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Galán-Salinas A, Corral-Ruíz G, Pérez-Vega MJ, Fabila-Castillo L, Silva-García R, Marquina-Castillo B, León-Contreras JC, Barrios-Payán J, Francisco-Cruz A, Montecillo-Aguado M, Huerta-Yepez S, Calderón-Amador J, Flores-Romo L, Hernández-Pando R, Sánchez-Torres LE. Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor confers neuroprotection and prevents the development of murine cerebral malaria. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 97:107674. [PMID: 34044183 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a neurological complication derived from the Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. The mechanisms involved in the disease progression are still not fully understood, but both the sequestration of infected red blood cells (iRBC) and leukocytes and an exacerbated host inflammatory immune response are significant factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF), an anti-inflammatory peptide, in a well-characterized murine model of CM. Our data showed that the administration of MLIF increased the survival and avoided the neurological signs of CM in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) infected C57BL/6 mice. MLIF administration down-regulated systemic inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL2, and CCL2, as well as the in situ expression of TNF-α in the brain. In the same way, MLIF reduced the expression of CD31, CD36, CD54, and CD106 in the cerebral endothelium of infected animals and prevented the sequestration of iRBC and leucocytes in the brain microvasculature. Furthermore, MLIF inhibited the activation of astrocytes and microglia and preserved the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the administration of MLIF increased survival and conferred neuroprotection by decreasing neuroinflammation in murine CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galán-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - G Corral-Ruíz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - M J Pérez-Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Fabila-Castillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Silva-García
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, Mexico
| | - B Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J C León-Contreras
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - J Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico
| | - A Francisco-Cruz
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Montecillo-Aguado
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - S Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - J Calderón-Amador
- Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - L Flores-Romo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México City, Mexico.
| | - L E Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, Mexico.
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Rojas-Dotor S, Araujo-Monsalvo VM, Sánchez-Rojas MJ, Domínguez-Hernández VM. The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor inhibits the expression of inflammation-induced cytokines following experimental contusion in rat tibia. Scand J Immunol 2018; 88:e12702. [PMID: 30226645 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolityca produces the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a pentapeptide with powerful anti-inflammatory properties. MLIF may regulate trauma-induced inflammation through the effects it exerts directly or indirectly on immune cells, modulating the production and/or expression of the cytokines involved in the inflammatory processes that occur after damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of MLIF on production of pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines after contusion in the rat tibia. Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to controlled contusion with a special guillotine-type device, and 36 rats were injected with MLIF or tenoxicam into the tibia. Eighteen animals received saline; the animals were sacrificed 24 or 48 hours after injection. Cytokine mRNA and protein production were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunofluorescence, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to visualize cellular infiltration in the rats' injured tissue. Expression levels of the cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) mRNA were inhibited significantly by MLIF at 24 hours post-contusion. MLIF significantly increased the expression levels of IL-10 at 24 hours compared with tenoxicam or the control group. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in protein production levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and TGF-β at 24 hours. Histological evaluation showed the presence of infiltration by neutrophils, monocytes and leucocytes in control tissues. This infiltration was decreased after MLIF administration, and intense infiltration was observed in tenoxicam-treated group. MLIF inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rojas-Dotor
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Manuel Araujo-Monsalvo
- Laboratorio de Biomecánica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación "Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra" (INRLGII), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Julio Sánchez-Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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3
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Cornick S, Chadee K. Entamoeba histolytica: Host parasite interactions at the colonic epithelium. Tissue Barriers 2018; 5:e1283386. [PMID: 28452682 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2017.1283386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) is the protozoan parasite responsible for intestinal amebiasis and interacts dynamically with the host intestinal epithelium during disease pathogenesis. A multifaceted pathogenesis profile accounts for why 90% of individuals infected with Eh are largely asymptomatic. For 100 millions individuals that are infected each year, key interactions within the intestinal mucosa dictate disease susceptibility. The ability for Eh to induce amebic colitis and disseminate into extraintestinal organs depends on the parasite competing with indigenous bacteria and overcoming the mucus barrier, binding to host cells inducing their cell death, invasion through the mucosa and outsmarting the immune system. In this review we summarize how Eh interacts with the intestinal epithelium and subverts host defense mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Cornick
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
| | - Kris Chadee
- a Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases , Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary , Calgary , Alberta , Canada
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4
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Liu X, Hu P, Wang Y, Wang X, Huang J, Li J, Li C, Wang H, Jiang J. A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of an unstable peptide, monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 157:75-83. [PMID: 29775810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF, Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser), a pentapeptide with anti-inflammatory activity, was developed for neural protection in acute ischemic stroke. Determination of MLIF in human plasma samples is of great importance for pharmacokinetic evaluation in clinical studies. A reliable and sensitive method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established for the measurement of MLIF in human plasma. Instability of peptide in matrix was the primary challenge in method development, which was properly resolved by addition of acidification reagents like sulfuric acid. Samples were prepared by protein precipitation and then analyzed using a gradient chromatographic separation over an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile containing 0.2% formic acid and water containing 0.2% formic acid and gradient elution was performed at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Detection was carried out on a Xevo TQ-S tandem mass spectrometer and positive electrospray ionization was employed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. This method was fully validated over the concentration range of 0.5-40 ng/mL with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 0.5 ng/mL. The inter- and intra-batch precision was no more than 8.8% and the accuracy was between 88.7 and 104.2%. The mean extraction recovery was 43.3% and the detection was independent of matrix. Besides, the analyte proved to be stable under various handling processes and storage conditions after acidification. Finally, the method was applied to the first-in-human (FIH) study of MLIF in Chinese healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, PR China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- GuangDong 8Plus1 Medicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Xizhu Wang
- GuangDong 8Plus1 Medicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Jinghua Huang
- GuangDong 8Plus1 Medicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- GuangDong 8Plus1 Medicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Cheng Li
- GuangDong 8Plus1 Medicine Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, PR China
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, PR China.
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical PK and PD Investigation for Innovative Drugs, PR China.
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5
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Jiang S, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Rui Y, Zhang Y, Li T. Cardioprotective effects of monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor on myocardial ischemic injury by targeting vimentin. Life Sci 2016; 167:85-91. [PMID: 27773717 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica, has anti-inflammatory function and protective effect on ischemic stroke. In this study, we evaluated the effect of MLIF on myocardial ischemia. Mice were subjected to ischemia/reperfusion by occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). After sacrifice, the serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as the heart infarct size were measured. HE and TUNEL staining were used to observe the pathological damage and the apoptotic cells. For in vitro study, the oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD) model was established in H9c2 cells. MTT assay and flow cytometry assay were performed to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis. The expression of JNK and caspase 3 was assessed by western blot analysis. Pull-down assay was used to detect the specific binding protein of MLIF in myocardial cells. MLIF significantly reduced the infarct size, and the cTnI, CK and LDH levels, amelioratived pathological damage and reduced the apopotosis compared with the myocardial I/R model group. MLIF improved cell survival and inhibited apoptosis and necrosis by inhibiting the p-JNK and cleaved caspase3 expression. Furthermore, the binding protein of MLIF in myocardial cells was vimentin. Inhibition of vimentin expression by withaferin A or vimentin siRNA repressed the protective effects of MLIF in OGD-provoked H9c2 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the cardioprotective effects of MLIF on myocardial ischemia injury are related to reductions in the inflammatory response and apoptosis by targeting vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmacology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yaocheng Rui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Punan Hospital, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PR China.
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Gutiérrez-Meza M, Jarillo-Luna RA, Drago-Serrano ME, Abarca-Rojano E, Ventura-Juárez J, Cárdenas-Jaramillo LM, Pacheco-Yepez J. A review of the proposed role of neutrophils in rodent amebic liver abscess models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:6. [PMID: 26880421 PMCID: PMC4754534 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2016006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Host invasion by Entamoeba histolytica, the pathogenic agent of amebiasis, can lead to the development of amebic liver abscess (ALA). Due to the difficulty of exploring host and amebic factors involved in the pathogenesis of ALA in humans, most studies have been conducted with animal models (e.g., mice, gerbils, and hamsters). Histopathological findings reveal that the chronic phase of ALA in humans corresponds to lytic or liquefactive necrosis, whereas in rodent models there is granulomatous inflammation. However, the use of animal models has provided important information on molecules and mechanisms of the host/parasite interaction. Hence, the present review discusses the possible role of neutrophils in the effector immune response in ALA in rodents. Properly activated neutrophils are probably successful in eliminating amebas through oxidative and non-oxidative mechanisms, including neutrophil degranulation, the generation of free radicals (O2−, H2O2, HOCl) and peroxynitrite, the activation of NADPH-oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzymes, and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). On the other hand, if amebas are not eliminated in the early stages of infection, they trigger a prolonged and exaggerated inflammatory response that apparently causes ALAs. Genetic differences in animals and humans are likely to be key to a successful host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Manuel Gutiérrez-Meza
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México - Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Rosa Adriana Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México - Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - María Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Unidad Xochimilco, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Luz María Cárdenas-Jaramillo
- Coordinación de Ciencias Morfológicas, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yepez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito Federal, México
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Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by E. histolytica improves motor recovery and develops neuroprotection after traumatic injury to the spinal cord. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:340727. [PMID: 24294606 PMCID: PMC3835973 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is a pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica that has a potent anti-inflammatory effect. Either MLIF or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was administered directly onto the spinal cord (SC) immediately after injury. Motor recovery was evaluated. We also analyzed neuroprotection by quantifying the number of surviving ventral horn motor neurons and the persistence of rubrospinal tract neurons. To evaluate the mechanism through which MLIF improved the outcome of SC injury, we quantified the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) genes at the site of injury. Finally, the levels of nitric oxide and of lipid peroxidation were also determined in peripheral blood. Results showed that MLIF improved the rate of motor recovery and this correlated with an increased survival of ventral horn and rubrospinal neurons. These beneficial effects were in turn associated with a reduction in iNOS gene products and a significant upregulation of IL-10 and TGF- β expression. In the same way, MLIF reduced the concentration of nitric oxide and the levels of lipid peroxidation in systemic circulation. The present results demonstrate for the first time the neuroprotective effects endowed by MLIF after SC injury.
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Determination of an unstable pentapeptide, monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor, in dog blood by LC–MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 83:305-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Velázquez JR, Garibay-Martínez L, Martínez-Tejada P, Leal YA. An amebic anti-inflammatory peptide down-regulates ex vivo IL-1β expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:315-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF) Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Alters the Expression of Genes Related to the Wound-Healing Process. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Chen J, Li F, Li D, Xiong Q, Lin Y, Zhang D, Wang XF, Yang P, Rui YC. A pentapeptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor protects brain ischemia injury by targeting the eEF1A1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. Stroke 2012; 43:2764-73. [PMID: 22829547 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.657908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death worldwide but lacks viable treatment or treatment targets. Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is a small heat-stable pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica in axenic culture, which is supposed to protect the brain from ischemic injury; the mechanism, however, remains unknown. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism underlying the protective role of MLIF in brain ischemia. METHODS A middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats was used for detecting the effect of MLIF in the brain ischemia in vivo. To identify targets of MLIF in brain endothelial cells, we performed immunoprecipitation of biotin-conjugated MLIF and mass spectrometry. RESULTS MLIF can protect the brain from ischemic injury in vivo, yielding decreased ischemic volume, prolonged survival, and improved neurological outcome. In vitro studies showed that MLIF displayed protective effects through inhibition of expression of pathological inflammatory adhesion molecules and enhancing endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide release in the cerebrovascular endothelium. The target screening experiments demonstrated binding of MLIF to the ribosomal protein translation elongation factor eEF1A1. MLIF enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression through stabilization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA, and eEF1A1 was shown to be necessary for this enhanced expression. Knockdown of eEF1A1 or inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase attenuated MLIF-mediated inhibition of adhesion molecule expression. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified a new potential pharmacologically targetable mechanism underlying MLIF's protective effects in brain ischemia through the eEF1A1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Combined boyden-flow cytometry assay improves quantification and provides phenotypification of leukocyte chemotaxis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28771. [PMID: 22174892 PMCID: PMC3235166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis has been studied by classical methods that measure chemotactic and random motility responses in vitro, but these methods do not evaluate the total number and phenotype of migrating leukocytes simultaneously. Our objective was to develop and validate a novel assay, combined Boyden-flow cytometry chemotaxis assay (CBFCA), for simultaneous quantification and phenotypification of migrating leukocytes. CBFCA exhibited several important advantages in comparison to the classic Boyden chemotaxis assay (CBCA): 1) improved precision (intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs): CBFCA-4.7 and 4.8% vs. CBCA-30.1 and 17.3%; inter-observer CVs: CBFCA-3.6% vs. CBCA 30.1%); 2) increased recovery of cells, which increased assay to provide increased sensitivity; 3) high specificity for determining the phenotype of migrating/attracted leukocytes; and 4) reduced performance time (CBFCA 120 min vs. CBCA 265 min). Other advantages of CBFCA are: 5) robustness, 6) linearity, 7) eliminated requirement for albumin and, importantly, 8) enabled recovery of migrating leukocytes for subsequent studies. This latter feature is of great benefit in the study of migrating leukocyte subsets. We conclude that the CBFCA is a novel and improved technique for experiments focused on understanding leukocyte trafficking during the inflammatory response.
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Yao J, Xu Y, Ji F, Wang C, Zhang Y, Ni J, Wang R. Protective effects of MLIF analogs on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:1047-54. [PMID: 21402115 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) is an anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Among its different effects, it inhibits locomotion of human monocytes, hence its original name. The carboxyl-terminal end group Cys-Asn-Ser is the pharmacophore of anti-inflammatory peptide Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser. In this study, the N-terminal of Cys-Asn-Ser was modified. With the aim to enhance the antioxidant ability and penetrability of Cys-Asn-Ser, we designed and synthesized two tetrapeptides Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser and His-Cys-Asn-Ser. The neuroprotective effects of Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser and His-Cys-Asn-Ser on focal ischemia reperfusion were investigated, and their pharmacological activities compared with Cys-Asn-Ser were studied. In order to study the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of these peptides, the level of oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were detected in brain tissue homogenate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tian Shui South Road, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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Rojas-Dotor S, Vargas-Neri L, Blanco-Favela F. Effect of the Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF) a Natural Anti-Inflammatory Produced by E. Histolytica on Apoptosis in Human CD4 + T Lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2011.24032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MUÑOZ-ORTEGA M, QUINTANAR-STEPHANO A, GARCÍA LORENZANA M, CAMPOS-ESPARZA MR, SILVA-BRIANO M, ADABACHE-ORTÍZ A, CAMPOS-RODRÍGUEZ R, RODRÍGUEZ MG, VENTURA-JUÁREZ J. Modulation of amoebic hepatic abscess by the parasympathetic system. Parasite Immunol 2010; 33:65-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2010.01245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Anti-inflammatory defense mechanisms of Entamoeba histolytica. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:111-7. [PMID: 20938711 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable oligopeptide found in the supernatant fluid of Entamoeba histolytica axenic cultures, may contribute to the delayed inflammation observed in amoebic hepatic abscess. This factor was isolated by ultra-filtration and high powered liquid chromatography, obtaining a primary Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser structure, identified afterwards as the carboxyl-terminal (…Cys-Asn-Ser) active site. The selective anti-inflammatory effects of the pentapeptide have been observed in both in vitro and in vivo models, using a synthetic pentapeptide to maintain the same anti-inflammatory conditions during the experimental assays. Anti-inflammatory effects observed include inhibition of human monocyte locomotion and the respiratory burst in monocytes and neutrophils, increasing expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting expression of the adhesion molecules VLA-4 and VCAM, among others. In this review, we will describe the effects of MLIF detected so far and how it might be used as a therapeutical agent against inflammatory diseases.
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Godina-Gonzalez S, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Utrera-Barillas D, Alcocer-Varela J, Teran LM, Vazquez-del Mercado M, Leal YA, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Velazquez JR. Amebic monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor peptide ameliorates inflammation in CIA mouse model by downregulation of cell adhesion, inflammation/chemotaxis, and matrix metalloproteinases genes. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:1041-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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The role of lipopeptidophosphoglycan in the immune response to Entamoeba histolytica. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:254521. [PMID: 20145703 PMCID: PMC2817369 DOI: 10.1155/2010/254521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by innate immune receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), is the first step in the inflammatory response to pathogens. Entamoeba histolytica, the etiological agent of amebiasis, has a surface molecule with the characteristics of a PAMP. This molecule, which was termed lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG), is recognized through TLR2 and TLR4 and leads to the release of cytokines from human monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; LPPG-activated dendritic cells have increased expression of costimulatory molecules. LPPG activates NKT cells in a CD1d-dependent manner, and this interaction limits amebic liver abscess development. LPPG also induces antibody production, and anti-LPPG antibodies prevent disease development in animal models of amebiasis. Because LPPG is recognized by both the innate and the adaptive immune system (it is a “Pamptigen”), it may be a good candidate to develop a vaccine against E. histolytica infection and an effective adjuvant.
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Lejeune M, Rybicka JM, Chadee K. Recent discoveries in the pathogenesis and immune response toward Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:105-18. [PMID: 19207103 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.4.1.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric dwelling human protozoan parasite that causes the disease amoebiasis, which is endemic in the developing world. Over the past four decades, considerable effort has been made to understand the parasite and the disease. Improved diagnostics can now differentiate pathogenic E. histolytica from that of the related but nonpathogenic Entamoeba dispar, thus minimizing screening errors. Classically, the triad of Gal-lectin, cysteine proteinases and amoebapores of the parasite were thought to be the major proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amoebiasis. However, other amoebic molecules such as lipophosphopeptidoglycan, perioxiredoxin, arginase, and lysine and glutamic acid-rich proteins are also implicated. Recently, the genome of E. histolytica has been sequenced, which has widened our scope to study additional virulence factors. E. histolytica genome-based approaches have now confirmed the presence of Golgi apparatus-like vesicles and the machinery for glycosylation, thus improving the chances of identifying potential drug targets for chemotherapeutic intervention. Apart from Gal-lectin-based vaccines, promising vaccine targets such as serine-rich E. histolytica protein have yielded encouraging results. Considerable efforts have also been made to skew vaccination responses towards appropriate T-helper cell immunity that could augment the efficacy of vaccine candidates under study. Thus, ongoing efforts mining the information made available with the sequencing of the E. histolytica genome will no doubt identify and characterize other important potential vaccine/drug targets and lead to effective immunologic strategies for the control of amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manigandan Lejeune
- University of Calgary, Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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20
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Ventura-Juárez J, Barba-Gallardo LF, Muñoz-Fernández L, Martínez-Medina L, Márquez-Díaz F, Sosa-Díaz SJ, Gerardo-Rodríguez M, González-Romo R, Campos-Rodríguez R. Immunohistochemical characterization of human fulminant amoebic colitis. Parasite Immunol 2007; 29:201-9. [PMID: 17371457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In cases of fulminant amoebic colitis we have determined the interactions between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and immune cells in order to better understand the pathophysiology of amoebic colitis. Eleven specimens of amoebic colitis and five specimens of colon without amoebic lesions were studied. Trophozoites and immune cells were located by topographic stains, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Trophozoites were seen in both damaged and undamaged areas of the colonic mucosa. Specimens of fulminant amoebic colitis showed: (a) an increase in IgA+, IgG+ B cells and neutrophils; (b) a reduction in IgM+ B cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, eosinophils and mast cells; and (c) no change in the number of NK and CD4+ T cells. The cellular infiltrate in amoebic colitis may represent the combined effects of amoebic monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor and switching of IgM+ B cells to IgG+ and IgA+ plasma cells, induced by amoebic antigens. Tissue damage in the absence of trophozoites may result from ischaemia or host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México.
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21
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Kammanadiminti SJ, Dey I, Chadee K. Induction of monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in colonic epithelial cells by Entamoeba histolytica is mediated via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/p65 pathway. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1765-70. [PMID: 17283105 PMCID: PMC1865671 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01442-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role intestinal epithelial cells play in the pathogenesis of amebic colitis is poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrate that secreted and soluble ameba (Entamoeba histolytica) proteins (SAP) induce expression of the chemoattractant monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) in the colonic epithelial cell lines Caco-2, T84, and LS174T. MCP-1 mRNA induction was both dose and time dependent, with peak induction occurring at 8 h and with 100 mug/ml of SAP. Significant increase in MCP-1 protein expression was observed after 12 h. SAP failed to activate any of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways or IkappaB kinase activity. Moreover, inhibiting the classical pathway of NF-kappaB activation did not affect SAP-induced MCP-1 expression. Instead, we find that SAP-induced MCP-1 expression is dependent on posttranslational modification of the NFkappaB p65 subunit. SAP induced phosphorylation of p65 and enhanced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity, which are phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3 kinase) dependent. Treatment with PI3 kinase inhibitor LY290004 significantly abrogated the activation of Akt, p65, and MCP-1 mRNA induction. We conclude that colonic epithelial cells play a role in the initiation of inflammation by secreting chemokines in response to soluble ameba components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas J Kammanadiminti
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Soriano-Correa C, Sánchez-Ruiz JF, Rico-Rosillo G, Giménez-Scherer JA, Velázquez JR, Kretschmer RR. Electronic structure and physicochemical properties of the anti-inflammatory pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica: A theoretical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Rojas-Dotor S, Rico G, Pérez J, Velázquez J, Silva R, Morales E, Kretschmer R. Cytokine expression in CD4(+) cells exposed to the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Res 2005; 98:493-5. [PMID: 16374615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica produces monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a pentapeptide with in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties. MLIF may interfere with leukocyte migration, disturbing the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We evaluated the effect of MLIF on expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Regulatory cytokines [interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-2, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10] were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method in CD4(+)-cell supernatant fluids. Proinflammatory cytokines were produced per se by MLIF (IL-1beta, IL-2, and IFN-gamma) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10) with 1-phorbol-12 myristate-13 acetate + MLIF; the IL-1beta, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-6 production was inhibited but not that of IL-10 which disclosed increase in its expression. MLIF disturbs the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance, and it induces inhibition of IL-1beta (principal proinflammatory cytokine) and increases IL-10 (prototype of an anti-inflammatory cytokine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rojas-Dotor
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
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24
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Morales ME, Rico G, Gómez JL, Alonso R, Cortés R, Silva R, Giménez JA, Kretschmer R, Aguilar-Setién A. Could the homologous sequence of anti-inflammatory pentapeptide (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica in the N protein of rabies virus affect the inflammatory process? Parasitol Res 2005; 98:232-6. [PMID: 16341883 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-0027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis and rabies are public health problems, and they have in common a poor inflammatory effect in the target organs that they affect. In the GenBank, it was found that the anti-inflammatory peptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica homologates 80%, with a fragment of the N protein of the rabies virus. We speculated if the N protein could contribute to the scant inflammatory reaction produced by rabies virus in central nervous system. The N protein was obtained and studied in vitro and in vivo. The N protein, as MLIF, inhibited the respiratory burst in human mononuclear phagocytes (43%, p<0.05), but in contrast to MLIF, it increased chemotaxis and it did not significantly inhibit delayed hypersensitivity skin reaction to 1-chloro-2-4-dinitrobenzene in guinea pigs. Therefore, the full peptide sequence has to be present or it has to be cleaved-free from the large recombinant N protein molecule (55 kDa) to become active.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Morales
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Mexico City, DF, Mexico.
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25
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Boettner DR, Huston CD, Sullivan JA, Petri WA. Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar utilize externalized phosphatidylserine for recognition and phagocytosis of erythrocytes. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3422-30. [PMID: 15908370 PMCID: PMC1111853 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.6.3422-3430.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebic erythrophagocytosis is characteristic of invasive amebiasis, and mutants deficient in erythrocyte ingestion are avirulent. We sought to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying erythrocyte phagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica. Following adherence to amebae, erythrocytes became round and crenulated, and phosphatidylserine (PS) was exposed on their outer membrane leaflets. These changes were similar to the effects of calcium treatment on erythrocytes, which we utilized to separate ameba-induced exposure of erythrocyte PS from the process of phagocytosis. The adherence and phagocytosis of calcium-treated erythrocytes were less inhibited by galactose than were those of healthy erythrocytes, suggesting the existence of an amebic coreceptor specific for PS. To test whether PS was recognized by amebae, calcium-treated cells were incubated with annexin V prior to adherence to or ingestion by E. histolytica. Annexin V blocked both adherence (50% +/- 12% inhibition; P < 0.05) and phagocytosis (65% +/- 10%; P < 0.05), providing evidence that at least one galactose-independent coreceptor was involved in the adherence and ingestion of red blood cells. The coreceptor was inhibited by phospho-l-serine and to a lesser extent by phospho-d-serine but not by phospho-l-threonine, which is consistent with the coreceptor functioning in the adherence and ingestion of erythrocytes via recognition of PS. We expanded our investigations to the highly related but noninvasive parasite Entamoeba dispar and demonstrated that it was deficient in red-blood-cell adherence, induction of PS exposure, and phagocytosis. These findings establish phosphatidylserine involvement in erythrophagocytosis by amebae and suggest the existence of a PS receptor on the surfaces of both E. histolytica and E. dispar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Boettner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, P. O. Box 801340, Rm. 2115, MR4 Building, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1340, USA
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26
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica infects almost 10% of the world's population and results in about 100 000 deaths annually(1). Relatively little information is available concerning the immune response and the immunopathology elicited by this parasite, probably due in part to the lack of a truly appropriate animal model(2-4). However, there has been some progress - particularly concerning the interaction of this parasite with cells of the immune system(5,6). This review summarizes the salient features of the cellular immune response and immunopathology, largely from in vitro studies and studies using the gerbil model for invasive amoebiasis(7,8). Overall, the results suggest that invasive amoebtasis induces profound immune dysfunction both at the effector level of macrophages and on their accessory cell potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Institute of Parasitology of McGill University, Macdonald College, 21, III Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X 1CO
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27
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Giménez-Scherer JA, Cárdenas G, López-Osuna M, Velázquez JR, Rico G, Isibasi A, Maldonado MDC, Morales ME, Fernández-Diez J, Kretschmer RR. Immunization with a tetramer derivative of an anti-inflammatory pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica protects gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) against experimental amoebic abscess of the liver. Parasite Immunol 2005; 26:343-9. [PMID: 15679631 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica produces a pentapeptide (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) with several anti-inflammatory properties, including the inhibition of human monocyte locomotion (Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF)). A construct displays the same effects as the native material. It remains to be seen if MLIF is used, or even produced in vivo by the tissue-invading parasite. If MLIF were to be relevant in invasive amoebiasis, immunizing against it could diminish this parasite advantage and prevent lesions. KLH-linked MLIF mixed with Freund's adjuvant was too aggressive an immunizing material to answer this question. However, immunization with a tetramer of MLIF (but not a scrambled version of MLIF) around a lysine core (MLIF-MAPS), that displays increased antigenicity, yet lacks excessive innate immunity activation, completely protects gerbils against amoebic abscess of the liver caused by the intraportal injection of virulent E. histolytica. Liver abscesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes were not prevented. Invasive E. histolytica may produce the parent protein of MLIF in vivo, and if appropriately cleaved, it may play a role in invasive amoebiasis. MLIF may join new vaccination strategies against amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Giménez-Scherer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Coordinacion de Investigacion en Salud, Centro Medico Nacional, Siglo XXI, IMSS. Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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28
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Ventura-Juárez J, Jarillo-Luna RA, Fuentes-Aguilar E, Pineda-Vázquez A, Muñoz-Fernández L, Madrid-Reyes JI, Campos-Rodríguez R. Human amoebic hepatic abscess: in situ interactions between trophozoites, macrophages, neutrophils and T cells. Parasite Immunol 2004; 25:503-11. [PMID: 15157027 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2003.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic liver abscesses (ALA) are the most frequent and severe extraintestinal clinical presentations of amoebiasis. During the early establishment of amoebae in the liver parenchyma, as well as during the extension of the tissue necrosis, parasites interact with the parenchymal liver cells and, as a consequence of these interactions, hepatocytes can be destroyed and host immune cells can become activated. However, little is known about the nature of these interactions in the liver or about the factors involved in the local immune response. In this investigation we studied the localization of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites, TCD4+, TCD8+ cells, CD68+ macrophages and CD15+ neutrophils in human ALA using immunohistochemical techniques. Trophozoites were found close to undamaged hepatocytes in both lysed and non-lysed areas with either sparse or abundant inflammatory infiltrate. CD8+ cells were more abundant than CD4+ T cells. CD 68+ macrophages and CD15+ neutrophils were also detected, suggesting that neutrophils, macrophages and T cells might be related to the local host immune mechanisms in ALA. We also found that E. histolytica possesses proteins recognized by antibodies raised against inducible nitric oxide synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México.
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29
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Utrera-Barillas D, Velazquez JR, Enciso A, Cruz SM, Rico G, Curiel-Quesada E, Teran LM, Kretschmer RR. An anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica down-regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines. Parasite Immunol 2004; 25:475-82. [PMID: 15157024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2003.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica produces a pentapeptide (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) with anti-inflammatory properties that, among others, inhibits the in vitro and in vivo locomotion of human monocytes, sparing polymorphonuclear leucocytes from this effect [hence the name originally given. Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF)]. A synthetic construct of this peptide displays the same effects as the native material. We now added MLIF to resting and PMA-stimulated cells of a human monocyte cell line and measured the effect upon mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines (RANTES, IP-10, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, MCP-1, IL-8, I-309 and lymphotactin) and the shared CC receptor repertoire. The constitutive expression of these chemokines and the CC receptors was unaffected, whereas induced expression of MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and I-309, and that of the CCR1 receptor--all involved in monocyte chemotaxis--was significantly inhibited by MLIF. This suggests that the inhibition of monocyte functions by MLIF may not only be exerted directly on these cells, but also--and perhaps foremost--through a conglomerate down-regulation of endogenous pro-inflammatory chemokines.
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30
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Rico G, Leandro E, Rojas S, Giménez JA, Kretschmer RR. The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica inhibits induced nitric oxide production in human leukocytes. Parasitol Res 2003; 90:264-7. [PMID: 12884017 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-002-0780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2002] [Accepted: 10/15/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor, an anti-inflammatory pentapeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica, inhibits the in vitro production of nitric oxide induced by cytokines (INF-gamma, TNF-alpha) or PMA in human leukocytes. This can be added to the other previously reported functional effects of this factor, such as the inhibition of monocyte locomotion and the synthesis of reactive oxygen intermediates in both monocytes and neutrophils. The decreased nitric oxide production may interfere with the killing of amebas by neutrophils in the early invasive stages of amebiasis, when oxidative mechanisms are used [reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates either individually or synergistically via peroxynitrite (ONOO(-))], and in the advanced stages, when both non-oxidative and oxidative (including nitric oxide) mechanisms are employed by macrophages. Diminished nitric oxide production by leukocytes may also contribute to the paucity of late inflammatory components in amebic abscess of the liver and other amebic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación Médica, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, Apdo. Postal A-047, Mexico City, D.F. 06703, Mexico
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31
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Silva García R, Rico Rosillo G, Espinosa Cantellano M, Castañon G, Giménez Scherer J, Kretschmer R. Entamoeba dispar does not produce the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasite Immunol 2003; 25:99-101. [PMID: 12791105 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Silva García
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Coordinación de Investigación Médica, México, D.F
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32
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Jarillo-Luna RA, Campos-Rodríguez R, Tsutsumi V. Entamoeba histolytica: immunohistochemical study of hepatic amoebiasis in mouse. Neutrophils and nitric oxide as possible factors of resistance. Exp Parasitol 2002; 101:40-56. [PMID: 12243737 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4894(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies in mice have not rendered conclusive data on cell and humoral factors to support the resistance of this rodent to Entamoeba histolytica infection. In Balb/c and C3H/HeJ mice inoculated with live or fixed trophozoites, we studied the evolution of the hepatic lesion, the kinetics of inflammatory cells, and the participation of some humoral factors in the development of the hepatic amoebic lesion. From the first hour, amoebae were surrounded by neutrophils containing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS); macrophages also expressing iNOS appeared lately, whereas NK cells were not part of the inflammatory infiltrates. On the fourth day, neutrophils, macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells, and some NK cells limited the lesions and anti-amoeba antibodies appeared when most parasites had been eliminated. Therefore, the resistance of the mice to E. histolytica probably lies in non-specific immune responses, among which the activation of neutrophils and the production of nitric oxide (NO) may be important amoebicide factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Jarillo-Luna
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Cinvestav-IPN, México City, Mexico
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33
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Kretschmer RR, Rico G, Giménez JA. A novel anti-inflammatory oligopeptide produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2001; 112:201-9. [PMID: 11223127 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(00)00367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable oligopeptide found in the supernatant fluid of Entamoeba histolytica axenic cultures was isolated by ultra-filtration, gel-sieve chromatography and high powered liquid chromatography (HPLC), and its primary structure (Met-Gln-Cys-Asn-Ser) established by Edman sequencing and mass-spectrometry (MS). A synthetic peptide had the same selective anti-inflammatory features as the native material in comparable concentrations: in vitro inhibition of the locomotion in human peripheral blood monocytes, and of the respiratory burst in the same cells and in human neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes; and in vivo depression of delayed hypersensitivity skin reactions to dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs. This oligopeptide is apparently synthesized by the ameba as suggested by [(35)S]-Cys and Met incorporation, probably as part of a larger molecule, from which it is cleaved by proteolysis. The full sequence was not found in the 431 available E. histolytica protein sequences. The factor may contribute to the unexpected paucity of the late inflammatory reaction found in advanced invasive amebiasis and, perhaps in consequence, to the regeneration without scarring (restitutio ad integrum) of the affected organs that is observed following successful treatment of this disease
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Kretschmer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México C.P. 03020, Mexico.
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Silva R, Rico G, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Giménez JA, Kretschmer R. Does Entamoeba dispar produce monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) like Entamoeba histolytica? Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S94-5. [PMID: 11070239 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Silva
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kretschmer R, Rico G, Giménez JA. Isolation and structural studies of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S76-7. [PMID: 11070231 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Kretschmer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Rico G, Leandro E, Rojas S, Giménez J, Kretschmer R. The effect of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica upon nitric oxide production by human leukocytes. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S90-1. [PMID: 11070237 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Rico
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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López-Osuna M, Cárdenas G, Isario J, Arellano J, Fernández-Diez J, Isibasi A, Kretschmer R. Induction of protective immunity against experimental amebic abscess of the liver (EAAL) using the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica: a preliminary report. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S110-1. [PMID: 11070246 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M López-Osuna
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Giménez-Scherer JA, Arenas E, Díaz L, Rico G, Fernández J, Kretschmer R. Effect of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica on the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the skin of guinea pigs. Arch Med Res 2000; 31:S92-3. [PMID: 11070238 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Giménez-Scherer
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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Abstract
In spite of a wealth of knowledge on the biochemistry and cellular and molecular biology of Entamoeba histolytica, little has been done to apply these advances to our understanding of the lesions observed in patients with intestinal amebiasis. In this review, the pathological and histological findings in acute amebic colitis are related to the molecular mechanisms of E. histolytica pathogenicity described to date. Infection of the human colon by E. histolytica produces focal ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, resulting in dysentery (diarrhea with blood and mucus). Although a complete picture has not yet been achieved, the basic mechanisms involved in the production of focal lytic lesions include complex multifactorial processes in which lectins facilitate adhesion, proteases degrade extracellular matrix components, porins help nourish the parasite and may also kill incoming polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, and motility is used by the parasite to invade deeper layers of the colon. In addition, E. histolytica has developed mechanisms to modulate the immune response during acute infection. Nevertheless, much still needs to be unraveled to understand how this microscopic parasite has earned its well-deserved histolytic name.
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Espinosa-Cantellano M, Martínez-Palomo A. Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:318-31. [PMID: 10756002 PMCID: PMC100155 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.2.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of a wealth of knowledge on the biochemistry and cellular and molecular biology of Entamoeba histolytica, little has been done to apply these advances to our understanding of the lesions observed in patients with intestinal amebiasis. In this review, the pathological and histological findings in acute amebic colitis are related to the molecular mechanisms of E. histolytica pathogenicity described to date. Infection of the human colon by E. histolytica produces focal ulceration of the intestinal mucosa, resulting in dysentery (diarrhea with blood and mucus). Although a complete picture has not yet been achieved, the basic mechanisms involved in the production of focal lytic lesions include complex multifactorial processes in which lectins facilitate adhesion, proteases degrade extracellular matrix components, porins help nourish the parasite and may also kill incoming polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages, and motility is used by the parasite to invade deeper layers of the colon. In addition, E. histolytica has developed mechanisms to modulate the immune response during acute infection. Nevertheless, much still needs to be unraveled to understand how this microscopic parasite has earned its well-deserved histolytic name.
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Rico G, Díaz-Guerra O, Kretschmer RR. Cyclic nucleotide changes induced in human leukocytes by a product of axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica that inhibits human monocyte locomotion. Parasitol Res 1995; 81:158-62. [PMID: 7731924 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pulse exposure of human mononuclear phagocytes to the monocyte locomotion-inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica (i.e., the 369- to 765-Da chromatographic fraction obtained from the supernatant fluid of axenically grown E. histolytica) led to a swift increase in the intracellular concentration of adenosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). A weaker response was observed in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the locomotion of which, however, is not inhibited by this amebic factor. The same chromatographic fraction obtained from the axenic medium control lacked this effect, at least upon mononuclear phagocytes. On the other hand, both the monocyte locomotion-inhibitory factor and the axenic medium control, possibly through shared cultured medium components, induced comparable increases in guanosine 3':5' cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in human mononuclear phagocytes and in polymorphonuclear leukocytes, thus suggesting that the latter-nucleotide is not critical for the leukotactic inhibitory phenomenon. Our results suggest that like other leukotactic inhibitors, the monocyte locomotion-inhibitory factor produced by E. histolytica operates through modulations of intracellular cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rico
- Unidad de Immunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F., México
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Stewart GL, Shupe K, Kim I, Silvany RE, Alizadeh H, McCulley JP, Niederkorn JY. Antibody-dependent neutrophil-mediated killing of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:739-42. [PMID: 7928077 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils from naive rats lysed low numbers of Acanthamoeba castellanii in the presence of normal rat serum and significantly higher numbers of the parasite in the presence of serum from immunized rats. With normal rat serum, neutrophils from rats immunized with crude parasite extract or from naive rats killed similar percentages of A. castellanii. However, neutrophils from immunized rats killed a significantly greater percentage of parasites in the presence of serum from immunized rats than was seen with any other combination of serum and neutrophils. The addition of supernatant from cultures of concanavalin A-stimulated rat spleen cells to incubations of the parasite in the presence of neutrophils from naive or immunized rats and immune serum resulted in the highest levels of amoebolysis seen in this study. This study has shown that neutrophils from naive rats or from rats immunized with A. castellanii antigen display a very limited amoebolytic capability which is significantly augmented in the presence of serum from immunized rats and further boosted by the addition of supernatant from Con A-stimulated rat spleen cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Stewart
- Center for Parasitology, University of Texas at Arlington 76019
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Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amebiasis, was first described in 1875. Although a large number of people throughout the world are infected with this organism, only a small percentage will develop clinical symptoms. Morbidity and mortality due to E. histolytica vary from area to area and person to person. Recent findings have suggested that there are pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of E. histolytica that can be differentiated by isoenzyme (zymodeme) analysis, monoclonal antibodies, and DNA probes. Whether pathogenicity is a genotypic trait or can be changed by environmental influences has not been resolved. Exchange of genetic material between strains of amebae can influence zymodeme patterns. Currently, detection of E. histolytica infections depends on examinations for ova and parasites and on serologic tests; however, the development of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes specific for pathogenic zymodemes may be beneficial for clinical laboratory testing and therapeutic decisions when approved tests become available. A better understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity at the molecular level is evolving and should promote the development of vaccines and better target selection for therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bruckner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Medical Center 90024-1713
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Kretschmer RR, Castro EM, Pacheco G, Rico G, Díaz-Guerra O, Arellano J. The role of mannose in the receptor of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Res 1991; 77:374-8. [PMID: 1653955 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by Entamoeba histolytica is diminished, if not cancelled, when human monocytes are pre-exposed to concanavalin A or sodium periodate, respectively, but not when MLIF is pretreated with sodium periodate. When the MLIF-inhibited monocyte locomotion assays were performed in the presence of 12 different carbohydrates, only the runs containing D-mannose, 4-O-beta-galactosyl-mannoside or mannan revealed a significant reduction in the inhibitory effect. Finally, the MLIF activity was virtually absorbed out with mannan-coupled Sepharose 4B beads. This suggests that D-mannose constitutes an essential part of the receptor for MLIF on the human monocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Kretschmer
- Division of Immunology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City
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Kretschmer RR, Castro EM, Rico G, Pacheco G, Noriega R, Arellano J. Further characterization of a human monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor produced by axenically grown Entamoeba histolytica. Parasitol Res 1989; 75:245-6. [PMID: 2540491 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R R Kretschmer
- Division of Immunology, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica del Centro Médico Nacional, Mexico City
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Abstract
Experimental intrahepatic inoculation of the gerbil with Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites was used as a model of liver amebiasis to study the cellular immune response elicited by the parasite. It was shown that abscess-derived macrophages (5 to 20 days old) were deficient in their capacity to develop a respiratory burst, to secrete and express membrane-bound interleukin-1-like activity, and to kill E. histolytica trophozoites as well as to respond to lymphokines in vitro. However, macrophages isolated from the spleen and peritoneal cavities from the same infected animals were not significantly down regulated in these functions. Splenocytes from infected gerbils were shown to develop a strong responsiveness to amebic antigen, whereas their response to concanavalin A was suppressed. Crude E. histolytica extracts or conditioned medium down regulated murine BALB/c macrophage accessory and effector cell functions in vitro in a manner similar to abscess-derived macrophages, whereas crude extracts of the nonvirulent E. histolytica-like Laredo strain did not. Our results indicate that intrinsic or secreted products or both from E. histolytica are actively regulating macrophage functions at the abscess site and can possibly mediate other immunoregulatory mechanisms at distant targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denis
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada
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