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Jayaraman A, Walachowski S, Bosmann M. The complement system: A key player in the host response to infections. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350814. [PMID: 39188171 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Infections are one of the most significant healthcare and economic burdens across the world as underscored by the recent coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, with the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand host-pathogen interactions to design effective treatment strategies. The complement system is a key arsenal of the host defense response to pathogens and bridges both innate and adaptive immunity. However, in the contest between pathogens and host defense mechanisms, the host is not always victorious. Pathogens have evolved several approaches, including co-opting the host complement regulators to evade complement-mediated killing. Furthermore, deficiencies in the complement proteins, both genetic and therapeutic, can lead to an inefficient complement-mediated pathogen eradication, rendering the host more susceptible to certain infections. On the other hand, overwhelming infection can provoke fulminant complement activation with uncontrolled inflammation and potentially fatal tissue and organ damage. This review presents an overview of critical aspects of the complement-pathogen interactions during infection and discusses perspectives on designing therapies to mitigate complement dysfunction and limit tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jayaraman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Walachowski
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Vondráček O, Mikeš L, Talacko P, Leontovyč R, Bulantová J, Horák P. Differential proteomic analysis of laser-microdissected penetration glands of avian schistosome cercariae with a focus on proteins involved in host invasion. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:343-358. [PMID: 35218763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome invasive stages, cercariae, leave intermediate snail hosts, penetrate the skin of definitive hosts, and transform to schistosomula which migrate to the final location. During invasion, cercariae employ histolytic and other bioactive products of specialized holocrine secretory cells - postacetabular (PA) and circumacetabular (CA) penetration glands. Although several studies attempted to characterize protein composition of the in vitro-induced gland secretions in Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, the results were somewhat inconsistent and dependent on the method of sample collection and processing. Products of both gland types mixed during their secretion did not allow localization of identified proteins to a particular gland. Here we compared proteomes of separately isolated cercarial gland cells of the avian schistosome Trichobilharzia szidati, employing laser-assisted microdissection and shotgun LC-MS/MS, thus obtaining the largest dataset so far of the representation and localization of cercarial penetration gland proteins. We optimized the methods of sample processing with cercarial bodies (heads) first. Alizarin-pre-stained, chemically non-fixed samples provided optimal results of MS analyses, and enabled us to distinguish PA and CA glands for microdissection. Using 7.5 x 106 μm3 sample volume per gland replicate, we identified 3347 peptides assigned to 792 proteins, from which 461 occurred in at least two of three replicates in either gland type (PA = 455, 40 exclusive; CA = 421, six exclusive; 60 proteins differed significantly in their abundance between the glands). Peptidases of five catalytic types accounted for ca. 8% and 6% of reliably identified proteins in PA and CA glands, respectively. Invadolysin, nardilysin, cathepsins B2 and L3, and elastase 2b orthologs were the major gland endopeptidases. Two cystatins and a serpin were highly abundant peptidase inhibitors in the glands. While PA glands generally had rich enzymatic equipment, CA glands were conspicuously abundant in venom allergen-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Vondráček
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Pavel Talacko
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV Průmyslová 595, Vestec, Czechia
| | - Roman Leontovyč
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague, Czechia
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Schistosoma mansoni cercarial elastase (SmCE): differences in immunogenic properties of native and recombinant forms. Parasitology 2017; 144:1356-1364. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe Schistosoma mansoni cercarial elastase (SmCE) has previously been shown to be poorly immunogenic in mice. However, a minority of mice were able to produce antibodies against SmCE after multiple immunizations with crude preparations containing the enzyme. These mice were partially protected against challenge infections of S. mansoni. In the present study, we show that in contrast to the poor immunogenicity of the enzymatically active native form of SmCE derived from a crude preparation (cercarial transformation fluid), immunization of CBA/Ca mice with two enzymatically inactive forms, namely purified native SmCE or a recombinant SmCE fused to recombinant Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (rSmCE-SjGST), after adsorption onto aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, induced specific anti-SmCE immunoglobulin G (IgG) in all mice within 2 weeks of the second immunization. The IgG antibody response to rSmCE-SjGST was mainly of the IgG1 subclass. These results suggest that inactive forms of the antigen could be used to obtain the optimum immunogenic effects as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis. Mice immunized with the rSmCE-SjGST on alum had smaller mean worm burdens and lower tissue egg counts when compared with adjuvant alone- and recombinant SjGST-injected controls. The native SmCE was antigenically cross-reactive with homologous enzymes of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma margrebowiei.
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Řimnáčová J, Mikeš L, Turjanicová L, Bulantová J, Horák P. Changes in surface glycosylation and glycocalyx shedding in Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae) during the transformation of cercaria to schistosomulum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173217. [PMID: 28296924 PMCID: PMC5351870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The invasive larvae (cercariae) of schistosomes penetrate the skin of their definitive hosts. During the invasion, they undergo dramatic ultrastructural and physiological transitions. These changes result in the development of the subsequent stage, schistosomulum, which migrates through host tissues in close contact with host's immune system. One of the striking changes in the transforming cercariae is the shedding of their thick tegumental glycocalyx, which represents an immunoattractive structure; therefore its removal helps cercariae to avoid immune attack. A set of commercial fluorescently labeled lectin probes, their saccharide inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies against the trisaccharide Lewis-X antigen (LeX, CD15) were used to characterize changes in the surface saccharide composition of the neuropathogenic avian schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti during the transformation of cercariae to schistosomula, both in vitro and in vivo. The effect of various lectins on glycocalyx shedding was evaluated microscopically. The involvement of peptidases and their inhibitors on the shedding of glycocalyx was investigated using T. regenti recombinant cathepsin B2 and a set of peptidase inhibitors. The surface glycocalyx of T. regenti cercariae was rich in fucose and mannose/glucose residues. After the transformation of cercariae in vitro or in vivo within their specific duck host, reduction and vanishing of these epitopes was observed, and galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine emerged. The presence of LeX was not observed on the cercariae, but the antigen was gradually expressed from the anterior part of the body in the developing schistosomula. Some lectins which bind to the cercarial surface also induced secretion from the acetabular penetration glands. Seven lectins induced the shedding of glycocalyx by cercariae, among which five bound strongly to cercarial surface; the effect could be blocked by saccharide inhibitors. Mannose-binding protein, part of the lectin pathway of the complement system, also bound to cercariae and schistosomula, but had little effect on glycocalyx shedding. Our study did not confirm the involvement of proteolysis in glycocalyx shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Řimnáčová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Libuše Turjanicová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Kašný M, Mikeš L, Hampl V, Dvořák J, Caffrey CR, Dalton JP, Horák P. Chapter 4 Peptidases of Trematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 69:205-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(09)69004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kasný M, Mikes L, Dalton JP, Mountford AP, Horák P. Comparison of cysteine peptidase activities inTrichobilharzia regentiandSchistosoma mansonicercariae. Parasitology 2007; 134:1599-609. [PMID: 17517170 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182007002910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYCercariae of the bird schistosomeTrichobilharzia regentiand of the human schistosomeSchistosoma mansoniemploy proteases to invade the skin of their definitive hosts. To investigate whether a similar proteolytic mechanism is used by both species, cercarial extracts ofT. regentiandS. mansoniwere biochemically characterized, with the primary focus on cysteine peptidases. A similar pattern of cysteine peptidase activities was detected by zymography of cercarial extracts and their chromatographic fractions fromT. regentiandS. mansoni.The greatest peptidase activity was recorded in both species against the fluorogenic peptide substrate Z-Phe-Arg-AMC, commonly used to detect cathepsins B and L, and was markedly inhibited (>96%) by Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2at pH 4·5. Cysteine peptidases of 33 kDa and 33–34 kDa were identified in extracts ofT. regentiandS. mansonicercariae employing a biotinylated Clan CA cysteine peptidase-specific inhibitor (DCG-04). Finally, cercarial extracts from bothT. regentiandS. mansoniwere able to degrade native substrates present in skin (collagen II and IV, keratin) at physiological pH suggesting that cysteine peptidases are important in the pentration of host skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kasný
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Vinicná 7, 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Mikes L, Zìdková L, Kasný M, Dvorák J, Horák P. In vitro stimulation of penetration gland emptying by Trichobilharzia szidati and T. regenti (Schistosomatidae) cercariae. Quantitative collection and partial characterization of the products. Parasitol Res 2005; 96:230-41. [PMID: 15868186 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-005-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Induction of penetration gland emptying by cercariae of the bird schistosomes Trichobilharzia szidati and T. regenti employing linoleic acid, linolenic acid, praziquantel and calcium ionophore A23187 showed that both postacetabular and circumacetabular cells released their content at chosen stimulant concentrations. The gland secretions consisted of soluble and insoluble parts. The former one adhering to the ground seemed to have different saccharide composition from the glands of Schistosoma mansoni. It bound labelled saccharides, thus exhibiting lectin-like activity. Protein profiles of the latter one were identical after stimulation by all four stimulants in T. szidati. The soluble secretions contained several proteolytic enzymes; 31 kDa and 33 kDa cysteine proteases were identified in E/S products of T. szidati and T. regenti, respectively. The circumacetabular glands contained a significant amount of calcium. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the origin of E/S products after in vitro stimulation is in both penetration glands and tegumental structures. No crossreactivity was observed between the bird schistosomes and a serum raised against S. mansoni elastase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Mikes
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic,
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Chlichlia K, Schauwienold B, Kirsten C, Doenhoff MJ, Fishelson Z, Ruppel A. Schistosoma japonicum reveals distinct reactivity with antisera directed to proteases mediating host infection and invasion by cercariae of S. mansoni or S. haematobium. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:97-102. [PMID: 15882236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases released from the acetabular glands of cercariae, also known as cercarial elastases, are key enzymes in the penetration process of schistosomes through the skin of the final host. Antisera against these enzymes secreted from Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium reveal differences in the patterns of elastase expression among schistosome species and among different developmental stages of the larvae. Immunolocalization studies showed that antisera raised against the enzyme s28 protease react with S. mansoni, S. haematobium and also S. japonicum, in developing as well as mature cercariae and in both pre- and post-acetabular glands. Antisera against the enzyme SmCE detect the respective antigen solely in the pre-acetabular glands. Remarkably, the SmCE-1a isoform is detectable with DNA-vaccinated mouse sera in S. mansoni and S. haematobium only, but is apparently absent from the acetabular glands of S. japonicum. These differences in immunoreactivity of cercarial enzymes may be related to the distinct infection process of S. japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chlichlia
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Wang L, Li YL, Fishelson Z, Kusel JR, Ruppel A. Schistosoma japonicum migration through mouse skin compared histologically and immunologically with S. mansoni. Parasitol Res 2005; 95:218-23. [PMID: 15723270 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The migration of Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni through mouse skin epidermis and dermis was compared by immunofluorescence techniques from 4 to 22 h after infection. At all times, the percentage of parasites detected in the dermis was significantly higher for S. japonicum than for S. mansoni. Thus, S. japonicum migrates more rapidly very early after infection. This agrees with the quicker migration observed previously by this species for later times. Both species expressed antigens related to the cercarial glycocalyx on the parasite body and antigenically detectable elastase in the acetabular glands, at least until 22 h after infection. Bot sets of antigens were also left as "traces" in cercarial migration channels in the skin as well as in skin tissue in the absence of detectable worms or migration channels. The data further substantiate differences between schistosome species in the speed of migration, and suggest that glycocalyx-related antigens and cercarial elastase continue to be expressed for at least 1 day after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 , Heidelberg, Germany
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Kumagai T, Maruyama H, Hato M, Ohmae H, Osada Y, Kanazawa T, Ohta N. Schistosoma japonicum: localization of calpain in the penetration glands and secretions of cercariae. Exp Parasitol 2005; 109:53-7. [PMID: 15639140 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Revised: 10/29/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody was generated against the large subunit of Schistosoma japonicum calpain to study the localization and possible function of the molecule in vivo. Mice were immunized with recombinant S. japonicum calpain and polyclonal antisera and a monoclonal antibody specific to schistosome calpain was obtained. In immunohistochemistry, a monoclonal antibody against S. japonicum calpain, KG-2E11, bound weakly to calpain expressed at the surface of adult worm tegument, however, it bound strongly to the cercarial secretions ("footprints") of S. japonicum, emitted from the penetration glands. The present study indicates that calpain is multifunctional as it is expressed at various locations in different developmental stages. Calpain-based vaccines could thus possibly induce protective immunity against cercariae and the following early developing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kumagai
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Public Health, The University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyusyu, Japan.
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Lawrie CH, Sim RB, Nuttall PA. Investigation of the mechanisms of anti-complement activity in Ixodes ricinus ticks. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:31-8. [PMID: 15488941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The feeding success of a tick upon a host depends on its ability to suppress host anti-tick responses which include activation of the complement system. We investigated the mechanism of inhibition of the alternative pathway of complement by salivary gland extract (SGE) of the ixodid tick species, Ixodes ricinus. SGE treatment strongly inhibited C3a generation and factor B cleavage in serum when rabbit erythrocytes were used as complement activator, but not when cobra venom factor (CVF) was used as an activator. SGE treatment strongly inhibited C3b deposition on rabbit erythrocytes, and the turnover of C3 (to C3b/iC3b) in serum. However, there was no significant effect upon the formation, stability or activity of C3 convertase (C3bBb) when formed from purified C3b, factor B and factor D. SGE treatment of isolated C3 resulted in a shift in mobility of the alpha-chain (by about 5 kDa). N-terminal sequencing of this species suggests that cleavage occurs at the C-terminus of the alpha-chain of C3. Consistent with this hypothesis, the modified alpha-chain was still a substrate for pre-formed convertase. The activity was specific for the alpha-chain of C3 but not of C3(H2O) nor the alpha'-chain of C3b. It is proposed that SGE-modified C3 does not participate in convertase formation, probably having a reduced affinity for factor B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Lawrie
- LRF Immunodiagnostics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Level 5, Academic Block, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Ruppel A, Chlichlia K, Bahgat M. Invasion by schistosome cercariae: neglected aspects in Schistosoma japonicum. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:397-400. [PMID: 15324727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Skin invasion by schistosome cercariae was recently discussed in Trends in Parasitology. However, only Schistosoma mansoni was considered, possibly because this species predominates in laboratory studies (at least outside China). One may be tempted to extrapolate from the "model" S. mansoni to other schistosomes, but Schistosoma japonicum must not be neglected. This schistosome is distinguishable from others (particularly S. mansoni) by virtue of its remarkable speed and success of migration, as well as by specific biochemical and immunological features. This leads to the hypothesis that S. japonicum is atypical with respect to the enzymes that facilitate skin penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ruppel
- Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Mikes L, Horák P. A protein with lectin activity in penetration glands of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum cercariae. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:245-52. [PMID: 11226450 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Homogenates of Diplostomum pseudospathaceum cercariae agglutinated mouse erythrocytes. The haemagglutination could be inhibited by certain glycoconjugates containing beta-1,3- and beta-1,4-glycan chains and also by some simple saccharides. The most potent inhibitors were heparin and some other glycosaminoglycans, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, laminarin (a beta-1,3-glucan) and lactulose. After electrophoresis of cercarial proteins, a dominant double band appeared in the 22-24 kDa region of gels. On blots, this protein bound labelled laminarin and it was also one of the few proteins recognised by mouse antibodies raised against cercarial haemagglutinins. In addition, mouse polyclonal antibodies against the beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein bound exclusively to the 22-24 kDa region on Western blots. Histochemistry revealed strong binding of labelled laminarin to cercarial penetration glands; this reaction was fully blocked by unlabelled laminarin. Other labelled glycoconjugates such as heparin, hyaluronic acid and a bacterial lipopolysaccharide also bound to the glands. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the localisation of the beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein in penetration glands. Reaction of the cercarial protein with immunoglobulins from non-immunised mice was observed on both nitrocellulose membranes and histological sections; this could be blocked by laminarin in incubation buffers. We consider the cercarial haemagglutinin to be a lectin which is identical with the 22-24 kDa beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein. According to the binding specificity and localisation we speculate on a role of this lectin in cercarial penetration into the host, probably as a tissue recognition or antibody rendering factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mikes
- Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Vinicná 7, 12844 2, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Tort J, Brindley PJ, Knox D, Wolfe KH, Dalton JP. Proteinases and associated genes of parasitic helminths. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1999; 43:161-266. [PMID: 10214692 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Many parasites have deployed proteinases to accomplish some of the tasks imposed by a parasitic life style, including tissue penetration, digestion of host tissue for nutrition and evasion of host immune responses. Information on proteinases from trematodes, cestodes and nematode parasites is reviewed, concentrating on those worms of major medical and economical importance. Their biochemical characterization is discussed, along with their putative biological roles and, where available, their associated genes. For example, proteinases expressed by the various stages of the schistosome life-cycle, in particular the well-characterized cercarial elastase which is involved in the penetration of the host skin and the variety of proteinases, such as cathepsin B (Sm31), cathepsin L1, cathepsin L2, cathepsin D, cathepsin C and legumain (Sm32), which are believed to be involved in the catabolism of host haemoglobin. The various endo- and exoproteinases of Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of liver fluke disease, are reviewed, and recent reports of how these enzymes have been successfully employed in cocktail vaccines are discussed. The various proteinases of cestodes and of the diverse superfamilies of parasitic nematodes are detailed, with special attention being given to those parasites for which most is known, including species of Taenia, Echinococcus, Spirometra, Necator, Acylostoma and Haemonchus. By far the largest number of papers in the literature and entries to the sequence data bases dealing with proteinases of parasitic helminths report on enzymes belonging to the papain superfamily of cysteine proteinases. Accordingly, the final section of the review is devoted to a phylogenetic analysis of this superfamily using over 150 published sequences. This analysis shows that the papain superfamily can be divided into two major branches. Branch A contains the cathepin Bs, the cathepsin Cs and a novel family termed cathepsin Xs, while Branch B contains the cruzipains, cathepsin Ls, papain-like and aleurain/cathepsin H-like proteinases. The relationships of the helminth proteinases, and similar proteinases from protozoan parasites and other organisms, within these groups are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tort
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland
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Abstract
The complement system is a first-line defence mechanism against parasites. All parasites causing deep infections and getting into contact with human plasma must, in one way or another, avoid the destructive effect of this powerful defence system. Several specific strategies of complement resistance of parasites have been reported, and this rather large spectrum of regulatory mechanisms covers the whole cascade of complement activation. Analysis of the known and elucidation of the yet unknown mechanisms will probably help in the development of new therapeutic and preventive approaches to control the different parasitic diseases. This paper will review the complement resistance mechanisms reported and their utilization by various parasites.
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Modha J, Doenhoff MJ. Complex formation of human alpha-1-antitrypsin with components in Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Parasite Immunol 1994; 16:447-50. [PMID: 7808765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human alpha-1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT) was incubated with an extract of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae or porcine pancreatic elastase and analysed by immunoelectrophoresis and Western blotting. The inhibitor was shown to form complexes with components in S. mansoni cercariae in the same way as elastase. The role of alpha 1-AT in S. mansoni infection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Modha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Glasgow, UK
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Parizade M, Arnon R, Lachmann PJ, Fishelson Z. Functional and antigenic similarities between a 94-kD protein of Schistosoma mansoni (SCIP-1) and human CD59. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1625-36. [PMID: 7513011 PMCID: PMC2191495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.5.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting approximately 200 million people, primarily in the third world. Schistosoma mansoni, one of the causative agents of this disease, parasitize the human mesenteric and portal blood systems while successfully evading host immune responses. During parasite penetration into the mammalian host and shortly afterwards, the larvae rapidly convert from being sensitive to being resistant to C-mediated killing. Treatment of the C-resistant parasitic forms with trypsin renders the parasite susceptible to C attack, thus indicating the presence of C inhibitory protein(s) on the parasite surface. We describe here an intrinsic schistosome C inhibitory protein (SCIP-1) that exhibits antigenic and functional similarities with the human C-inhibitor CD59. Like CD59, SCIP-1 is capable of inhibiting formation of the C membrane attack complex (MAC), probably by binding to C8 and C9 of the C terminal pathway. In addition, SCIP-1 is apparently also membrane-anchored via glycosyl phosphatidylinositol as it can be specifically released with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Soluble SCIP-1, partially purified from Nonidet P-40 extracts of schistosome tegument is capable of inhibiting hemolysis of sensitized sheep erythrocytes and of rabbit erythrocytes by human C. Anti-human CD59 antibodies block this activity of SCIP-1 and in addition, upon binding to intact parasites, render them vulnerable to killing by human and guinea pig C. SCIP-1 is located on the surface of C-resistant forms of the parasite, i.e., 24-h cultured mechanical schistosomula and in vivo-derived adult worms as revealed by immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy studies. These results identify one of the mechanisms schistosomes use to escape immune attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Parizade
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Fishelson Z, Amiri P, Friend DS, Marikovsky M, Petitt M, Newport G, McKerrow JH. Schistosoma mansoni: cell-specific expression and secretion of a serine protease during development of cercariae. Exp Parasitol 1992; 75:87-98. [PMID: 1639166 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(92)90124-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic serine proteases are an important family of enzymes whose functions include fertilization, tissue degradation by neutrophils, and host invasion by parasites. To avoid damaging the cells or organisms that produced them, serine proteases must be tightly regulated and sequestered. This study elucidates how the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni synthesizes, stores, and releases a serine protease during differentiation of its invasive larvae. In situ hybridization with a cDNA probe localized the protease mRNA to acetabular cells, the first morphologically distinguishable parasite cells that differentiate from the embryonic cell masses present in the intermediate host snail. The acetabular cells contained vimentin but not cytokeratins, consistent with a mesenchymal, not epithelial, origin. Antiprotease antibodies, localized by immunoperoxidase, showed that the protease progressively accumulated in these cells and was packaged in vesicles of three morphologic types. Extension of cytoplasmic processes containing protease vesicles formed "ducts" which reached the anterior end of fully differentiated larvae. During invasion of human skin, groups of intact vesicles were released through the acetabular cytoplasmic processes and ruptured within the host tissue. Ruptured protease vesicles were noted adjacent to degraded epidermal cells and dermal-epidermal basement membrane, as well as along the surface of the penetrating larvae themselves. These observations are consistent with the proposed dual role for the enzyme in facilitating invasion of host skin by larvae and helping to release the larval surface glycocalyx during metamorphosis to the next stage of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fishelson
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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