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Remion E, Gal J, Chaouch S, Rodrigues J, Lhermitte-Vallarino N, Alonso J, Kohl L, Hübner MP, Fercoq F, Martin C. Unbalanced Arginine pathway and altered maturation of pleural macrophages in Th2-deficient mice during Litomosoides sigmodontis filarial infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866373. [PMID: 36353644 PMCID: PMC9637854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filarial parasites are tissue dwelling worms transmitted by hematophagous vectors. Understanding the mechanisms regulating microfilariae (the parasite offspring) development is a prerequisite for controlling transmission in filarial infections. Th2 immune responses are key for building efficient anti-parasite responses but have been shown to also lead to detrimental tissue damage in the presence of microfilariae. Litomosoides sigmodontis, a rodent filaria residing in the pleural cavity was therefore used to characterize pleuropulmonary pathology and associated immune responses in wild-type and Th2 deficient mice. Wild-type and Th2-deficient mice (Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/-) were infected with L. sigmodontis and parasite outcome was analyzed during the patent phase (when microfilariae are in the general circulation). Pleuropulmonary manifestations were investigated and pleural and bronchoalveolar cells were characterized by RNA analysis, imaging and/or flow cytometry focusing on macrophages. Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice were hypermicrofilaremic and showed an enhanced filarial survival but also displayed a drastic reduction of microfilaria-driven pleural cavity pathologies. In parallel, pleural macrophages from Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice lacked expression of prototypical alternative activation markers RELMα and Chil3 and showed an altered balance of some markers of the arginine metabolic pathway. In addition, monocytes-derived F4/80intermediate macrophages from infected Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice failed to mature into resident F4/80high large macrophages. Altogether these data emphasize that the presence of both microfilariae and IL-4R/IL-5 signaling are critical in the development of the pathology and in the phenotype of macrophages. In Il-4rα-/-/Il-5-/- mice, the balance is in favor of parasite development while limiting the pathology associated with the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Remion
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joséphine Gal
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Soraya Chaouch
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jules Rodrigues
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathaly Lhermitte-Vallarino
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joy Alonso
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Linda Kohl
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frédéric Fercoq
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Martin
- Unit Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Micro-organisms (MCAM, UMR 7245), Team Parasites and Free Protistes, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS; CP52, 61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Coralie Martin,
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Moss DM, Priest JW, Boyd A, Weinkopff T, Kucerova Z, Beach MJ, Lammie PJ. Multiplex bead assay for serum samples from children in Haiti enrolled in a drug study for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:229-37. [PMID: 21813840 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A multiplex bead assay (MBA) was used to analyze serum samples collected longitudinally from children enrolled in a drug trial for treatment of filariasis in Leogane, Haiti. Recombinant antigens Bm14 and Bm33 from Brugia malayi, third polar tube protein (PTP3) from Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and merozoite surface protein-1(19) (MSP-1(19)) from Plasmodium falciparum were coupled to carboxylated polystyrene microspheres. IgG responses to PTP3 and MSP-1(19) were not affected by albendazole (ALB), diethylcarbamazine (DEC), or combination of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole (DEC/ALB). However, IgG and IgG4 responses to Bm14 and Bm33 were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) by DEC and DEC/ALB treatment. Antibody responses to Bm14 and Bm33 decreased after DEC treatment (but not placebo) among children who were negative for microfilaremia and antigenemia at baseline, suggesting that these children harbored early stages of infection. The MBA is an excellent serologic technique for multiple antigens that offers substantial advantages over single-antigen based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in mass drug administration studies for monitoring changes in antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delynn M Moss
- National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Simón F, Kramer LH, Román A, Blasini W, Morchón R, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Grandi G, Genchi C. Immunopathology of Dirofilaria immitis infection. Vet Res Commun 2006; 31:161-71. [PMID: 17216316 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-006-3387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis affects canine and feline hosts, with infections occasionally being reported in humans. Studies have shown that both dirofilarial antigens and those derived from its bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, interact with the host organism during canine, feline and human infections and participate in the development of the pathology and in the regulation of the host's immune response. Both innate and acquired immune responses are observed and the development of the acquired response may depend on the host and, or on its parasitological status. This review aims at illustrating current research on the role of both D. immitis and Wolbachia, in the immunology and immunopathology of dirofilariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simón
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, Gerlach JA. Possible pathogenic pathways in the adverse clinical events seen following ivermectin administration to onchocerciasis patients. FILARIA JOURNAL 2003; 2 Suppl 1:S5. [PMID: 14975062 PMCID: PMC2147659 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-2-s1-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Reactions are commonly associated with the chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. However unmanageable reactions are uncommon when ivermectin (Mectizan(R)) is used for the treatment of this infection, and this drug has proved to be a great improvement over previously used agents. Serious adverse events (SAE) nevertheless have occurred, and there is considerable concern about the negative effect such events may have on mass drug administration programs.This paper reviews the basic pathogenic mechanisms that can be involved in the destruction of microfilaria by chemotherapeutic agents. A central challenge to filarial chemotherapy is the need to remove parasites from biologically sensitive tissues, a more difficult medical challenge than eliminating nematodes from the gastrointestinal tract.Explanations for the etiology of the serious adverse reactions occurring with ivermectin treatment in specific geographic areas where there is coincident heavy Loa loa infections are hampered by a lack of specific pathological case material. Ways to investigate these possibilities are reviewed. Possible pathogenic mechanisms include embolic vascular pathology accompanied by local inflammation, blood brain barrier mdr1 abnormalities, and genetic predisposition to excessive inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION: It is important to keep ivermectin, and all its associated adverse clinical events, in perspective with the many other chemotherapeutic agents in general use - many of which produce serious adverse events even more frequently than does ivermectin. Currently available evidence indicates that the pathogenesis of the Loa-associated adverse reactions are probably related to inflammatory responses to microfilariae in specific tissues. However, the possibility of genetic predispositions to pathology should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Mackenzie
- Filarial Diseases Unit, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA and Biological Imaging Center, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Mi 49008, USA
| | | | - John A Gerlach
- Medical Technology Program & The Histocompatability Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Bandi C, Trees AJ, Brattig NW. Wolbachia in filarial nematodes: evolutionary aspects and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases. Vet Parasitol 2001; 98:215-38. [PMID: 11516587 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(01)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of intracellular bacteria in the body of various species of filarial nematodes, including important parasites such as Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis, and Onchocerca volvulus, was observed as early as the mid-1970s. These bacteria were shown to be transovarially transmitted (from the female worm to the offspring) and to be present in significant amounts in the body of the nematode. As highlighted by their discoverers, the potential importance of these bacteria is fairly obvious: (1) bacteria-derived molecules should be considered as having an immunological and pathological role in filarial diseases; (2) the interaction between the bacteria and the filarial host deserves investigation, in view of the possibility that the bacteria are needed by the host nematode and could thus represent a target for therapy. Other authors, independently from the discovery of these intracellular bacteria, showed that the antibiotic tetracycline (which is well known for its efficacy on intracellular bacteria) had detrimental effects on two species of filarial nematodes (Brugia pahangi and Litomosoides sigmodontis). It is therefore surprising that for more than 20 years, no further investigations focused on the bacteria of filarial nematodes, nor on the anti-filarial properties of tetracycline. Recently, the bacteria of filarial nematodes have been independently "rediscovered" by research groups from the schools of Hamburg, Liverpool and Milan. These bacteria are now classified as Wolbachia, and the basic aspects of their phylogenetic history and relationship with the Wolbachia of arthropods have been reconstructed. In addition, their implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of filarial diseases have started to be uncovered. This paper, which is authored by representatives of the three European schools who reopened this research area, reviews our present knowledge of these fascinating microorganisms, highlighting the complexity of a symbiotic system which involves, in addition to the nematode and its bacterium, the vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bandi
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Sezione di Patologia, Generale e Parassitologia, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Lucas PJ, Kim SJ, Melby SJ, Gress RE. Disruption of T cell homeostasis in mice expressing a T cell-specific dominant negative transforming growth factor beta II receptor. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1187-96. [PMID: 10748236 PMCID: PMC2193176 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.7.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system, despite its complexity, is maintained at a relative steady state. Mechanisms involved in maintaining lymphocyte homeostasis are poorly understood; however, recent availability of transgenic (Tg) and knockout mouse models with altered balance of lymphocyte cell populations suggest that cytokines play a major role in maintaining lymphocyte homeostasis. We show here that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays a critical role in maintaining CD8(+) T cell homeostasis in a Tg mouse model that specifically overexpresses a dominant negative TGF-beta II receptor (DNRII) on T cells. DNRII T cell Tg mice develop a CD8(+) T cell lymphoproliferative disorder resulting in the massive expansion of the lymphoid organs. These CD8(+) T cells are phenotypically "naive" except for the upregulation of the cell surface molecule CD44, a molecule usually associated with memory T cells. Despite their dominance in the peripheral lymphoid organs, CD8(+) T cells appear to develop normally in the thymus, suggesting that TGF-beta exerts its homeostatic control in the peripheral immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Lucas
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Spencer J. Melby
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ronald E. Gress
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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