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Du X, Goffin E, Gillard L, Machiels B, Gillet L. A Single Oral Immunization with Replication-Competent Adenovirus-Vectored Vaccine Induces a Neutralizing Antibody Response in Mice against Canine Distemper Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091847. [PMID: 36146652 PMCID: PMC9501072 DOI: 10.3390/v14091847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) is a fatal and highly contagious pathogen of multiple carnivores. While injectable vaccines are very effective in protecting domestic animals, their use in the wild is unrealistic. Alternative vaccines are therefore needed. Adenovirus (AdV) vectors are popular vaccine vectors due to their capacity to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses against the antigens they carry. In parallel, vaccines based on live human AdV-4 and -7 have been used in U.S. army for several decades as replicative oral vaccines against respiratory infection with the same viruses. Based on these observations, the use of oral administration of replication competent AdV-vectored vaccines has emerged as a promising tool especially for wildlife vaccination. Developing this type of vaccine is not easy, however, given the high host specificity of AdVs and their very low replication in non-target species. To overcome this problem, the feasibility of this approach was tested using mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1) in mice as vaccine vectors. First, different vaccine vectors expressing the entire or part H or F proteins of CDV were constructed. These different strains were then used as oral vaccines in BALB/c mice and the immune response to CDV was evaluated. Only the strain expressing the full length CDV H protein generated a detectable and neutralizing immune response to CDV. Secondly, using this strain, we were able to show that although this type of vaccine is sensitive to pre-existing immunity to the vector, a second oral administration of the same vaccine is able to boost the immune response against CDV. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using replicating AdVs as oral vaccine vectors to immunize against CDV in wildlife carnivores.
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Pan Y, Wang S, Li P, Yue F, Zhang Y, Pan B, Liu X. Apoptotic investigation of brain tissue cells in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. Virol J 2021; 18:165. [PMID: 34384430 PMCID: PMC8359588 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper caused by canine distemper virus that belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family is still a global epidemic significant infectious disease, especially in pet dogs in China and serious harm to the development of the dog industry. It has been known that apoptosis caused by the canine distemper virus can show in culture cells, lymphoid tissues, and the cerebellum. However, its occurrence in brain tissue cells remains unclear. To investigate the relationship among canine distemper infecting brain tissues, apoptosis in brain tissue cells, and demyelinating pathogenesis was investigated. Methods 16 naturally infected dogs that exhibited clinical signs of CD and tested positive for the anti-CDV monoclonal antibody and six healthy dogs that served as the control, were used in the research. Brain specimens were divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum embedded in paraffin and made the sections respectively. Approximately 5 µm-thick sections were stained by hematoxylin–eosin, methyl green pyronin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling technique, and immunohistochemistry. CDV nucleocapsid protein was detected by immune streptavidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex. Results Alterations in the brain tissues of CDV-infected dogs involved both various cells and nerve fibers. CDV had varying degrees of cytotropism to all brain tissue cells; apoptosis also occurred in all brain cells, especially in the endothelia of cerebral vessels, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, the more serious infection, the more obvious apoptosis. Serious infections also involved the pyramidal and Purkinje cells. The nervous fibers exhibited demyelinating lesions (showed small multifocal vacuole), and some axonal neuron atrophy gradually disappeared (formed large vacuole). Conclusions Apoptosis in brain tissue cells was mainly related to the propagation path and cytotropism of CDV. The apoptosis of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and some neurons may play a significant role in the demyelinating pathogenesis in dogs with acute canine distemper. A lot of diverse nervous signs shown in the clinic may be related to different neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqian Pan
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feng Yue
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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Schwarz S, Spitzbarth I, Baumgärtner W, Lehmbecker A. Cryopreservation of Canine Primary Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Its Impact upon Susceptibility to Paramyxovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051058. [PMID: 30823498 PMCID: PMC6429404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, isolated post mortem from adult dogs, could provide a promising tool to study neuropathogenesis of neurotropic virus infections with a non-rodent host spectrum. However, access to canine DRG is limited due to lack of donor tissue and the cryopreservation of DRG neurons would greatly facilitate experiments. The present study aimed (i) to establish canine DRG neurons as an in vitro model for canine distemper virus (CDV) infection; and (ii) to determine whether DRG neurons are cryopreservable and remain infectable with CDV. Neurons were characterized morphologically and phenotypically by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and functionally, by studying their neurite outgrowth and infectability with CDV. Cryopreserved canine DRG neurons remained in culture for at least 12 days. Furthermore, both non-cryopreserved and cryopreserved DRG neurons were susceptible to infection with two different strains of CDV, albeit only one of the two strains (CDV R252) provided sufficient absolute numbers of infected neurons. However, cryopreserved DRG neurons showed reduced cell yield, neurite outgrowth, neurite branching, and soma size and reduced susceptibility to CDV infection. In conclusion, canine primary DRG neurons represent a suitable tool for investigations upon the pathogenesis of neuronal CDV infection. Moreover, despite certain limitations, cryopreserved canine DRG neurons generally provide a useful and practicable alternative to address questions regarding virus tropism and neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schwarz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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Becker K, Cana A, Baumgärtner W, Spitzbarth I. p75 Neurotrophin Receptor: A Double-Edged Sword in Pathology and Regeneration of the Central Nervous System. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:786-801. [PMID: 29940812 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818781930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor p75NTR is a major neurotrophin receptor involved in manifold and pleiotropic functions in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). Although known for decades, its entire functions are far from being fully elucidated. Depending on the complex interactions with other receptors and on the cellular context, p75NTR is capable of performing contradictory tasks such as mediating cell death as well as cell survival. In parallel, as a prototype marker for certain differentiation stages of Schwann cells and related CNS aldynoglial cells, p75NTR has recently gained increasing notice as a marker for cells with proposed regenerative potential in CNS diseases, such as demyelinating disease and traumatic CNS injury. Besides its pivotal role as a marker for transplantation candidate cells, recent studies in canine neuroinflammatory CNS conditions also highlight a spontaneous endogenous occurrence of p75NTR-positive glia, which potentially play a role in Schwann cell-mediated CNS remyelination. The aim of the present communication is to review the pleiotropic functions of p75NTR in the CNS with a special emphasis on its role as an immunohistochemical marker in neuropathology. Following a brief illustration of the expression of p75NTR in neurogenesis and in developed neuronal populations, the implications of p75NTR expression in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are addressed. A special focus is put on the role of p75NTR as a cell marker for specific differentiation stages of Schwann cells and a regeneration-promoting CNS population, collectively referred to as aldynoglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armend Cana
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Canine dorsal root ganglia satellite glial cells represent an exceptional cell population with astrocytic and oligodendrocytic properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13915. [PMID: 29066783 PMCID: PMC5654978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs can be used as a translational animal model to close the gap between basic discoveries in rodents and clinical trials in humans. The present study compared the species-specific properties of satellite glial cells (SGCs) of canine and murine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in situ and in vitro using light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostainings. The in situ expression of CNPase, GFAP, and glutamine synthetase (GS) has also been investigated in simian SGCs. In situ, most canine SGCs (>80%) expressed the neural progenitor cell markers nestin and Sox2. CNPase and GFAP were found in most canine and simian but not murine SGCs. GS was detected in 94% of simian and 71% of murine SGCs, whereas only 44% of canine SGCs expressed GS. In vitro, most canine (>84%) and murine (>96%) SGCs expressed CNPase, whereas GFAP expression was differentially affected by culture conditions and varied between 10% and 40%. However, GFAP expression was induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 in SGCs of both species. Interestingly, canine SGCs also stimulated neurite formation of DRG neurons. These findings indicate that SGCs represent an exceptional, intermediate glial cell population with phenotypical characteristics of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes and might possess intrinsic regenerative capabilities in vivo.
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Spitzbarth I, Lempp C, Kegler K, Ulrich R, Kalkuhl A, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F. Immunohistochemical and transcriptome analyses indicate complex breakdown of axonal transport mechanisms in canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00472. [PMID: 27247850 PMCID: PMC4864272 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CDV-DL (Canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis) represents a spontaneously occurring animal model for demyelinating disorders. Axonopathy represents a key pathomechanism in this disease; however, its underlying pathogenesis has not been addressed in detail so far. This study aimed at the characterization of axonal cytoskeletal, transport, and potential regenerative changes with a parallel focus upon Schwann cell remyelination. METHODS Immunohistochemistry of canine cerebellar tissue as well as a comparative analysis of genes from an independent microarray study were performed. RESULTS Increased axonal immunoreactivity for nonphosphorylated neurofilament was followed by loss of cytoskeletal and motor proteins. Interestingly, a subset of genes encoding for neurofilament subunits and motor proteins was up-regulated in the chronic stage compared to dogs with subacute CDV-DL. However, immunohistochemically, hints for axonal regeneration were restricted to up-regulated axonal positivity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, while growth-associated protein 43, erythropoietin and its receptor were not or even down-regulated. Periaxin-positive structures, indicative of Schwann cell remyelination, were only detected within few advanced lesions. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate a complex sequence of axonal cytoskeletal breakdown mechanisms. Moreover, though sparse, this is the first report of Schwann cell remyelination in CDV-DL. Facilitation of these very limited endogenous regenerative responses represents an important topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Charlotte Lempp
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Arno Kalkuhl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Safety Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG Biberach (Riß) Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Bünteweg 2 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
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Kegler K, Spitzbarth I, Imbschweiler I, Wewetzer K, Baumgärtner W, Seehusen F. Contribution of Schwann Cells to Remyelination in a Naturally Occurring Canine Model of CNS Neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196511 PMCID: PMC4510361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliogenesis under pathophysiological conditions is of particular clinical relevance since it may provide evidence for regeneration promoting cells recruitable for therapeutic purposes. There is evidence that neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR)-expressing cells emerge in the lesioned CNS. However, the phenotype and identity of these cells, and signals triggering their in situ generation under normal conditions and certain pathological situations has remained enigmatic. In the present study, we used a spontaneous, idiopathic and inflammatory CNS condition in dogs with prominent lympho-histiocytic infiltration as a model to study the phenotype of Schwann cells and their relation to Schwann cell remyelination within the CNS. Furthermore, the phenotype of p75NTR-expressing cells within the injured CNS was compared to their counter-part in control sciatic nerve and after peripheral nerve injury. In addition, organotypic slice cultures were used to further elucidate the origin of p75NTR-positive cells. In cerebral and cerebellar white and grey matter lesions as well as in the brain stem, p75NTR-positive cells co-expressed the transcription factor Sox2, but not GAP-43, GFAP, Egr2/Krox20, periaxin and PDGFR-α. Interestingly, and contrary to the findings in control sciatic nerves, p75NTR-expressing cells only co-localized with Sox2 in degenerative neuropathy, thus suggesting that such cells might represent dedifferentiated Schwann cells both in the injured CNS and PNS. Moreover, effective Schwann cell remyelination represented by periaxin- and P0-positive mature myelinating Schwann cells, was strikingly associated with the presence of p75NTR/Sox2-expressing Schwann cells. Intriguingly, the emergence of dedifferentiated Schwann cells was not affected by astrocytes, and a macrophage-dominated inflammatory response provided an adequate environment for Schwann cells plasticity within the injured CNS. Furthermore, axonal damage was reduced in brain stem areas with p75NTR/Sox2-positive cells. This study provides novel insights into the involvement of Schwann cells in CNS remyelination under natural occurring CNS inflammation. Targeting p75NTR/Sox2-expressing Schwann cells to enhance their differentiation into competent remyelinating cells appears to be a promising therapeutic approach for inflammatory/demyelinating CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ilka Imbschweiler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wewetzer
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Center of Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center of Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Kabak YB, Sozmen M, Yarim M, Guvenc T, Karayigit MO, Gulbahar MY. Immunohistochemical detection of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in the cerebellums of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus. Biotech Histochem 2015; 90:601-7. [PMID: 26179070 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1064999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) protein in the cerebellums of dogs infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy. The cerebellums of 20 dogs infected with CDV were used. Specimens showing demyelination of white matter were considered to have an acute infection, whereas specimens showing signs of severe perivascular cuffing and demyelination of white matter were classified as having chronic CDV. Cerebellar sections were immunostained with CDV and LC3 antibodies. The cytoplasm of Purkinje cells, granular layer cells, motor neurons in large cerebellar ganglia and some neurons in white matter were positive for the LC3 antibody in both the control and CDV-infected dogs. In the infected cerebellums, however, white matter was immunostained more intensely, particularly the neurons and gemistocytic astrocytes in the demyelinated areas, compared to controls. Autophagy also was demonstrated in CDV-positive cells using double immunofluorescence staining. Our findings indicate that increased autophagy in the cerebellum of dogs naturally infected with CDV may play a role in transferring the virus from cell to cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Kabak
- a Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - M Sozmen
- a Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - M Yarim
- a Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - T Guvenc
- a Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
| | - M O Karayigit
- b Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University , Kayseri , Turkey
| | - M Y Gulbahar
- a Department of Pathology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University , Samsun , Turkey
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Spitzbarth I, Cana A, Hahn K, Hansmann F, Baumgärtner W. Associated occurrence of p75 neurotrophin receptor expressing aldynoglia and microglia/macrophages in long term organotypic murine brain slice cultures. Brain Res 2014; 1595:29-42. [PMID: 25446435 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth-promoting aldynoglia, characterized by the expression of the prototype immature Schwann cell marker p75 neurotrophin receptor (NTR) have been shown to occur in some demyelinating diseases. However, the mechanisms determining the emergence and fate of such cells are largely unknown. This study aimed at the identification of such cells and potential triggering factors using an in vitro slice culture approach. Organotypic cerebrum and brain stem slices of adult mice were cultivated for up to 18 days in vitro. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of p75(NTR), CD107b, periaxin, growth associated protein (GAP)-43, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was performed. The results for p75(NTR) were substantiated by the use of in situ hybridization. Cultivation was associated with a progressively increasing spontaneous occurrence of bi- to multipolar p75(NTR)-positive, but periaxin-negative glia, indicative of aldynoglial Schwann cell like cells. Similar cells stained intensely positive for GAP-43, a marker for non-myelinating Schwann cells. The number of p75(NTR) positive glia did not correlate with GFAP expression, but showed a strong correlation with a remarkable spontaneous response of CD107b positive phagocytic microglia/macrophages. Moreover, aldynoglial p75(NTR) immunoreactivity negatively correlated to neuronal p75(NTR) expression, which was lost during culturing. The present results demonstrate that the cultivation of organotypic murine brain slices is accompanied by a spontaneous response of both microglia/macrophages and p75(NTR) positive cells, suggestive of Schwann cell like aldynoglia. The findings highlights the role of microglia/macrophages, which seem to be an important triggering factor, facilitating the occurrence of this unique type of macroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Spitzbarth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - A Cana
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - K Hahn
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - F Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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New aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis. Viruses 2014; 6:2571-601. [PMID: 24992230 PMCID: PMC4113784 DOI: 10.3390/v6072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a member of the genus morbillivirus, which is known to cause a variety of disorders in dogs including demyelinating leukoencephalitis (CDV-DL). In recent years, substantial progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of CDV-DL has been made. In vivo and in vitro investigations provided new insights into its pathogenesis with special emphasis on axon-myelin-glia interaction, potential endogenous mechanisms of regeneration, and astroglial plasticity. CDV-DL is characterized by lesions with a variable degree of demyelination and mononuclear inflammation accompanied by a dysregulated orchestration of cytokines as well as matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors. Despite decades of research, several new aspects of the neuropathogenesis of CDV-DL have been described only recently. Early axonal damage seems to represent an initial and progressive lesion in CDV-DL, which interestingly precedes demyelination. Axonopathy may, thus, function as a potential trigger for subsequent disturbed axon-myelin-glia interactions. In particular, the detection of early axonal damage suggests that demyelination is at least in part a secondary event in CDV-DL, thus challenging the dogma of CDV as a purely primary demyelinating disease. Another unexpected finding refers to the appearance of p75 neurotrophin (NTR)-positive bipolar cells during CDV-DL. As p75NTR is a prototype marker for immature Schwann cells, this finding suggests that Schwann cell remyelination might represent a so far underestimated endogenous mechanism of regeneration, though this hypothesis still remains to be proven. Although it is well known that astrocytes represent the major target of CDV infection in CDV-DL, the detection of infected vimentin-positive astrocytes in chronic lesions indicates a crucial role of this cell population in nervous distemper. While glial fibrillary acidic protein represents the characteristic intermediate filament of mature astrocytes, expression of vimentin is generally restricted to immature or reactive astrocytes. Thus, vimentin-positive astrocytes might constitute an important cell population for CDV persistence and spread, as well as lesion progression. In vitro models, such as dissociated glial cell cultures, as well as organotypic brain slice cultures have contributed to a better insight into mechanisms of infection and certain morphological and molecular aspects of CDV-DL. Summarized, recent in vivo and in vitro studies revealed remarkable new aspects of nervous distemper. These new perceptions substantially improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of CDV-DL and might represent new starting points to develop novel treatment strategies.
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Transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia. Glia 2014; 62:1559-81. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kegler K, Imbschweiler I, Ulrich R, Kovermann P, Fahlke C, Deschl U, Kalkuhl A, Baumgärnter W, Wewetzer K. CNS Schwann cells display oligodendrocyte precursor-like potassium channel activation and antigenic expression in vitro. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:569-81. [PMID: 24487976 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury triggers production of myelinating Schwann cells from endogenous oligodendrocyte precursors (OLPs). These CNS Schwann cells may be attractive candidates for novel therapeutic strategies aiming to promote endogenous CNS repair. However, CNS Schwann cells have been so far mainly characterized in situ regarding morphology and marker expression, and it has remained enigmatic whether they display functional properties distinct from peripheral nervous system (PNS) Schwann cells. Potassium channels (K+) have been implicated in progenitor and glial cell proliferation after injury and may, therefore, represent a suitable pharmacological target. In the present study, we focused on the function and expression of voltage-gated K+ channels Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits in purified adult canine CNS and PNS Schwann cell cultures using electrophysiology and microarray analysis and characterized their antigenic phenotype. We show here that K+ channels differed significantly in both cell types. While CNS Schwann cells displayed prominent K D-mediated K+ currents, PNS Schwann cells elicited K(D-) and K(A-type) K+ currents. Inhibition of K+ currents by TEA and Ba2+ was more effective in CNS Schwann cells. These functional differences were not paralleled by differential mRNA expression of Kv(1-12) and accessory β-subunits. However, O4/A2B5 and GFAP expressions were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in CNS than in PNS Schwann cells. Taken together, this is the first evidence that CNS Schwann cells display specific properties not shared by their peripheral counterpart. Both Kv currents and increased O4/A2B5 expression were reminiscent of OLPs suggesting that CNS Schwann cells retain OLP features during maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kegler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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von Rüden EL, Avemary J, Zellinger C, Algermissen D, Bock P, Beineke A, Baumgärtner W, Stein VM, Tipold A, Potschka H. Distemper virus encephalitis exerts detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:426-42. [PMID: 21883377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite knowledge about the impact of brain inflammation on hippocampal neurogenesis, data on the influence of virus encephalitis on dentate granule cell neurogenesis are so far limited. Canine distemper is considered an interesting model of virus encephalitis, which can be associated with a chronic progressing disease course and can cause symptomatic seizures. METHODS To determine the impact of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection on hippocampal neurogenesis, we compared post-mortem tissue from dogs with infection with and without seizures, from epileptic dogs with non-viral aetiology and from dogs without central nervous system diseases. RESULTS The majority of animals with infection and with epilepsy of non-viral aetiology exhibited neuronal progenitor numbers below the age average in controls. Virus infection with and without seizures significantly decreased the mean number of neuronal progenitor cells by 43% and 76% as compared to age-matched controls. Ki-67 labelling demonstrated that hippocampal cell proliferation was neither affected by infection nor by epilepsy of non-viral aetiology. Analysis of CDV infection in cells expressing caspase-3, doublecortin or Ki-67 indicated that infection of neuronal progenitor cells is extremely rare and suggests that infection might damage non-differentiated progenitor cells, hamper neuronal differentiation and promote glial differentiation. A high inter-individual variance in the number of lectin-reactive microglial cells was evident in dogs with distemper infection. Statistical analyses did not reveal a correlation between the number of lectin-reactive microglia cells and neuronal progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that virus encephalitis with and without seizures can exert detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, which might contribute to long-term consequences of the disease. The lack of a significant impact of distemper virus on Ki-67-labelled cells indicates that the infection affected neuronal differentiation and survival of newborn cells rather than hippocampal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E-L von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Wohlsein P, Deschl U, Baumgärtner W. Nonlesions, unusual cell types, and postmortem artifacts in the central nervous system of domestic animals. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:122-43. [PMID: 22692622 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812450719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS) of domestic animals, numerous specialized normal structures, unusual cell types, findings of uncertain or no significance, artifacts, and various postmortem alterations can be observed. They may cause confusion for inexperienced pathologists and those not specialized in neuropathology, leading to misinterpretations and wrong diagnoses. Alternatively, changes may mask underlying neuropathological processes. "Specialized structures" comprising the hippocampus and the circumventricular organs, including the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal gland, median eminence/neurohypophyseal complex, choroid plexus, and area postrema, are displayed. Unusual cell types, including cerebellar external germinal cells, CNS progenitor cells, and Kolmer cells, are presented. In addition, some newly recognized cell types as of yet incompletely understood significance and functionality, such as synantocytes and aldynoglia, are introduced and described. Unusual reactive astrocytes in cats, central chromatolysis, neuronal vacuolation, spheroids, spongiosis, satellitosis, melanosis, neuromelanin, lipofuscin, polyglucosan bodies, and psammoma bodies may represent incidental findings of uncertain or no significance and should not be confused with significant microscopic changes. Auto- and heterolysis as well as handling and histotechnological processing may cause postmortem morphological changes of the CNS, including vacuolization, cerebellar conglutination, dark neurons, Buscaino bodies, freezing, and shrinkage artifacts, all of which have to be differentiated from genuine lesions. Postmortem invasion of micro-organisms should not be confused with intravital infections. Awareness of these different changes and their recognition are a prerequisite for identifying genuine lesions and may help to formulate a professional morphological and etiological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Imbschweiler I, Seehusen F, Peck CT, Omar M, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Increased p75 neurotrophin receptor expression in the canine distemper virus model of multiple sclerosis identifies aldynoglial Schwann cells that emerge in response to axonal damage. Glia 2011; 60:358-71. [PMID: 22072443 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gliogenesis under pathophysiological conditions is of particular clinical relevance since it may provide regeneration-promoting cells recruitable for therapeutic purposes. There is accumulating evidence that aldynoglial cells with Schwann cell-like growth-promoting properties emerge in the lesioned CNS. However, the characterization of these cells and the signals triggering their in situ generation have remained enigmatic. In the present study, we used the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR) ) as a marker for Schwann cells to study gliogenesis in the well-defined canine distemper virus (CDV)-induced demyelination model. White matter lesions of CDV-infected dogs contained bi- to multipolar, p75(NTR) -expressing cells that neither expressed MBP, GFAP, BS-1, or P0 identifying oligodendroglia, astrocytes, microglia, and myelinating Schwann cells nor CDV antigen. Interestingly, p75(NTR) -expression became apparent prior to the onset of demyelination in parallel to the expression of β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), nonphosphorylated neurofilament (n-NF), BS-1, and CD3, and peaked in subacute lesions with inflammation. To study the role of infiltrating immune cells during differentiation of Schwann cell-like glia, organotypic slice cultures from the normal olfactory bulb were established. Despite the absence of infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages, a massive appearance of p75(NTR) -positive Schwann-like cells and BS-1-positive microglia was noticed at 10 days in vitro. It is concluded that axonal damage as an early signal triggers the differentiation of tissue-resident precursor cells into p75(NTR) -expressing aldynoglial Schwann cells that retain an immature pre-myelin state. Further studies have to address the role of microglia during this process and the regenerative potential of aldynoglial cells in CDV infection and other demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Imbschweiler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Wyss-Fluehmann G, Zurbriggen A, Vandevelde M, Plattet P. Canine distemper virus persistence in demyelinating encephalitis by swift intracellular cell-to-cell spread in astrocytes is controlled by the viral attachment protein. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 119:617-30. [PMID: 20119836 PMCID: PMC2849939 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of viral persistence, the driving force behind the chronic progression of inflammatory demyelination in canine distemper virus (CDV) infection, is associated with non-cytolytic viral cell-to-cell spread. Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms of viral spread of a recombinant fluorescent protein-expressing virulent CDV in primary canine astrocyte cultures. Time-lapse video microscopy documented that CDV spread was very efficient using cell processes contacting remote target cells. Strikingly, CDV transmission to remote cells could occur in less than 6 h, suggesting that a complete viral cycle with production of extracellular free particles was not essential in enabling CDV to spread in glial cells. Titration experiments and electron microscopy confirmed a very low CDV particle production despite higher titers of membrane-associated viruses. Interestingly, confocal laser microscopy and lentivirus transduction indicated expression and functionality of the viral fusion machinery, consisting of the viral fusion (F) and attachment (H) glycoproteins, at the cell surface. Importantly, using a single-cycle infectious recombinant H-knockout, H-complemented virus, we demonstrated that H, and thus potentially the viral fusion complex, was necessary to enable CDV spread. Furthermore, since we could not detect CD150/SLAM expression in brain cells, the presence of a yet non-identified glial receptor for CDV was suggested. Altogether, our findings indicate that persistence in CDV infection results from intracellular cell-to-cell transmission requiring the CDV-H protein. Viral transfer, happening selectively at the tip of astrocytic processes, may help the virus to cover long distances in the astroglial network, “outrunning” the host’s immune response in demyelinating plaques, thus continuously eliciting new lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Wyss-Fluehmann
- Division of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zurbriggen
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc Vandevelde
- Division of Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Plattet
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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17
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Techangamsuwan S, Haas L, Rohn K, Baumgärtner W, Wewetzer K. Distinct cell tropism of canine distemper virus strains to adult olfactory ensheathing cells and Schwann cells in vitro. Virus Res 2009; 144:195-201. [PMID: 19433119 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) can enter the brain via infection of olfactory neurons. Whether olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are also infected by CDV, and if yes, how they respond to the virus has remained enigmatic. Here, we exposed adult canine OECs in vitro to several attenuated (CDV-2544, CDV-R252, CDV-Ond, CDV-OndeGFP) and one virulent CDV strain (CDV-5804PeGFP) and studied their susceptibility compared to Schwann cells, a closely related cell type sharing the phagocytizing activity. We show that OECs and Schwann cells were infected by CDV strains albeit to different levels. Ten days post-infection (dpi), a mild to severe cytopathic effect ranging from single cell necrosis to layer detachment was noted. The percentage of infection increased during 10 dpi and viral progenies were detected in each culture using virus titration. Interestingly, CDV-2544, CDV-OndeGFP, and CDV-5804PeGFP predominantly infected OECs, while CDV-Ond targeted Schwann cells. No significant differences were found between the virulent and attenuated CDV strains. The observation of a CDV strain-specific cell tropism is evidence for significant molecular differences between OECs and Schwann cells. Whether these differences are either related to strain-specific distemper pathogenesis or support a role of OECs during CDV infection and virus spread needs to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somporn Techangamsuwan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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18
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Similar behaviour and primate-like properties of adult canine Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells in long-term culture. Brain Res 2008; 1240:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Beineke A, Puff C, Seehusen F, Baumgärtner W. Pathogenesis and immunopathology of systemic and nervous canine distemper. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 127:1-18. [PMID: 19019458 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper is a worldwide occurring infectious disease of dogs, caused by a morbillivirus, closely related to measles and rinderpest virus. The natural host range comprises predominantly carnivores. Canine distemper virus (CDV), an enveloped, negative-sense RNA virus, infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues. CDV infection of dogs is characterized by a systemic and/or nervous clinical course and viral persistence in selected organs including the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissue. Main manifestations include respiratory and gastrointestinal signs, immunosuppression and demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis (DL). Impaired immune function, associated with depletion of lymphoid organs, consists of a viremia-associated loss of lymphocytes, especially of CD4+ T cells, due to lymphoid cell apoptosis in the early phase. After clearance of the virus from the peripheral blood an assumed diminished antigen presentation and altered lymphocyte maturation cause an ongoing immunosuppression despite repopulation of lymphoid organs. The early phase of DL is a sequel of a direct virus-mediated damage and infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T cells associated with an up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-12 and a lacking response of immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. A CD4+-mediated delayed type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells contribute to myelin loss in the chronic phase. Additionally, up-regulation of interferon-gamma and IL-1 may occur in advanced lesions. Moreover, an altered balance between matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors seems to play a pivotal role for the pathogenesis of DL. Summarized, DL represents a biphasic disease process consisting of an initial direct virus-mediated process and immune-mediated plaque progression. Immunosuppression is due to early virus-mediated lymphocytolysis followed by still poorly understood mechanisms affecting antigen presentation and lymphocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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