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Prasanphanich NS, Leon K, Secor WE, Shoemaker CB, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD. Anti-schistosomal immunity to core xylose/fucose in N-glycans. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1142620. [PMID: 37081851 PMCID: PMC10110957 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1142620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a globally prevalent, debilitating disease that is poorly controlled by chemotherapy and for which no vaccine exists. While partial resistance in people may develop over time with repeated infections and treatments, some animals, including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), are only semi-permissive and have natural protection. To understand the basis of this protection, we explored the nature of the immune response in the brown rat to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Infection leads to production of IgG to Infection leads to production of IgG to parasite glycoproteins parasite glycoproteins with complex-type N-glycans that contain a non-mammalian-type modification by core α2-Xylose and core α3-Fucose (core Xyl/Fuc). These epitopes are expressed on the surfaces of schistosomula and adult worms. Importantly, IgG to these epitopes can kill schistosomula by a complement-dependent process in vitro. Additionally, sera from both infected rhesus monkey and infected brown rat were capable of killing schistosomula in a manner inhibited by glycopeptides containing core Xyl/Fuc. These results demonstrate that protective antibodies to schistosome infections in brown rats and rhesus monkeys include IgG responses to the core Xyl/Fuc epitopes in surface-expressed N-glycans, and raise the potential of novel glyco-based vaccines that might be developed to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - W. Evan Secor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, United States
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Richard D. Cummings,
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Vaccines for Human Schistosomiasis: Recent Progress, New Developments and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042255. [PMID: 35216369 PMCID: PMC8879820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by human trematode blood flukes (schistosomes), remains one of the most prevalent and serious of the neglected tropical parasitic diseases. Currently, treatment of schistosomiasis relies solely on a single drug, the anthelmintic praziquantel, and with increased usage in mass drug administration control programs for the disease, the specter of drug resistance developing is a constant threat. Vaccination is recognized as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but despite the discovery and reporting of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens, to date, no schistosomiasis vaccine for human or animal deployment is available. This is despite the fact that Science ranked such an intervention as one of the top 10 vaccines that need to be urgently developed to improve public health globally. This review summarizes current progress of schistosomiasis vaccines under clinical development and advocates the urgent need for the establishment of a revolutionary and effective anti-schistosome vaccine pipeline utilizing cutting-edge technologies (including developing mRNA vaccines and exploiting CRISPR-based technologies) to provide novel insight into future vaccine discovery, design, manufacture and deployment.
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Panzner U, Excler JL, Kim JH, Marks F, Carter D, Siddiqui AA. Recent Advances and Methodological Considerations on Vaccine Candidates for Human Schistosomiasis. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.719369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains a neglected tropical disease of major public health concern with high levels of morbidity in various parts of the world. Although considerable efforts in implementing mass drug administration programs utilizing praziquantel have been deployed, schistosomiasis is still not contained. A vaccine may therefore be an essential part of multifaceted prevention control efforts. In the 1990s, a joint United Nations committee promoting parasite vaccines shortlisted promising candidates including for schistosomiasis discussed below. After examining the complexity of immune responses in human hosts infected with schistosomes, we review and discuss the antigen design and preclinical and clinical development of the four leading vaccine candidates: Sm-TSP-2 in Phase 1b/2b, Sm14 in Phase 2a/2b, Sm-p80 in Phase 1 preparation, and Sh28GST in Phase 3. Our assessment of currently leading vaccine candidates revealed some methodological issues that preclude a fair comparison between candidates and the rationale to advance in clinical development. These include (1) variability in animal models - in particular non-human primate studies - and predictive values of each for protection in humans; (2) lack of consensus on the assessment of parasitological and immunological parameters; (3) absence of reliable surrogate markers of protection; (4) lack of well-designed parasitological and immunological natural history studies in the context of mass drug administration with praziquantel. The controlled human infection model - while promising and unique - requires validation against efficacy outcomes in endemic settings. Further research is also needed on the impact of advanced adjuvants targeting specific parts of the innate immune system that may induce potent, protective and durable immune responses with the ultimate goal of achieving meaningful worm reduction.
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McManus DP. The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia's Contribution. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080872. [PMID: 34451997 PMCID: PMC8402410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, results in considerable human morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, but also parts of the Middle East, South America, and Southeast Asia. The anti-schistosome drug praziquantel is efficacious and safe against the adult parasites of all Schistosoma species infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the development of drug resistance is a constant concern. The need to develop an effective vaccine is of great importance if the health of many in the developing world is to be improved. Indeed, vaccination, in combination with other public health measures, can provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control, leading to schistosomiasis elimination. Australia has played a leading role in schistosomiasis vaccine research over many years and this review presents an overview of some of the significant contributions made by Australian scientists in this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia
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5
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Nigo MM, Salieb-Beugelaar G, Battegay M, Odermatt P, Hunziker P. Schistosomiasis: from established diagnostic assays to emerging micro/nanotechnology-based rapid field testing for clinical management and epidemiology. PRECISION NANOMEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.33218/prnano3(1).191205.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected invasive worm disease with a huge disease burden in developing countries, particularly in children, and is seen increasingly in non-endemic regions through transfer by travellers, expatriates, and refugees. Undetected and untreated infections may be responsible for the persistence of transmission. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is the key to treatment and control. So far, parasitological detection methods remain the cornerstone of Schistosoma infection diagnosis in endemic regions, but conventional tests have limited sensitivity, in particular in low-grade infection. Recent advances contribute to improved detection in clinical and field settings. The recent progress in micro- and nanotechnologies opens a road by enabling the design of new miniaturized point-of-care devices and analytical platforms, which can be used for the rapid detection of these infections. This review starts with an overview of currently available laboratory tests and their performance and then discusses emerging rapid and micro/nanotechnologies-based tools. The epidemiological and clinical setting of testing is then discussed as an important determinant for the selection of the best analytical strategy in patients suspected to suffer from Schistosoma infection. Finally, it discusses the potential role of advanced technologies in the setting near to disease eradication is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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Young AR, Duarte JDG, Coulson R, O'Brien M, Deb S, Lopata A, Behren A, Mathivanan S, Lim E, Meeusen E. Immunoprofiling of Breast Cancer Antigens Using Antibodies Derived from Local Lymph Nodes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050682. [PMID: 31100936 PMCID: PMC6562983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor antigens are responsible for initiating an immune response in cancer patients, and their identification may provide new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and targets for immunotherapy. The general use of serum antibodies to identify tumor antigens has several drawbacks, including dilution, complex formation, and background reactivity. In this study, antibodies were generated from antibody-secreting cells (ASC) present in tumor-draining lymph nodes of 20 breast cancer patients (ASC-probes) and were used to screen breast cancer cell lines and protein microarrays. Half of the ASC-probes reacted strongly against extracts of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, but each with a distinct antigen recognition profile. Three of the positive ASC-probes reacted differentially with recombinant antigens on a microarray containing cancer-related proteins. The results of this study show that lymph node-derived ASC-probes provide a highly specific source of tumor-specific antibodies. Each breast cancer patient reacts with a different antibody profile which indicates that targeted immunotherapies may need to be personalized for individual patients. Focused microarrays in combination with ASC-probes may be useful in providing immune profiles and identifying tumor antigens of individual cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rachel Young
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, ONJ Centre, Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Rhiannon Coulson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Megan O'Brien
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, ONJ Centre, Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Consultant Pathologist, Anatpath. 120 Gardenvale Rd, Gardenvale Melbourne 3185, Australia.
| | - Alex Lopata
- CancerProbe Pty Ltd, PO Box 2237, Prahran 3181, Australia.
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, ONJ Centre, Heidelberg Vic 3084, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Els Meeusen
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia.
- CancerProbe Pty Ltd, PO Box 2237, Prahran 3181, Australia.
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7
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Meeusen E, Lim E, Mathivanan S. Secreted Tumor Antigens - Immune Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Therapy. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Els Meeusen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics; La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research; St. Vincent's Health; University of New South Wales; Darlinghurst NSW Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics; La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria Australia
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Tebeje BM, Harvie M, You H, Loukas A, McManus DP. Schistosomiasis vaccines: where do we stand? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:528. [PMID: 27716365 PMCID: PMC5045607 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused mainly by S. mansoni, S. haematobium and S. japonicum, continues to be a serious tropical disease and public health problem resulting in an unacceptably high level of morbidity in countries where it is endemic. Praziquantel, the only drug currently available for treatment, is unable to kill developing schistosomes, it does not prevent re-infection and its continued extensive use may result in the future emergence of drug-resistant parasites. This scenario provides impetus for the development and deployment of anti-schistosome vaccines to be used as part of an integrated approach for the prevention, control and eventual elimination of schistosomiasis. This review considers the present status of candidate vaccines for schistosomiasis, and provides some insight on future vaccine discovery and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam Mathewos Tebeje
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia. .,School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. .,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Marina Harvie
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hong You
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Abstract
Immunomics is a relatively new field of research which integrates the disciplines of immunology, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and bioinformatics to characterize the host-pathogen interface. Herein, we discuss how rapid advances in molecular immunology, sophisticated tools and molecular databases are facilitating in-depth exploration of the immunome. In our opinion, an immunomics-based approach presides over traditional antigen and vaccine discovery methods that have proved ineffective for highly complex pathogens such as the causative agents of malaria, tuberculosis and schistosomiasis that have evolved genetic and immunological host-parasite adaptations over time. By using an integrative multidisciplinary approach, immunomics offers enormous potential to advance 21st century antigen discovery and rational vaccine design against complex pathogens such as the Plasmodium parasite.
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10
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Vicente B, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, del Olmo E, Fernández-Soto P, Muro A. Protection against Schistosoma mansoni infection using a Fasciola hepatica-derived fatty acid binding protein from different delivery systems. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:216. [PMID: 27090442 PMCID: PMC4836169 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a water-borne disease afflicting over 261 million people in many areas of the developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. The control relies mainly on treatment with praziquantel. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) have demonstrated high levels of immune-protection against trematode infections. This study reports the immunoprotection induced by cross-reacting Fasciola hepatica FABP, native (nFh12) and recombinantly expressed using two different expression systems Escherichia coli (rFh15) and baculovirus (rFh15b) against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Methods BALB/c mice were vaccinated with native nFh12 or recombinant rFh15 and rFh15 FABP from F. hepatica formulated in adjuvant adaptation (ADAD) system with natural or chemical synthesised immunomodulators (PAL and AA0029) and then challenged with 150 cercariae of S. mansoni. Parasite burden, hepatic lesions and antibody response were studied in vaccination trials. Furthermore differences between rFh15 and rFh15b immunological responses (cytokine production, splenocyte population and antibody levels) were studied. Results Vaccination with nFh12 induced significant reductions in worm burden (83 %), eggs in tissues (82–92 %) and hepatic lesions (85 %) compared to infected controls using PAL. Vaccination with rFh15 showed lower total worm burden (56–64 %), eggs in the liver (21–61 %), eggs in the gut (30–77 %) and hepatic damage (67–69 %) using PAL and AA0029 as immunomodulators. In contrast, mice vaccinated with rFh15b showed only reductions in eggs trapped in the liver and intestine (53 and 60 %, respectively), and hepatic lesions (45 %). We observed a significant rise in TNFα, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4 and high antibody response (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM and IgE) in mice immunised with either rFh15 or rFh15b. Moreover, mice immunised with rFh15b showed an increase in IFNγ and a decrease in B220 cells compared to untreated mice, and less production of IgG1 and IgM than in mice immunised by rFh15. Conclusions Higher level of protection is obtained by using Fasciola hepatica-derived FABP protein against Schistosoma mansoni infection. Native FABP is more effective than both recombinant systems. It could be due to post-translational modifications or FABP isoform or changes in the recombinant proteins. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1500-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vicente
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Avda. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Avda. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Avda. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Present address: Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico (CIST), Carretera Troncal del Caribe, Sector Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia.,Present address: Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Carretera Troncal del Caribe, Sector Mamatoco, Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia
| | - Esther del Olmo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, IBSAL-CIETUS, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Soto
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Avda. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- Parasite and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Tropical Disease Research Centre, Universidad de Salamanca (IBSAL-CIETUS), Avda. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Smit CH, Homann A, van Hensbergen VP, Schramm G, Haas H, van Diepen A, Hokke CH. Surface expression patterns of defined glycan antigens change duringSchistosoma mansonicercarial transformation and development of schistosomula. Glycobiology 2015; 25:1465-79. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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12
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Hosking CG, Driguez P, McWilliam HEG, Ilag LL, Gladman S, Li Y, Piedrafita D, McManus DP, Meeusen ENT, de Veer MJ. Using the local immune response from the natural buffalo host to generate an antibody fragment library that binds the early larval stages of Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:729-40. [PMID: 26116907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies isolated from the local draining inguinal lymph node of field exposed-water buffaloes following challenge with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae showed high reactivity towards S. japonicum antigen preparations and bound specifically to formaldehyde-fixed S. japonicum schistosomules. Using this specific local immune response we produced a series of single-chain antibody Fv domain libraries from the same lymph nodes. Removal of phage that cross reacted with epitopes on adult parasites yielded a single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage library that specifically bound to whole formaldehyde-fixed and live S. japonicum schistosomules. DNA sequencing indicated clear enrichment of the single-chain antibody Fv domain library for buffalo B-cell complementarity determining regions post-selection for schistosomule binding. This study also revealed that long heavy chain complementarity determining regions appear to be an important factor when selecting for antibody binding fragments against schistosomule proteins. The selected single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage were used to probe a schistosome-specific protein microarray, which resulted in the recognition of many proteins expressed across all schistosome life-cycle stages. Following absorption to adult worms, the single-chain antibody Fv domain-phage library showed significantly reduced binding to most proteins, whilst two proteins (NCBI GenBank accession numbers AY915878 and AY815196) showed increased binding. We have thus developed a unique set of host derived single-chain antibody Fv domains comprising buffalo B-cell variable regions that specifically bind to early S. japonicum life-stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hosking
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Patrick Driguez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Leodevico L Ilag
- Bio21, Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simon Gladman
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- School of Applied and Biomedical Science, Federation University Australia, Gippsland Campus, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Fukushige M, Mitchell KM, Bourke CD, Woolhouse MEJ, Mutapi F. A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies of Attenuated Schistosoma mansoni Vaccines in the Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2015; 6:85. [PMID: 25774157 PMCID: PMC4343029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a water-borne, parasitic disease of major public health importance. There has been considerable effort for several decades toward the development of a vaccine against the disease. Numerous mouse experimental studies using attenuated Schistosoma mansoni parasites for vaccination have been published since 1960s. However, to date, there has been no systematic review or meta-analysis of these data. The aim of this study is to identify measurable experimental conditions that affect the level of protection against re-infection with S. mansoni in mice vaccinated with radiation attenuated cercariae. Following a systematic review, a total of 755 observations were extracted from 105 articles (published 1963–2007) meeting the searching criteria. Random effects meta-regression models were used to identify the influential predictors. Three predictors were found to have statistically significant effects on the level of protection from vaccination: increasing numbers of immunizing parasites had a positive effect on fraction of protection whereas increasing radiation dose and time to challenge infection had negative effects. Models showed that the irradiated cercariae vaccine has the potential to achieve protection as high as 78% with a single dose vaccination. This declines slowly over time but remains high for at least 8 months after the last immunization. These findings provide insights into the optimal delivery of attenuated parasite vaccination and into the nature and development of protective vaccine induced immunity against schistosomiasis, which may inform the formulation of human vaccines and the predicted duration of protection and thus frequency of booster vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukushige
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Kate M Mitchell
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Claire D Bourke
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Mark E J Woolhouse
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Center for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
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14
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect over one fourth of the human population and are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide. In model systems, parasites are strongly immunomodulatory, but the immune system can be driven to expel them by prior vaccination. However, no vaccines are currently available for human use. Recent advances in vaccination with recombinant helminth antigens have been successful against cestode infections of livestock and new vaccines are being tested against nematode parasites of animals. Numerous vaccine antigens are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasite species, but greater understanding is needed to define the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to lay a rational platform for new vaccines and their optimal design. With human trials underway for hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines, a greater integration between veterinary and human studies will highlight the common molecular and mechanistic pathways, and accelerate progress towards reducing the global health burden of helminth infection.
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15
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Stephenson R, You H, McManus DP, Toth I. Schistosome Vaccine Adjuvants in Preclinical and Clinical Research. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:654-85. [PMID: 26344751 PMCID: PMC4494218 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no vaccine available for human use for any parasitic infections, including the helminth disease, schistosomiasis. Despite many researchers working towards this goal, one of the focuses has been on identifying new antigenic targets. The bar to achieve protective efficacy in humans was set at a consistent induction of 40% protection or better by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and although this is a modest goal, it is yet to be reached with the six most promising schistosomiasis vaccine candidates (Sm28GST, IrV5, Sm14, paramyosin, TPI, and Sm23). Adjuvant selection has a large impact on the effectiveness of the vaccine, and the use of adjuvants to aid in the stimulation of the immune system is a critical step and a major variable affecting vaccine development. In addition to a comprehensive understanding of the immune system, level of protection and the desired immune response required, there is also a need for a standardised and effective adjuvant formulation. This review summarises the status of adjuvants that have been or are being employed in schistosomiasis vaccine development focusing on immunisation outcomes at preclinical and clinical stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Hong You
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland Q4006, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland Q4006, Australia.
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Aires ADL, Ximenes ECPA, Silva RAR, Barbosa VX, Góes AJDS, Peixoto CA, Souza VMO, Albuquerque MCPDA. Ultrastructural analysis of β-lapachone-induced surface membrane damage in male adult Schistosoma mansoni BH strain worms. Exp Parasitol 2014; 142:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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McWilliam HEG, Driguez P, Piedrafita D, McManus DP, Meeusen ENT. Discovery of novel Schistosoma japonicum antigens using a targeted protein microarray approach. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:290. [PMID: 24964958 PMCID: PMC4080988 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Novel vaccine candidates against Schistosoma japonicum are required, and antigens present in the vulnerable larval developmental stage are attractive targets. Post-genomic technologies are now available which can contribute to such antigen discovery. Methods A schistosome-specific protein microarray was probed using the local antibody response against migrating larvae. Antigens were assessed for their novelty and predicted larval expression and host-exposed features. One antigen was further characterised and its sequence and structure were analysed in silico. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse transcript expression throughout development, and immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays employed to determine antigen recognition by antibody samples. Results Several known and novel antigens were discovered, two of which showed up-regulated transcription in schistosomula. One novel antigen, termed S. japonicum Ly-6-like protein 1 (Sj-L6L-1), was further characterised and shown to share structural and sequence features with the Ly-6 protein family. It was found to be present in the worm tegument and expressed in both the larval and adult worms, but was found to be antigenic only in the lungs that the larvae migrate to and traverse. Conclusions This study represents a novel approach to vaccine antigen discovery and may contribute to schistosome vaccine development against this important group of human and veterinary pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Dias SRC, Boroni M, Rocha EA, Dias TL, de Laet Souza D, Oliveira FMS, Bitar M, Macedo AM, Machado CR, Caliari MV, Franco GR. Evaluation of the Schistosoma mansoni Y-box-binding protein (SMYB1) potential as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis. Front Genet 2014; 5:174. [PMID: 24966869 PMCID: PMC4052899 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease, and after malaria, is the second most important tropical disease in public health. A vaccine that reduces parasitemia is desirable to achieve mass treatment with a low cost. Although potential antigens have been identified and tested in clinical trials, no effective vaccine against schistosomiasis is available. Y-box-binding proteins (YBPs) regulate gene expression and participate in a variety of cellular processes, including transcriptional and translational regulation, DNA repair, cellular proliferation, drug resistance, and stress responses. The Schistosoma mansoni ortholog of the human YB-1, SMYB1, is expressed in all stages of the parasite life cycle. Although SMYB1 binds to DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, immunohistochemistry assays demonstrated that it is primarily localized in the cytoplasm of parasite cells. In addition, SMYB1 interacts with a protein involved in mRNA processing, suggesting that SMYB1 functions in the turnover, transport, and/or stabilization of RNA molecules during post-transcriptional gene regulation. Here we report the potential of SMYB1 as a vaccine candidate. We demonstrate that recombinant SMYB1 stimulates the production of high levels of specific IgG1 antibodies in a mouse model. The observed levels of specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies indicate an actual protection against cercariae challenge. Animals immunized with rSMYB1 exhibited a 26% reduction in adult worm burden and a 28% reduction in eggs retained in the liver. Although proteins from the worm tegument are considered optimal targets for vaccine development, this study demonstrates that unexposed cytoplasmic proteins can reduce the load of intestinal worms and the number of eggs retained in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia R C Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elizângela A Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thomaz L Dias
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniela de Laet Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício M S Oliveira
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mainá Bitar
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Machado
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcelo V Caliari
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Glória R Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Ludolf F, Patrocínio PR, Corrêa-Oliveira R, Gazzinelli A, Falcone FH, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales J, Oliveira GC, Silva-Pereira RA. Serological screening of the Schistosoma mansoni adult worm proteome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2745. [PMID: 24651847 PMCID: PMC3961189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New interventions tools are a priority for schistosomiasis control and elimination, as the disease is still highly prevalent. The identification of proteins associated with active infection and protective immune response may constitute the basis for the development of a successful vaccine and could also indicate new diagnostic candidates. In this context, post-genomic technologies have been progressing, resulting in a more rational discovery of new biomarkers of resistance and antigens for diagnosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Two-dimensional electrophoresed Schistosoma mansoni adult worm protein extracts were probed with pooled sera of infected and non-infected (naturally resistant) individuals from a S. mansoni endemic area. A total of 47 different immunoreactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. Although the different pooled sera shared most of the immunoreactive protein spots, nine protein spots reacted exclusively with the serum pool of infected individuals, which correspond to annexin, major egg antigen, troponin T, filamin, disulphide-isomerase ER-60 precursor, actin and reticulocalbin. One protein spot, corresponding to eukaryotic translation elongation factor, reacted exclusively with the pooled sera of non-infected individuals living in the endemic area. Western blotting of two selected recombinant proteins, major egg antigen and hemoglobinase, showed a similar recognition pattern of that of the native protein. CONCLUDING/SIGNIFICANCE Using a serological proteome analysis, a group of antigens related to the different infection status of the endemic area residents was identified and may be related to susceptibility or resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ludolf
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Paola R. Patrocínio
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Gazzinelli
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Nursing School, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- The University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular and Cellular Science, Nottingham, East Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Fiocruz/RJ, Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Toxicology Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases – INCT-DT, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A. Silva-Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz/MG, Genomics and Computational Biology Group, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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20
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Clark GF. The role of glycans in immune evasion: the human fetoembryonic defence system hypothesis revisited. Mol Hum Reprod 2014; 20:185-99. [PMID: 24043694 PMCID: PMC3925329 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gat064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that mechanisms to evade the human immune system may be shared by the conceptus, tumour cells, persistent pathogens and viruses. It is therefore timely to revisit the human fetoembryonic defense system (Hu-FEDS) hypothesis that was proposed in two papers in the 1990s. The initial paper suggested that glycoconjugates expressed in the human reproductive system inhibited immune responses directed against gametes and the developing human by employing their carbohydrate sequences as functional groups. These glycoconjugates were proposed to block specific binding interactions and interact with lectins linked to signal transduction pathways that modulated immune cell functions. The second article suggested that aggressive tumour cells and persistent pathogens (HIV, H. pylori, schistosomes) either mimicked or acquired the same carbohydrate functional groups employed in this system to evade immune responses. This subterfuge enabled these pathogens and tumour cells to couple their survival to the human reproductive imperative. The Hu-FEDS model has been repeatedly tested since its inception. Data relevant to this model have also been obtained in other studies. Herein, the Hu-FEDS hypothesis is revisited in the context of these more recent findings. Far more supportive evidence for this model now exists than when it was first proposed, and many of the original predictions have been validated. This type of subterfuge by pathogens and tumour cells likely applies to all sexually reproducing metazoans that must protect their gametes from immune responses. Intervention in these pathological states will likely remain problematic until this system of immune evasion is fully understood and appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F. Clark
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Reproductive and Perinatal Research and Division of Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Dimitrakopoulou K, Dimitrakopoulos GN, Wilk E, Tsimpouris C, Sgarbas KN, Schughart K, Bezerianos A. Influenza A immunomics and public health omics: the dynamic pathway interplay in host response to H1N1 infection. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:167-83. [PMID: 24512282 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Towards unraveling the influenza A (H1N1) immunome, this work aims at constructing the murine host response pathway interactome. To accomplish that, an ensemble of dynamic and time-varying Gene Regulatory Network Inference methodologies was recruited to set a confident interactome based on mouse time series transcriptome data (day 1-day 60). The proposed H1N1 interactome demonstrated significant transformations among activated and suppressed pathways in time. Enhanced interplay was observed at day 1, while the maximal network complexity was reached at day 8 (correlated with viral clearance and iBALT tissue formation) and one interaction was present at day 40. Next, we searched for common interactivity features between the murine-adapted PR8 strain and other influenza A subtypes/strains. For this, two other interactomes, describing the murine host response against H5N1 and H1N1pdm, were constructed, which in turn validated many of the observed interactions (in the period day 1-day 7). The H1N1 interactome revealed the role of cell cycle both in innate and adaptive immunity (day 1-day 14). Also, pathogen sensory pathways (e.g., RIG-I) displayed long-lasting association with cytokine/chemokine signaling (until day 8). Interestingly, the above observations were also supported by the H5N1 and H1N1pdm models. It also elucidated the enhanced coupling of the activated innate pathways with the suppressed PPAR signaling to keep low inflammation until viral clearance (until day 14). Further, it showed that interactions reflecting phagocytosis processes continued long after the viral clearance and the establishment of adaptive immunity (day 8-day 40). Additionally, interactions involving B cell receptor pathway were evident since day 1. These results collectively inform the emerging field of public health omics and future clinical studies aimed at deciphering dynamic host responses to infectious agents.
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McManus DP. Schistosomiasis in 2012: current status and key research priorities required for control leading to elimination. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 10:1233-6. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang SM, Coultas KA. Identification of plumbagin and sanguinarine as effective chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of schistosomiasis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2013; 3:28-34. [PMID: 23641325 PMCID: PMC3638872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a snail-borne parasitic disease, affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Currently the treatment of schistosomiasis relies on a single therapy of praziquantel, a drug developed over 30 years ago. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop alternative antischistosomal drugs. In the pursuit of novel antischistosomal drugs, we examined the antischistosomal activities of 45 compounds that had been reported to exhibit antimicrobial and/or antiparasitic activities. Two plant-derived compounds, plumbagin and sanguinarine, were found to possess potent antischistosomal activities in vitro. For both the compounds, a concentration of 10 μM (equivalent to 1.88 μg/ml for plumbagin and 3.68 μg/ml for sanguinarine) resulted in 100% mortality at 48 h, which meets the World Health Organization's (WHO) criterion of "hit" compounds for the control of schistosomiasis. Morphological changes and tegumental alterations of the dead worms treated by the two compounds were quite different. The significant morphological changes of worms after treatment by the two compounds suggest the two compounds target different biological pathways, both of which result in parasite's death. This study provides evidence to suggest plumbagin and sanguinarine have real potential as effective alternative chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ming Zhang
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, MSC03 2020, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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Beaumier CM, Gillespie PM, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. New vaccines for neglected parasitic diseases and dengue. Transl Res 2013; 162:144-55. [PMID: 23578479 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a significant source of morbidity and socioeconomic burden among the world's poor. Virtually all of the 2.4 billion people who live on less than $2 per d, more than a third of the world's population, are at risk for these debilitating NTDs. Although chemotherapeutic measures exist for many of these pathogens, they are not sustainable countermeasures on their own because of rates of reinfection, risk of drug resistance, and inconsistent maintenance of drug treatment programs. Preventative and therapeutic NTD vaccines are needed as long-term solutions. Because there is no market in the for-profit sector of vaccine development for these pathogens, much of the effort to develop vaccines is driven by nonprofit entities, mostly through product development partnerships. This review describes the progress of vaccines under development for many of the NTDs, with a specific focus on those about to enter or that are currently in human clinical trials. Specifically, we report on the progress on dengue, hookworm, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and onchocerciasis vaccines. These products will be some of the first with specific objectives to aid the world's poorest populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coreen M Beaumier
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, Tex., USA
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The developing schistosome worms elicit distinct immune responses in different tissue regions. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:477-85. [PMID: 23856766 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome parasites follow a complex migration path through various tissues, changing their antigenic profile as they develop. A thorough understanding of the antibody response in each tissue region could help unravel the complex immunology of these developing parasites and aid vaccine design. Here we used a novel strategy for analysing the local antibody responses induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection at each site of infection. Cells from rat lymph nodes draining the sites of larval migration (the skin and lungs), the liver-lymph nodes where adults reside and the spleens were cultured to allow the in vivo-induced antibody-secreting cells to release antibody into the media. The amount and isotype of antibodies secreted in the supernatants differed significantly in the different lymph nodes and spleen, corresponding with the migration path of the schistosome worms. In addition, there were significant differences in binding specificity, as determined by surface labelling, western blots and by screening a glycan array. Through capturing the local antibody response, this study has revealed dramatic differences in the quality and specificity of the immune response at different tissue sites, and highlighted the existence of stage-specific protein and carbohydrate antigens. This will provide a valuable tool for the isolation of novel vaccine targets against the larval stages of schistosomes.
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New frontiers in schistosoma genomics and transcriptomics. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:849132. [PMID: 23227308 PMCID: PMC3512318 DOI: 10.1155/2012/849132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes are digenean blood flukes of aves and mammals comprising 23 species. Some species are causative agents of human schistosomiasis, the second major neglected disease affecting over 230 million people worldwide. Modern technologies including the sequencing and characterization of nucleic acids and proteins have allowed large-scale analyses of parasites and hosts, opening new frontiers in biological research with potential biomedical and biotechnological applications. Nuclear genomes of the three most socioeconomically important species (S. haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni) have been sequenced and are under intense investigation. Mitochondrial genomes of six Schistosoma species have also been completely sequenced and analysed from an evolutionary perspective. Furthermore, DNA barcoding of mitochondrial sequences is used for biodiversity assessment of schistosomes. Despite the efforts in the characterization of Schistosoma genomes and transcriptomes, many questions regarding the biology and evolution of this important taxon remain unanswered. This paper aims to discuss some advances in the schistosome research with emphasis on genomics and transcriptomics. It also aims to discuss the main challenges of the current research and to point out some future directions in schistosome studies.
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PIEDRAFITA D, MATTHEWS JB. A grand scale challenge: vaccine discovery for helminth control in definitive hosts. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:241-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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