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Bailey HD, Armstrong BK, Milne E, Schüz J, Clavel J. Comment on: The Associations Between Maternal Factors During Pregnancy and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:951-2. [PMID: 26945804 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Bailey
- Institut National de la Santé (INSERM) U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMRS-1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sax Institute, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Institut National de la Santé (INSERM) U1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Villejuif, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMRS-1153, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Paris, France
- RNCE-National Registry of Childhood Cancers, Villejuif, France
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Greenop KR, Scott RJ, Attia J, Bower C, de Klerk NH, Norris MD, Haber M, Jamieson SE, van Bockxmeer FM, Gottardo NG, Ashton LJ, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Folate Pathway Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors: Results from an Australian Case–Control Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:931-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Childhood folate, B6, B12, and food group intake and the risk of childhood brain tumors: results from an Australian case–control study. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:871-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Greenop KR, Bailey HD, Miller M, Scott RJ, Attia J, Ashton LJ, Downie P, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Breastfeeding and nutrition to 2 years of age and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:431-41. [PMID: 25646650 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.998839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and childhood brain tumors (CBT) are 2 of the most common forms of childhood cancer, but little is known of their etiology. In 2 nationwide case-control studies we investigated whether breastfeeding, age of food introduction, or early diet are associated with the risk of these cancers. Cases aged 0-14 years were identified from Australian pediatric oncology units between 2003 and 2007 (ALL) and 2005 and 2010 (CBT) and population-based controls through nationwide random-digit dialing. Mothers completed questionnaires giving details of infant feeding up to the age of 2 yr. Data from 322 ALL cases, 679 ALL controls, 299 CBT cases, and 733 CBT controls were analysed using unconditional logistic regression. Breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of ALL [odds ratio (OR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32, 0.84), regardless of duration. Introduction of artificial formula within 14 days of birth was positively associated with ALL (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.37), as was exclusive formula feeding to 6 mo (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.05). No associations were seen between breastfeeding or formula use and risk of CBT. Our results suggest that breastfeeding and delayed introduction of artificial formula may reduce the risk of ALL but not CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Greenop
- a Telethon Kids Institute , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia , Australia
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Greenop KR, Hinwood AL, Fritschi L, Scott RJ, Attia J, Ashton LJ, Heath JA, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Vehicle refuelling, use of domestic wood heaters and the risk of childhood brain tumours: Results from an Australian case-control study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:229-234. [PMID: 25283072 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aetiology of childhood brain tumours (CBT) is largely unknown. Damage to germ cells after parental exposure to airborne carcinogens, such as volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is one plausible pathway. This analysis aimed to investigate whether parental refuelling of vehicles or the use of domestic wood heaters in key time periods relating to the child's birth was associated with an increased risk of CBT. PROCEDURE Cases <15 years of age were recruited through 10 paediatric oncology centres around Australia; controls were recruited through nationwide random-digit dialling, frequency matched to cases on age, sex and State of residence. Exposure to refuelling and wood heaters was ascertained through questionnaires from both parents. Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS Data were available for 306 case and 950 control families. Paternal refuelling ≥4 times/month was associated with an increased risk of CBT (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.11, 2.29), and a dose-dependent trend was observed (P = 0.004). No association was seen for maternal refuelling. Use of closed, but not open, wood heaters before (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.15) and after (OR 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.01) the child's birth was associated with increased risk of CBT, but dose-response relationships were weak or absent. CONCLUSIONS Paternal refuelling of vehicles ≥4 times/month and the use of closed wood heaters before the child's birth may increase the risk of CBT. Replication in larger studies is needed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:229-234. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Greenop
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrea L Hinwood
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Area Pathology Service, HNEHealth, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lesley J Ashton
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Research Portfolio, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - John A Heath
- Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sax Institute, Haymarket, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Greenop KR, Miller M, Bailey HD, Scott RJ, Attia J, Bower C, van Bockxmeer FM, Ashton LJ, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Paternal Dietary Folate, B6 and B12 Intake, and the Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:224-30. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.990571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Milne E, Greenop KR, Scott RJ, Haber M, Norris MD, Attia J, Jamieson SE, Miller M, Bower C, Bailey HD, Dawson S, McCowage GB, de Klerk NH, van Bockxmeer FM, Armstrong BK. Folate pathway gene polymorphisms, maternal folic acid use, and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:48-56. [PMID: 25395472 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that maternal folic acid supplementation before or during pregnancy protects against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We investigated associations between ALL risk and folate pathway gene polymorphisms, and their modification by maternal folic acid supplements, in a population-based case-control study (2003-2007). METHODS All Australian pediatric oncology centers provided cases; controls were recruited by national random digit dialing. Data from 392 cases and 535 controls were included. Seven folate pathway gene polymorphisms (MTHFR 677C>T, MTHFR 1298A>C, MTRR 66A>G, MTR 2756 A>G, MTR 5049 C>A, CBS 844 Ins68, and CBS 2199 T>C) were genotyped in children and their parents. Information on prepregnancy maternal folic acid supplement use was collected. ORs were estimated with unconditional logistic regression adjusted for frequency-matched variables and potential confounders. Case-parent trios were also analyzed. RESULTS There was some evidence of a reduced risk of ALL among children who had, or whose father had, the MTRR 66GG genotype: ORs 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-0.91] and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.40-1.03), respectively. The ORs for paternal MTHFR 677CT and TT genotypes were 1.41 (95% CI, 1.02-1.93) and 1.81 (95% CI, 1.06-3.07). ORs varied little by maternal folic acid supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Some folate pathway gene polymorphisms in the child or a parent may influence ALL risk. While biologically plausible, underlying mechanisms for these associations need further elucidation. IMPACT Folate pathway polymorphisms may be related to risk of childhood ALL, but larger studies are needed for conclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kathryn R Greenop
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia. School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Hunter Area Pathology Service, HNEHealth, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michelle Haber
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Murray D Norris
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton, New South Wales, Australia. School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Margaret Miller
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carol Bower
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen D Bailey
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Somer Dawson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas H de Klerk
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Frank M van Bockxmeer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Perth Hospital and the School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sax Institute, Haymarket, New South Wales, Australia. Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Bailey HD, Miller M, Greenop KR, Bower C, Attia J, Marshall GM, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Paternal intake of folate and vitamins B6 and B12 before conception and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:1615-25. [PMID: 25281326 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether paternal dietary intake of folate before conception is associated with the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a nationwide case-control study. METHODS Data on dietary folate intake during the 6 months before the child's conception were collected from 285 case fathers and 595 control fathers using a dietary questionnaire. Nutrient intake was quantified using a customized computer software package based on Australian food composition databases. Data on folate intake were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study-matching variables, total energy, and potentially confounding variables. In a subset of 229 cases and 420 controls, data on vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 intake were also analyzed. RESULTS No consistent associations were seen with paternal dietary intake of folate or vitamin B6. Higher levels of paternal dietary vitamin B12 were appeared to be associated with an increased risk of childhood ALL, with those in the highest tertile of consumption having an OR of 1.51 (0.97, 2.36). The use of supplements containing folate and vitamins B6 or B12 was rare. CONCLUSIONS We did not find any biologically plausible evidence that paternal nutrition in the period leading up to conception was associated with childhood ALL. Our finding for vitamin B12 may be a chance finding, given the number of analyses performed, or be attributable to participation bias because parents with a tertiary education had the lowest level of B12 intake and tertiary education was more common among control than case parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Bailey
- Section of Environment and Radiation, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France,
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Peters S, Glass DC, Greenop KR, Armstrong BK, Kirby M, Milne E, Fritschi L. Childhood brain tumours: associations with parental occupational exposure to solvents. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:998-1003. [PMID: 24960405 PMCID: PMC4150269 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental occupational exposures have been associated with childhood brain tumours (CBT), but results are inconsistent. Few studies have studied CBT risk and parental solvent exposure, suggesting a possible association. We examined the association between CBT and parental occupational exposure to solvents in a case-control study. METHODS Parents of 306 cases and 950 controls completed detailed occupational histories. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for both maternal and paternal exposure to benzene, other aromatics, aliphatics and chlorinated solvents in key time periods relative to the birth of their child. Adjustments were made for matching variables (child's age, sex and state of residence), best parental education and occupational exposure to diesel exhaust. RESULTS An increased risk of CBT was observed with maternal occupational exposures to chlorinated solvents (OR=8.59, 95% CI 0.94-78.9) any time before birth. Paternal exposure to solvents in the year before conception was associated with an increased CBT risk: OR=1.55 (95% CI 0.99-2.43). This increased risk appeared to be mainly attributable to exposure to aromatic solvents: OR=2.72 (95% CI 0.94-7.86) for benzene and OR=1.76 (95% CI 1.10-2.82) for other aromatics. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that parental occupational exposures to solvents may be related to an increased risk of CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - D C Glass
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - K R Greenop
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - B K Armstrong
- Sax Institute, Haymarket, New South Wales 2000, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - M Kirby
- Department of Haematology & Oncology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia
| | - E Milne
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - L Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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Greenop KR, Miller M, de Klerk NH, Scott RJ, Attia J, Ashton LJ, Dalla-Pozza L, Bower C, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Maternal Dietary Intake of Folate and Vitamins B6 and B12 During Pregnancy and Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:800-9. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.916326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Childhood and parental diagnostic radiological procedures and risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 25:375-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Greenop KR, Peters S, Fritschi L, Glass DC, Ashton LJ, Bailey HD, Scott RJ, Daubenton J, de Klerk NH, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Exposure to household painting and floor treatments, and parental occupational paint exposure and risk of childhood brain tumors: results from an Australian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 25:283-91. [PMID: 24337771 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood brain tumors (CBT) are the leading cause of cancer death in children, yet their etiology remains largely unknown. This study investigated whether household exposure to paints and floor treatments and parental occupational painting were associated with CBT risk in a population-based case-control study conducted between 2005 and 2010. METHODS Cases were identified through all ten Australian pediatric oncology centers, and controls via nationwide random-digit dialing, frequency matched to cases on age, sex, and state of residence. Data were obtained from parents in mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews. Information on domestic painting and floor treatments, and parental occupational exposure to paint, in key periods relating to the index pregnancy and childhood was obtained for 306 cases and 950 controls. Data were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for frequency matching variables and potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, we found little evidence that parental, fetal, or childhood exposure to home painting or floor treatments was associated with risk of CBT. There was, though, some evidence of a positive association between childhood exposure to indoor painting and risk of high-grade glioma [odds ratio (OR) 3.31, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.29, 8.52] based on very small numbers. The OR for the association between CBT and paternal occupational exposure to paint any time before the pregnancy was 1.32 (95 % CI 0.90, 1.92), which is consistent with the results of other studies. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found little evidence of associations between household exposure to paint and the risk of CBT in any of the time periods investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Greenop
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
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Greenop KR, Peters S, Bailey HD, Fritschi L, Attia J, Scott RJ, Glass DC, de Klerk NH, Alvaro F, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Exposure to pesticides and the risk of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1269-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Milne E, Greenop KR, Scott RJ, Ashton LJ, Cohn RJ, de Klerk NH, Armstrong BK. Parental smoking and risk of childhood brain tumors. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:253-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Milne
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Centre for Child Health Research; University of Western Australia; Perth; WA; Australia
| | - Kathryn R. Greenop
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Centre for Child Health Research; University of Western Australia; Perth; WA; Australia
| | | | - Lesley J. Ashton
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre; University of New South Wales; Sydney; NSW; Australia
| | | | - Nicholas H. de Klerk
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research; Centre for Child Health Research; University of Western Australia; Perth; WA; Australia
| | - Bruce K. Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; Australia
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Peters S, Glass DC, Reid A, de Klerk N, Armstrong BK, Kellie S, Ashton LJ, Milne E, Fritschi L. Parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts and childhood brain tumors. Int J Cancer 2012. [PMID: 23184618 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Childhood brain tumors (CBT) are the leading cause of cancer death in children; their risk factors are still largely unknown. Since most CBTs are diagnosed before five years of age, prenatal exposure and early postnatal factors may be involved in their etiology. We investigated the association between CBT and parental occupational exposure to engine exhausts in an Australian population-based case-control study. Parents of 306 cases and 950 controls completed detailed occupational histories. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for both maternal and paternal exposure in key time periods. Increased risks were observed for maternal exposure to diesel exhaust any time before the child's birth (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.09-3.81) and paternal exposure around the time of the child's conception (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12-2.34). No clear associations with other engine exhausts were found. Our results suggest that parental occupational exposure to diesel exhaust may increase the risk of CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Peters
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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Parental alcohol consumption and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 24:391-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bailey HD, Miller M, Langridge A, de Klerk NH, van Bockxmeer FM, Attia J, Scott RJ, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Maternal dietary intake of folate and vitamins B6 and B12 during pregnancy and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:1122-30. [PMID: 22966944 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.707278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to address the hypothesis that maternal dietary intake of folate during pregnancy is inversely associated with risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the offspring. Dietary intake of folate, vitamins B6 and B12 in the last 6 mo of pregnancy from 333 cases and 695 frequency-matched controls were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study matching variables, total energy, and potentially confounding variables. Higher levels of dietary folate and B12 appeared to be associated with a decreased risk of ALL. Higher levels of vitamin B6 were associated with an increased risk. The strongest associations of ALL with these variables were seen when mothers consumed alcohol in pregnancy. Our findings are consistent with a modest protective effect of higher dietary intake of folate and vitamin B12 against ALL in the offspring, more particularly among women who drank alcohol during pregnancy. These findings are consistent with previous reports of the protective effects of a maternal diet high in fruit, vegetables, and nondairy protein sources. The vitamin B6 findings are not consistent with evidence that it is a protective factor against other cancers, and may be a chance finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Bailey
- The University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, Perth, Australia.
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Milne E, Greenop KR, Bower C, Miller M, van Bockxmeer FM, Scott RJ, de Klerk NH, Ashton LJ, Gottardo NG, Armstrong BK. Maternal Use of Folic Acid and Other Supplements and Risk of Childhood Brain Tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1933-41. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Mazloum M, Bailey HD, Heiden T, Armstrong BK, de Klerk N, Milne E. Participation in population-based case-control studies: does the observed decline vary by socio-economic status? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:276-9. [PMID: 22471687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An Australian study of childhood leukaemia (Aus-ALL) previously reported that control participation was positively associated with socio-economic status (SES). A similar study of childhood brain tumours (Aus-CBT) was carried out 4 years later, and this paper compares control participation and its relationship with SES in the two studies. To assess the representativeness of controls in terms of SES, the addresses of controls were linked to Australian Bureau of Statistics Census 2006 Collection Districts (CDs), and hence to area-based indices of SES. Independent sample t-tests and chi-squared tests were used to compare the SES indices of CDs where Aus-CBT controls lived with those where Aus-ALL controls lived and with those of all CDs where Australian families lived. The overall percentage of eligible families who agreed to participate was lower in Aus-CBT (53.9%) than in Aus-ALL (70.3%). Control families in both studies were of higher SES than the general population, while the distribution of SES among recruited controls was similar in both studies. These findings provide some reassurance that the observed decline in research participation over time may not be associated with an increasingly unrepresentative participant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mazloum
- University of Western Australia, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, Perth, Western Australia
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Milne E, Greenop KR, Scott RJ, Bailey HD, Attia J, Dalla-Pozza L, de Klerk NH, Armstrong BK. Parental prenatal smoking and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:43-53. [PMID: 22143821 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between parental smoking and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was investigated in an Australian population-based case-control study that included 388 cases and 868 controls aged <15 years, recruited from 2003 to 2006. Both of the child's parents provided information about their smoking habits for each year from age 15 years to the child's birth. Data were analyzed by logistic regression. Maternal smoking was not associated with risk of childhood ALL, but the odds ratio for paternal smoking of ≥15 cigarettes per day around the time of the child's conception was 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.86). The associations between parental smoking risk of childhood ALL did not differ substantially by immunophenotypic or cytogenetic subtype. Meta-analyses of paternal smoking, including results from the Australian Study of Causes of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Children and those of previous studies, produced summary odds ratios of 1.15 (95% confidence interval: 1.06, 1.24) for any paternal smoking around the time of the child's conception and 1.44 (95% confidence interval: 1.24, 1.68) for smoking ≥20 cigarettes per day at that time. Study results suggest that heavier paternal smoking around the time of conception is a risk factor for childhood ALL. Men should be strongly encouraged to cease smoking, particularly when planning to start a family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Milne
- Division of Population Science, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Bailey HD, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Attia J, Daubenton JD, Armstrong BK, Milne E. Refuelling of vehicles, the use of wood burners and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in childhood. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2011; 25:528-39. [PMID: 21980942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is plausible that exposure of the parents before birth or of the child to sources of benzene increases the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The aim of this analysis was to investigate whether refuelling a vehicle with petrol before birth or burning wood to heat the home before or after the child's birth increased the risk of childhood ALL. Data from 389 cases and 876 frequency-matched controls were analysed using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for study matching factors and potential confounders. The odds ratio (OR) for the mother ever refuelling a vehicle with petrol for non-occupational purposes before or during the pregnancy was 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69, 1.38]. The OR for the father for this exposure in the year before conception was 0.88 [95% CI 0.52, 1.48]. The OR for use of a closed wood burner to heat the home in the year before or during pregnancy was 1.41 [95% CI 1.02, 1.94] and 1.25 [95% CI 0.92, 1.70] after birth. We found no evidence that non-occupational refuelling a vehicle with petrol in the year before or during pregnancy increased the risk of ALL in the offspring. There was weak evidence that burning wood in a closed burner to heat the home increased the risk, but there was no dose-response relationship and chance could explain the finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen D Bailey
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Reid A, Glass DC, Bailey HD, Milne E, de Klerk NH, Downie P, Fritschi L. Risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia following parental occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:1409-13. [PMID: 21915123 PMCID: PMC3241544 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Earlier studies have reported moderate increases in the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) among children whose mothers have been occupationally exposed to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Other studies examining parental occupational exposure to ELF and ALL have reported mixed results. Methods: In an Australian case–control study of ALL in children aged <15 years, parents were asked about tasks they undertook in each job. Exposure variables were created for any occupational exposure before the birth of the child, in jobs 2 years before birth, in jobs 1 year before birth and up to 1 year after birth. Results: In all, 379 case and 854 control mothers and 328 case and 748 control fathers completed an occupational history. Exposure to ELF in all time periods was similar in case and control mothers. There was no difference in exposure between case and control fathers. There was no association between maternal (odds ratio (OR)=0.96; 95% CI=0.74–1.25) or paternal (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.56–1.09) exposure to ELF any time before the birth and risk of childhood ALL. Conclusion: We did not find an increased risk of ALL in offspring of parents with occupational exposure to ELF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reid
- Epidemiology Group, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Parental occupational exposure to exhausts, solvents, glues and paints, and risk of childhood leukemia. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1575-85. [PMID: 21866372 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unknown whether parental occupational exposure to chemicals before during and after pregnancy increases the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the offspring. Few studies on this topic have assessed maternal exposures. METHODS In an Australian case-control study of ALL in children aged <15 years, parents were asked about tasks they undertook in each job using a set of job-specific modules (JSMs). An expert reviewed the likelihood of exposure to exhausts, solvents, glues, and paints. Exposure was examined in each job 2 years, 1 year and anytime before birth of the child, and up to 1 year after birth of child. RESULTS Solvent exposure was similar for case and control mothers in all time periods. More case mothers had moderate/high exposure to exhausts than control mothers anytime before the birth of the child (p = 0.010). Exposure to moderate or substantial levels of exhausts by mothers (OR = 1.97 95% CI 0.99-3.90) or fathers (OR = 1.37 95% CI 1.01-1.86) before the birth increased the risk of ALL in their offspring. Exposure to paints, pigments, glues, and resins was similar in case and control parents. CONCLUSION We found little evidence that parental occupational exposure to solvents, glues, and paints was associated with childhood ALL. There was some evidence ALL was associated with exhaust exposure.
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Bailey HD, Armstrong BK, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Attia J, Scott RJ, Smibert E, Milne E. Exposure to professional pest control treatments and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1678-88. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maternal consumption of coffee and tea during pregnancy and risk of childhood ALL: results from an Australian case-control study. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 22:207-18. [PMID: 21113653 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether maternal coffee and/or tea consumption during the last 6 months of pregnancy was associated with risk of childhood ALL. METHODS Data on coffee and tea drinking during pregnancy from 337 case mothers and 697 control mothers were analyzed using unconditional multivariable logistic regression. A meta-analysis of our findings with those of previous studies was also conducted. RESULTS There was little evidence of an overall association between maternal coffee consumption and risk of ALL: OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.61, 1.30), although there was some suggestion that higher levels of intake might increase the risk in children of non-smoking mothers: OR for 2+ cups/day = 1.44 (95% CI 0.85, 2.42); this was supported by our meta-analysis. Risk was also elevated among cases with chromosomal translocations. The overall OR for maternal tea consumption was 0.82 (95% CI 0.56, 1.18), although the OR for T-cell ALL was 0.21 (95% CI 0.08, 0.51). Among ALL cases with translocations, the ORs for tea consumption tended to be elevated: OR = 1.70 (95% CI 0.79-3.68) for 2+ cups/day. CONCLUSIONS The observed increased risk associated with coffee and tea consumption may be confined to ALL with translocations. These associations should be explored further in large international consortia.
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Bailey HD, Armstrong BK, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Attia J, Lockwood L, Milne E. Exposure to Diagnostic Radiological Procedures and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2897-909. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Bailey HD, Milne E, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Attia J, Cole C, Armstrong BK. Exposure to house painting and the use of floor treatments and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2405-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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