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Ariyaratne A, Kim SY, Pollo SMJ, Perera S, Liu H, Nguyen WNT, Coria AL, Luzzi MDC, Bowron J, Szabo EK, Patel KD, Wasmuth JD, Nair MG, Finney CAM. Trickle infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus results in decreased worm burdens but increased intestinal inflammation and scarring. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020056. [PMID: 36569914 PMCID: PMC9773095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intestinal roundworms cause chronic debilitating disease in animals, including humans. Traditional experimental models of these types of infection use a large single-dose infection. However, in natural settings, hosts are exposed to parasites on a regular basis and when mice are exposed to frequent, smaller doses of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, the parasites are cleared more quickly. Whether this more effective host response has any negative consequences for the host is not known. Results Using a trickle model of infection, we found that worm clearance was associated with known resistance-related host responses: increased granuloma and tuft cell numbers, increased levels of granuloma IgG and decreased intestinal transit time, as well as higher serum IgE levels. However, we found that the improved worm clearance was also associated with an inflammatory phenotype in and around the granuloma, increased smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and elevated levels of Adamts gene expression. Discussion To our knowledge, we are the first to identify the involvement of this protein family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in host responses to helminth infections. Our results highlight the delicate balance between parasite clearance and host tissue damage, which both contribute to host pathology. When continually exposed to parasitic worms, improved clearance comes at a cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Ariyaratne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephen M. J. Pollo
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shashini Perera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William N. T. Nguyen
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aralia Leon Coria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mayara de Cassia Luzzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joel Bowron
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Edina K. Szabo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kamala D. Patel
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D. Wasmuth
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Constance A. M. Finney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host Parasite Interactions Training Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Dela Justina V, Gama LA, Schönholzer T, Bressan AF, Lima VV, Americo MF, Giachini FR. Resistance mesenteric arteries display hypercontractility in the resolution time of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Exp Parasitol 2021; 222:108078. [PMID: 33485874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The blood flow in the mesenteric region is crucial for nutrient absorption and immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of nematodes or their excreted/secreted products seems to provoke vascular dysfunction. However, it is unclear whether and how the intestinal nematodes with habitat in the intestinal niche could affect the mesenteric vascular resistance. In this study, male Wistar rats were infected with 2000 larvae of S. venezuelensis, and experiments were conducted at 0 (non-infected control), 10 or 30 days post-infection (DPI). Eggs were counted in rats' feces and adult worms recovered from the small intestine. Second- or third-order mesenteric arteries were extracted for concentration-response curves (CRC) to phenylephrine [PE; in the presence or absence of L-NAME or indomethacin] and acetylcholine. The number of eggs and adult worms were significantly higher in the 10 DPI group than those of 30 DPI group. Augmented PE-induced contraction was seen after 30 DPI compared to 10 DPI or control group. Hypercontractility to PE was partially prevented by L-NAME and wholly abolished by indomethacin incubation. Endothelium-dependent relaxation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression were unchanged among groups. COX-1 and COX-2 display a different pattern of expression over the infection. Hypercontractility observed in mesenteric resistance arteries in the resolution time of S. venezuelensis infection may represent systemic damage, which can generate significant cardiovascular and gastrointestinal repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dela Justina
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Loyane Almeida Gama
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Schönholzer
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Alecsander F Bressan
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil
| | - Madileine F Americo
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil; Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra Do Garças, MT, Brazil.
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Sousa-Ribeiro C, Tavore LNC, Anjos-Ramos L. Strongyloides venezuelensis infection augments arterial blood pressure in male wistar rats. Acta Trop 2019; 190:350-355. [PMID: 30529092 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is an intestinal parasitosis that occurs in humans infected by Strongyloides stercoralis mostly. At its acute phase, symptoms like constipation, diarrhea and abdominal pain can be observed, but become asymptomatic for a long time, until an immunosuppression will start a hyperinfection and the dissemination of the disease, prevalent on the elderly population in tropical countries. Ivermectina treatment is the currently choice for this disease, due to its great efficacy and the results reported. It is expected that around one hundred million individuals have been infected around the world. Strongyloides venezuelensis is an intestinal helminth utilized on Strongyloidiasis investigations, in rodents. As the parasites reach the blood stream after subcutaneous infection, the larvae migrate to the lung by systemic circulation, but the effects of S. venezuelensis in the circulation remain widely unknown. Moreover, the role played by S. venezuelensis in the cardiovascular function has been understudied. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine whether acute infection with S. venezuelensis alters systemic blood pressure or not. Male wistar rats were infected subcutaneously with 2000 L3 larvae of S. venezuelensis and monitored during 21 days (Infected group), compared to a Healthy group, no infected. Oviposition, body and faeces weight, water and food intake were determined every 3 days. Moreover, systemic blood pressure was assessed by tail cuff plethysmography. At the end of experiments, the animals were euthanized and the number of worms, ventricles, lung and thymus and small intestine weight were registered. It was possible to observe that systolic blood pressure (126.86 ± 2.74 vs 155.08 ± 7.61 at 9°-day post infection - dpi - and 134.44 ± 5.22 vs 157.77 ± 9.55 at 21° dpi) and mean arterial pressure (71.72 ± 1.59 vs 80.51 ± 2.32 at 21° dpi) were markedly higher (P < 0.001) in infected group in comparison to the Healthy group. Those changes occurred after larvae passes through the circulation and demonstrated a late response to the presence of this parasite. These results suggest that host circulatory system reacts to this infection resulting in a significant increase in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sousa-Ribeiro
- ICBS- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - L N C Tavore
- ICBS- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - L Anjos-Ramos
- ICBS- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFMT- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Depletion of Alveolar Macrophages Does Not Prevent Hantavirus Disease Pathogenesis in Golden Syrian Hamsters. J Virol 2016; 90:6200-6215. [PMID: 27099308 PMCID: PMC4936146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Andes virus (ANDV) is associated with a lethal vascular leak syndrome in humans termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The mechanism for the massive vascular leakage associated with HPS is poorly understood; however, dysregulation of components of the immune response is often suggested as a possible cause. Alveolar macrophages are found in the alveoli of the lung and represent the first line of defense to many airborne pathogens. To determine whether alveolar macrophages play a role in HPS pathogenesis, alveolar macrophages were depleted in an adult rodent model of HPS that closely resembles human HPS. Syrian hamsters were treated, intratracheally, with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes or control liposomes and were then challenged with ANDV. Treatment with clodronate-encapsulated liposomes resulted in significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, but depletion did not prevent pathogenesis or prolong disease. Depletion also did not significantly reduce the amount of virus in the lung of ANDV-infected hamsters but altered neutrophil recruitment, MIP-1α and MIP-2 chemokine expression, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in hamster bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid early after intranasal challenge. These data demonstrate that alveolar macrophages may play a limited protective role early after exposure to aerosolized ANDV but do not directly contribute to hantavirus disease pathogenesis in the hamster model of HPS. IMPORTANCE Hantaviruses continue to cause disease worldwide for which there are no FDA-licensed vaccines, effective postexposure prophylactics, or therapeutics. Much of this can be attributed to a poor understanding of the mechanism of hantavirus disease pathogenesis. Hantavirus disease has long been considered an immune-mediated disease; however, by directly manipulating the Syrian hamster model, we continue to eliminate individual immune cell types. As the most numerous immune cells present in the respiratory tract, alveolar macrophages are poised to defend against hantavirus infection, but those antiviral responses may also contribute to hantavirus disease. Here, we demonstrate that, like in our prior T and B cell studies, alveolar macrophages neither prevent hantavirus infection nor cause hantavirus disease. While these studies reflect pathogenesis in the hamster model, they should help us rule out specific cell types and prompt us to consider other potential mechanisms of disease in an effort to improve the outcome of human HPS.
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Ruano AL, López-Abán J, Fernández-Soto P, de Melo AL, Muro A. Treatment with nitric oxide donors diminishes hyperinfection by Strongyloides venezuelensis in mice treated with dexamethasone. Acta Trop 2015; 152:90-95. [PMID: 26342794 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of using nitric oxide (NO) donors and inhibitors in experimental strongyloidiasis were showed using, both naïve and dexamethasone immunosuppressed BALB/c mice infected with Strongyloides venezuelensis. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of inducible NO synthase and LA419 a NO donor, were administered. Dexamethasone was used to induce immunosuppression. The study in BALB/c mice revealed increases in counts of fecal eggs, larvae in lungs and parasitic females following treatment with aminoguanidine, while mice treated with LA419 had limited egg output with low larval and adult recoveries. Mice immunosuppressed with dexamethasone developed hyperinfection with high long lasting fecal egg emission, high numbers of larvae in lungs and high numbers of parasitic females in the intestine even when the infection had already been cleared in non-immunosuppressed infected controls. Mice treated with dexamethasone and aminoguanidine had the highest egg output and the highest larva and parasitic female recovery showing a severe hyperinfection syndrome. In contrast, treatment with dexamenthasone and LA419 resulted in a controlled hyperinfection syndrome and these mice were able to eliminate the parasite. Therefore, NO modulation appears to be a determinant factor in severe strongyloidiasis and further studies should be conducted to confirm in other experimental models.
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Bosqui LR, Gonçalves ALR, Gonçalves-Pires MDRF, Custodio LA, de Menezes MCND, Murad VA, de Paula FM, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I, Costa-Cruz JM, Costa IN. Detection of parasite-specific IgG and IgA in paired serum and saliva samples for diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis in northern Paraná state, Brazil. Acta Trop 2015; 150:190-5. [PMID: 26238982 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is an infection caused by the helminth Strongyloides stercoralis that can be fatal, especially in immunosuppressed patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate parasite-specific IgG and IgA levels using S. venezuelensis third-stage (L3) infective larvae alkaline extract as a heterologous antigen by ELISA in paired serum and saliva samples with improved sensitivity and specificity. Individuals from northern Paraná state, Brazil were divided into three groups: 30 patients copropositive for S. stercoralis (Group I); 30 clinically healthy individuals (Group II); and 30 patients copropositive for other parasites (Group III). The area under ROC curve (AUC), an overall index of diagnostic accuracy, and Kappa index were calculated. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Kruskal-Wallis test. Probability (p) values of <0.05 were regarded as significant. In Group I, IgG was detected in 96.7% serum and in 6.7% saliva samples. IgG was not detected in Group II. In Group III, cross-reactivity was observed for serum IgG in 26.7% and in 6.7% for saliva samples. In Group I, IgA was detected in 76.7% serum and 56.7% saliva samples. In Group II, 3.3% were positive for IgA in serum, whereas IgA was not detected in any saliva samples. Group III showed 6.7% serum and 26.7% saliva-positive samples. The sensitivity values for detection of IgG and IgA in serum samples were 96.7% and 76.7%, respectively. In saliva samples, the sensitivity values for detection of IgG and IgA were 6.7% and 56.7%, respectively. The specificity value was 100% for the detection of IgG in serum and for detection of IgG and IgA in saliva, and 96.7% for detection of IgA in serum samples. The proper choice of immunological diagnosis to supplement parasitological methods is essential to estimate the true prevalence of the parasite, and will permit analysis of population immune response profiles, particularly in northern Paraná state, where there are no previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa R Bosqui
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia R Gonçalves
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria do Rosário F Gonçalves-Pires
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cláudia N D de Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Valter A Murad
- Ambulatório de Especialidades do Hospital Universitário de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabiana M de Paula
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wander R Pavanelli
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Departamento de Imunologia, Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Idessania N Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Shariati F, Pérez-Arellano JL, Carranza C, López-Abán J, Vicente B, Arefi M, Muro A. Evaluation of the role of angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:44-9. [PMID: 21296079 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one disease produced by helminths, which affect many people in tropical areas. Granuloma formation is the main mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Experimental studies have demonstrated angiogenesis (blood vessels formation from pre-existing vessels) in the initial phase of granuloma formation. In the present work, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) levels were analyzed in sera from people diagnosed with different helminthic infections. Patients with schistosomiasis and filariasis had significantly high VEGF levels in compared with healthy people and patients diagnosed with hookworms. In addition, the effects of angiogenesis inhibition using anti-angiogenic factors (endostatin) were evaluated in a schistosomiasis murine model. A lesion decrease was observed in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni and treated with endostatin. Finally, mechanisms of angiogenesis induction were studied and observed that cercariae antigens stimulated the angiogenic factors by host alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Shariati
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Parasitología Molecular, CIETUS, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Abstract
SUMMARYSuccessful metazoan parasitism, among many other factors, requires a supply of nutrients and the removal of waste products. There is a prerequisite for a parasite-defined vasculature. The angiogenic mechanism(s) involved presumably depend on the characteristics of the tissue- and vascular system-dwelling, parasitic helminths. Simplistically, 2 possibilities or a combination of both have been considered in this review. The multifactorial induction of parasitic helminth-associated neovascularization could arise through, either a host-, a parasite- or a host-/parasite-dependent, angiogenic switch. Most studies appear to support the first and third hypotheses, but evidence exists for the intrahepatic cestodeEchinococcus multilocularis, the free-living nematodeCaenorhabditis elegansand the intravascular trematodeSchistosoma mansonifor the second inference. In contrast, the nematode anti-coagulant protein NAPc2 from adultAncylostoma caninumis also an anti-angiogenic factor.
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