanism by which ileus develops remains unclear. The purpose of our study was to examine the contribution of myogenic mechanisms to postoperative ileus development and the involvement of inflammation in mediating intestinal smooth muscle dysfunction. METHODS Contractile activity and the effects of CXCL1 were studied in a gut manipulation model. KEY RESULTS Contraction amplitude in the ileum decreased significantly, while tone increased significantly in response to gut manipulation. Differences in contraction amplitude were affected by tetrodotoxin at earlier time points, but not at later time points. Agonist-induced contractions in the small intestine decreased significantly with ileus development. Intestinal transit slowed significantly after the induction of ileus. Myosin light chain phosphorylation was significantly decreased and edema increased significantly in the intestinal wall. Conditioned media from mechanically activated macrophages depressed intestinal contractile activity. CXCL1 (GroA) was significantly increased in the mechanically activated macrophages and intestinal smooth muscle within 1 hour after induction of ileus compared with control cells and sham animals, respectively. Treatment with CXCL1 significantly decreased contraction amplitude and agonist-induced contractile activity and increased tone in the small intestine. In the gut manipulation model, treatment with a CXCR2 antagonist prevented the decrease in agonist-induced contractile activity but not contraction amplitude. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These data suggest that CXCL1, released from macrophages during intestinal wall stress, can suppress intestinal contractile activity. CXCL1 is a potential target for preventing or treating ileus in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Charles E Wade
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Zhang H, Zeng W, Li S, Chen C, Song X, Sun J, Sun Z, Cui C, Cao X, Zheng L, Wang P, Zhao W, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Zhu M, Chen H. ZIPK mediates endothelial cell contraction through myosin light chain phosphorylation and is required for ischemic-reperfusion injury. FASEB J 2019; 33:9062-9074. [PMID: 31180722 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802052rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The paracellular gap formed by endothelial cell (EC) contraction is fundamental for endothelium permeability, but the mechanism underlying EC contraction has yet to be determined. Here, we identified the zipper-interacting protein kinase (ZIPK) as the kinase for EC contraction and myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Inhibition of ZIPK activity by pharmacological inhibitors and small interfering RNAs led to a significant decrease in the mono- and diphosphorylation of MLCs along with a contractile response to thrombin, suggesting an essential role of ZIPK in EC paracellular permeability. To assess the role of ZIPK in vivo, we established mouse lines with conditional deletion of Zipk gene. The endothelium-specific deletion of Zipk led to embryonic lethality, whereas the UBC-CreERT2-mediated deletion of Zipk by tamoxifen induction at adulthood caused no apparent phenotype. The induced deletion of Zipk significantly inhibited ischemia-reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and neuronal injuries from middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, as evidenced by reduced infarct and edema volume, attenuated Evans blue dye leakage, and improved neuronal behavior. We thus concluded that ZIPK and its phosphorylation of MLC were required for EC contraction and ischemic neuronal injuries. ZIPK may be a prospective therapeutic target for stroke.-Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Zeng, W., Li, S., Chen, C., Song, X., Sun, J., Sun, Z., Cui, C., Cao, X., Zheng, L., Wang, P., Zhao, W., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., Zhu, M., Chen, H. ZIPK mediates endothelial cell contraction through myosin light chain phosphorylation and is required for ischemic-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Congcong Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Cao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaqun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Virani FR, Peery T, Rivas O, Tomasek J, Huerta R, Wade CE, Lee J, Holcomb JB, Uray K. Incidence and Effects of Feeding Intolerance in Trauma Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2018; 43:742-749. [PMID: 30508254 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although feeding intolerance is a common complication in trauma patients, the incidence, development, and effects are poorly understood. METHODS We performed a retrospective study in which trauma patients were classified as having feeding intolerance based on time to reach feeding goal. Subsequently, we sorted patients by gastric residual volumes (GRVs) or symptoms of slowed gastrointestinal motility. RESULTS One-third of trauma patients experienced delayed time to reach feeding goal after diet initiation. Delayed feeding was associated with prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stays, increased readmission rates, and increased incidence of sepsis. Patients with elevated GRV (>500 mL) had significantly prolonged ICU and hospital stays and increase incidence of sepsis. Patients with >2 symptoms of slowed gastrointestinal motility had prolonged ICU and hospital stays, delayed time to reach feeding goals, significantly increased readmission rates, increased incidence of infectious and thromboembolic complications and sepsis, decreased serum prealbumin levels, and increased CRP levels. CONCLUSION Decreased gastrointestinal motility in trauma patients is associated with worse outcomes and increased systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh R Virani
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Travis Peery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Orlyn Rivas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey Tomasek
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Memorial Hermann Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravin Huerta
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Memorial Hermann Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles E Wade
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA.,Memorial Hermann Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny Lee
- Memorial Hermann Red Duke Trauma Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Clinical Nutrition, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - John B Holcomb
- Department of Surgery and Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Yang L, Dai F, Tang L, Le Y, Yao W. Macrophage differentiation induced by PMA is mediated by activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:763-771. [PMID: 29142175 DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of RhoA/ROCK signaling in macrophage differentiation, we used 100 ng/mL PMA to induce macrophage differentiation from U937 cells in vitro. The observation of cell morphology and the expression of CD68 and SR-A were performed to confirm the differentiation induced by PMA. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 and the phosphorylation of MYPT1 were significantly increased after PMA treatment. Pulldown assay showed that the activation of RhoA was obviously enhanced when U937 cells were treated with PMA. In order to further demonstrate whether RhoA/ROCK signaling could mediate the macrophage differentiation induced by PMA, we successfully suppressed the expression of RhoA, ROCK1 and ROCK2 by performing siRNA technology in U937 cells, respectively. The macrophage differentiation and the expression of CD68 and SR-A were significantly inhibited by the suppression of RhoA, ROCK1 or ROCK2 in PMA-induced U937 cells, indicating that the macrophage differentiation induced by PMA is associated with RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. In addition, we pretreated U937 cells with Y27632 (ROCK inhibitor, 20 μM) for 30 min and then observed the macrophage differentiation induced by PMA. The result illustrated that Y27632 pretreatment obviously inhibited PMA-induced differentiation and the expression of CD68 and SR-A. In conclusion, the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling is responsible for the macrophage differentiation induced by PMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China
| | - Fan Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China
| | - Lian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China
| | - Yulan Le
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China
| | - Wenjuan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, China
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Yang X, Zou D, Tang S, Fan T, Su H, Hu R, Zhou Q, Gui S, Zuo L, Wang Y. Ameliorative effect of melatonin against increased intestinal permeability in diabetic rats: possible involvement of MLCK-dependent MLC phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 416:23-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Lichtenberger LM, Bhattarai D, Phan TM, Dial EJ, Uray K. Suppression of contractile activity in the small intestine by indomethacin and omeprazole. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G785-93. [PMID: 25721304 PMCID: PMC4421016 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00458.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat a number of conditions, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often used to prevent NSAID-induced gastric mucosal damage; however, the effects of NSAIDs on intestinal motility are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effects of a prototypical NSAID, indomethacin, either alone or in conjunction with the PPI omeprazole, on intestinal motility. Rats were randomly divided into four groups treated with vehicle, omeprazole, indomethacin, or a combination of indomethacin and omeprazole. Intestinal motility and transit were measured along with inflammatory mediators in the intestinal smooth muscle, markers of mucosal damage, and bacterial counts in the intestinal wall. Indomethacin, but not omeprazole, caused mucosal injury indicated by lower gut bleeding; however, both omeprazole and indomethacin suppressed contractile activity and frequency in the distal part of the small intestine. Cotreatment with omeprazole did not reduce indomethacin-induced intestinal bleeding. Furthermore, although indomethacin caused increased inflammation as indicated by increased edema development and inflammatory mediators, cotreatment with omeprazole did not reduce inflammation in the intestinal smooth muscle or prevent the increased bacterial count in the intestinal wall induced by indomethacin. We conclude that both NSAID and PPI treatment suppressed contractile activity in the distal regions of the small intestine. The suppression of intestinal contractility was associated with increased inflammation in both cases; however, indomethacin and omeprazole appear to affect intestinal motility by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard M. Lichtenberger
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Deepa Bhattarai
- 1Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Tri M. Phan
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth J. Dial
- 2Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas; and
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You E, Park S, Kim D, Jung J, Ko P, Park CM, Rhee S. Role of the intracellular juxtamembrane domain of discoidin domain receptor 2 in focal adhesion formation. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2014.969770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Chu J, Pham NT, Olate N, Kislitsyna K, Day MC, LeTourneau PA, Kots A, Stewart RH, Laine GA, Cox CS, Uray K. Biphasic regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation by p21-activated kinase modulates intestinal smooth muscle contractility. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:1200-13. [PMID: 23161543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.370718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Supraphysiological mechanical stretching in smooth muscle results in decreased contractile activity. However, the mechanism is unclear. Previous studies indicated that intestinal motility dysfunction after edema development is associated with increased smooth muscle stress and decreased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation in vivo, providing an ideal model for studying mechanical stress-mediated decrease in smooth muscle contraction. Primary human intestinal smooth muscle cells (hISMCs) were subjected to either control cyclical stretch (CCS) or edema (increasing) cyclical stretch (ECS), mimicking the biophysical forces in non-edematous and edematous intestinal smooth muscle in vivo. ECS induced significant decreases in phosphorylation of MLC and MLC phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1) and a significant increase in p21-activated kinase (PAK) activity compared with CCS. PAK regulated MLC phosphorylation in an activity-dependent biphasic manner. PAK activation increased MLC and MYPT1 phosphorylation in CCS but decreased MLC and MYPT1 phosphorylation in hISMCs subjected to ECS. PAK inhibition had the opposite results. siRNA studies showed that PAK1 plays a critical role in regulating MLC phosphorylation in hISMCs. PAK1 enhanced MLC phosphorylation via phosphorylating MYPT1 on Thr-696, whereas PAK1 inhibited MLC phosphorylation via decreasing MYPT1 on both Thr-696 and Thr-853. Importantly, in vivo data indicated that PAK activity increased in edematous tissue, and inhibition of PAK in edematous intestine improved intestinal motility. We conclude that PAK1 positively regulates MLC phosphorylation in intestinal smooth muscle through increasing inhibitory phosphorylation of MYPT1 under physiologic conditions, whereas PAK1 negatively regulates MLC phosphorylation via inhibiting MYPT1 phosphorylation when PAK activity is increased under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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The vasorelaxant mechanisms of a Rho kinase inhibitor DL0805 in rat thoracic aorta. Molecules 2012; 17:5935-44. [PMID: 22609784 PMCID: PMC6268074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-kinase has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The Rho-kinase signaling pathway is substantially involved in vascular contraction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vasorelaxant effects of Rho kinase inhibitor DL0805 in isolated rat aortic rings and to investigate its possible mechanism(s). It was found that DL0805 exerted vasorelaxation in a dose-dependent manner in NE or KCl-induced sustained contraction and partial loss of the vasorelaxation under endothelium-denuded rings. The DL0805-induced vasorelaxation was significantly reduced by the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor methylene blue and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin. The voltage-dependent K+ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine remarkably attenuated DL0805-induced relaxations. However, the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide and Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker tetraethylammonium did not affect the DL0805-induced relaxation. In the endothelium-denuded rings, DL0805 also reduced NE-induced transient contraction and inhibited contraction induced by increasing external calcium. These findings suggested that DL0805 is a novel vasorelaxant compound associated with inhibition of Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. The NO-cGMP pathway may be involved in the relaxation of DL0805 in endothelium-intact aorta. The vasorelaxant effect of DL0805 is partially mediated by the opening of the voltage-dependent K+ channels.
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