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Kumar S, Prasad S, Yadav KK, Shrivastava M, Gupta N, Nagar S, Bach QV, Kamyab H, Khan SA, Yadav S, Malav LC. Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches - A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108792. [PMID: 31610391 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the role of toxic metal remediation approaches due to their broad sustainability and applicability. The rapid developmental processes can incorporate a large quantity of hazardous and unseen heavy metals in all the segments of the environment, including soil, water, air and plants. The released hazardous heavy metals (HHMs) entered into the food chain and biomagnified into living beings via food and vegetable consumption and originate potentially health-threatening effects. The physical and chemical remediation approaches are restricted and localized and, mainly applied to wastewater and soils and not the plant. The nanotechnological, biotechnological and genetical approaches required to more rectification and sustainability. A cellular, molecular and nano-level understanding of the pathways and reactions are responsible for potentially toxic metals (TMs) accumulation. These approaches can enable the development of crop varieties with highly reduced concentrations of TMs in their consumable foods and vegetables. As a critical analysis by authors observed that nanoparticles could provide very high adaptability for both in-situ and ex-situ remediation of hazardous heavy metals (HHMs) in the environment. These methods could be used for the improvement of the inbuilt genetic potential and phytoremediation ability of plants by developing transgenic. These biological processes involve the transfer of gene of interest, which plays a role in hazardous metal uptake, transport, stabilization, inactivation and accumulation to increased host tolerance. This review identified that use of nanoremediation and combined biotechnological and, transgenic could help to enhance phytoremediation efficiency in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Shiv Prasad
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India.
| | - Manoj Shrivastava
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Institute of Environment and Development Studies, Bundelkhand University, Kanpur Road, Jhansi 284128, India
| | - Shivani Nagar
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Quang-Vu Bach
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Viet Nam.
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Shakeel A Khan
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Centre for Environment Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Lal Chand Malav
- National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, India
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Chen S, Liu Y, Deng Y, Liu Y, Dong M, Tian Y, Sun H, Li Y. Cloning and functional analysis of the VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 genes as Cd-regulating genes in blueberry. Gene 2019; 686:104-117. [PMID: 30391441 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blueberries (Vaccinium ssp.) show relatively high resistance to pollution and have been reported to successfully colonize acid and heavy metal-contaminated soils. Blueberries were subjected to cadmium stress using a simulated pot-culture method. The intact CDS regions of VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 were obtained, VcCXIP4 was located in the nucleus, while VcYSL6 was located in the chloroplast. Both genes were constructed into a modified plant expression vector pCambia1301 for tobacco transformation with agrobacterium infection methods. Results showed that VcCXIP4 did not function alone in regulating cadmium (Cd) transport. Cd content of Cd in the leaves of VcYSL6 transgenic tobacco by 15.57% under high Cd concentration. Both, VcCXIP4 and VcYSL6 genes were up-regulated under Cd stress. Blueberry primarily accumulated excess Cd in the root, but Cd content in the fruit was almost independent of Cd content in the soil. Further, the effect of soil Cd content on fruit Cd content was not significant. VcCXIP4 is likely to interact with other proteins to regulate excess Cd in blueberry, while VcYSL6 is a Cd transporter required for excess Cd detoxification in blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaopeng Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, PR China
| | - Yushan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yu Deng
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Mei Dong
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Youwen Tian
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Haiyue Sun
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Yadong Li
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Suman J, Uhlik O, Viktorova J, Macek T. Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals: A Promising Tool for Clean-Up of Polluted Environment? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30459775 PMCID: PMC6232834 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by heavy metals (HM) represents a serious threat for both the environment and human health. Due to their elemental character, HM cannot be chemically degraded, and their detoxification in the environment mostly resides either in stabilization in situ or in their removal from the matrix, e.g., soil. For this purpose, phytoremediation, i.e., the application of plants for the restoration of a polluted environment, has been proposed as a promising green alternative to traditional physical and chemical methods. Among the phytoremediation techniques, phytoextraction refers to the removal of HM from the matrix through their uptake by a plant. It possesses considerable advantages over traditional techniques, especially due to its cost effectiveness, potential treatment of multiple HM simultaneously, no need for the excavation of contaminated soil, good acceptance by the public, the possibility of follow-up processing of the biomass produced, etc. In this review, we focused on three basic HM phytoextraction strategies that differ in the type of plant species being employed: natural hyperaccumulators, fast-growing plant species with high-biomass production and, potentially, plants genetically engineered toward a phenotype that favors efficient HM uptake and boosted HM tolerance. Considerable knowledge on the applicability of plants for HM phytoextraction has been gathered to date from both lab-scale studies performed under controlled model conditions and field trials using real environmental conditions. Based on this knowledge, many specific applications of plants for the remediation of HM-polluted soils have been proposed. Such studies often also include suggestions for the further processing of HM-contaminated biomass, therefore providing an added economical value. Based on the examples presented here, we recommend that intensive research be performed on the selection of appropriate plant taxa for various sets of conditions, environmental risk assessment, the fate of HM-enriched biomass, economical aspects of the process, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachym Suman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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Liu D, An Z, Mao Z, Ma L, Lu Z. Enhanced Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation by Transgenic Sugar Beets Expressing Streptococcus thermophilus StGCS-GS in the Presence of Cd, Zn and Cu Alone or in Combination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128824. [PMID: 26057126 PMCID: PMC4461316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a promising means of ameliorating heavy metal pollution through the use of transgenic plants as artificial hyperaccumulators. A novel Streptococcus thermophilusγ-glutamylcysteine synthetase-glutathione synthetase (StGCS-GS) that synthesizes glutathione (GSH) with limited feedback inhibition was overexpressed in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), yielding three transgenic lines (s2, s4 and s5) with enhanced tolerance to different concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper, as indicated by their increased biomass, root length and relative growth compared with wild-type plants. Transgenic sugar beets accumulated more Cd, Zn and Cu ions in shoots than wild-type, as well as higher GSH and phytochelatin (PC) levels under different heavy metal stresses. This enhanced heavy metal tolerance and increased accumulation were likely due to the increased expression of StGCS-GS and consequent overproduction of both GSH and PC. Furthermore, when multiple heavy metal ions were present at the same time, transgenic sugar beets overexpressing StGCS-GS resisted two or three of the metal combinations (50 μM Cd-Zn, Cd-Cu, Zn-Cu and Cd-Zn-Cu), with greater absorption in shoots. Additionally, there was no obvious competition between metals. Overall, the results demonstrate the explicit role of StGCS-GS in enhancing Cd, Zn and Cu tolerance and accumulation in transgenic sugar beet, which may represent a highly promising new tool for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sugar beet Genetics and Breeding, Academy of Crop Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Zhigang An
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Zijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, the Ministry of Education of China, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, P. R. China
| | - Longbiao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Sugar beet Genetics and Breeding, Academy of Crop Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LM); (ZL)
| | - Zhenqiang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (LM); (ZL)
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Roncarati F, Sáez CA, Greco M, Gledhill M, Bitonti MB, Brown MT. Response differences between Ectocarpus siliculosus populations to copper stress involve cellular exclusion and induction of the phytochelatin biosynthetic pathway. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:167-75. [PMID: 25546007 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Some populations of brown seaweed species inhabit metal-polluted environments and can develop tolerance to metal stress, but the mechanisms by which this is accomplished are still to be elucidated. To address this, the responses of two strains of the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus isolated from sites with different histories of metal contamination exposed to total copper (CuT) concentrations ranging between 0 and 2.4 μM for 10 days were investigated. The synthesis of the metal-chelator phytochelatin (PCs) and relative levels of transcripts encoding the enzymes γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), glutathione synthase (GS) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) that participate in the PC biosynthetic pathway were measured, along with the effects on growth, and adsorption and uptake of Cu. Growth of strain LIA, from a pristine site in Scotland, was inhibited to a greater extent, and at lower concentrations, than that of Es524, isolated from a Cu-contaminated site in Chile. Concentrations of intra-cellular Cu were higher and the exchangeable fraction was lower in LIA than Es524, especially at the highest exposure levels. Total glutathione concentrations increased in both strains with Cu exposure, whereas total PCs levels were higher in Es524 than LIA; PC2 and PC3 were detected in Es524 but PC2 only was found in LIA. The greater production and levels of polymerisation of PCs in Es524 can be explained by the up-regulation of genes encoding for key enzymes involved in the synthesis of PCs. In Es524 there was an increase in the transcripts of γ-GCS, GS and PCS, particularly under high Cu exposure, whereas in LIA4 transcripts of γ-GCS1 increased only slightly, γ-GCS2 and GS decreased and PCS did not change. The consequences of higher intra-cellular concentrations of Cu, lower production of PCs, and lower expression of enzymes involved in GSH-PCs synthesis may be contributing to an induced oxidative stress condition in LIA, which explains, at least in part, the observed sensitivity of LIA to Cu. Therefore, responses to Cu exposure in E. siliculosus relate to the contamination histories of the locations from where the strains were isolated and differences in Cu exclusion and PCs production are in part responsible for the development of intra-specific resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Roncarati
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Claudio A Sáez
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, casilla 40 correo 33, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Casilla 34-V, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Maria Greco
- Laboratory of Plant Cyto-Physiology, University of Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Martha Gledhill
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, Build. 12, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria B Bitonti
- Laboratory of Plant Cyto-Physiology, University of Calabria, Arcavata di Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | - Murray T Brown
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Environment, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
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Zhao C, Xu J, Li Q, Li S, Wang P, Xiang F. Cloning and characterization of a Phragmites australis phytochelatin synthase (PaPCS) and achieving Cd tolerance in tall fescue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103771. [PMID: 25133575 PMCID: PMC4136729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of phytochelatins (PCs) provides an important means for plants to achieve tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity. A reed gene encoding PC synthase (PaPCS) was isolated and its function tested through its heterologous expression in a strain of yeast sensitive to Cd. Subsequently, the Cd sensitive and high biomass accumulating species tall fescue was transformed either with PaPCS or PaGCS (a glutamyl cysteine synthetase gene of reed) on their own (single transformants), or with both genes together in the same transgene cassette (double transformant). The single and double transformants showed greater Cd tolerance and accumulated more Cd and PC than wild type plants, and their Cd leaf/root ratio content was higher. The ranking in terms of Cd and PC content for the various transgenic lines was double transformants>PaGCS single transformants>PaPCS single transformants>wild type. Thus PaGCS appears to exert a greater influence than PaPCS over PC synthesis and Cd tolerance/accumulation. The double transformant has interesting potential for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuo Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengning Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Sytar O, Kumar A, Latowski D, Kuczynska P, Strzałka K, Prasad MNV. Heavy metal-induced oxidative damage, defense reactions, and detoxification mechanisms in plants. ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM 2013. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11738-012-1169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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Maestri E, Marmiroli N. Transgenic plants for phytoremediation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2011; 13 Suppl 1:264-279. [PMID: 22046764 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2011.568549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a green, sustainable and promising solution to problems of environmental contamination. It entails the use of plants for uptake, sequestration, detoxification or volatilization of inorganic and organic pollutants from soils, water, sediments and possibly air. Phytoremediation was born from the observation that plants possessed physiological properties useful for environmental remediation. This was shortly followed by the application of breeding techniques and artificial selection to genetically improve some of the more promising and interesting species. Now, after nearly 20 years of research, transgenic plants for phytoremediation have been produced, but none have reached commercial existence. Three main approaches have been developed: (1) transformation with genes from other organisms (mammals, bacteria, etc.); (2) transformation with genes from other plant species; and (3) overexpression of genes from the same plant species. Many encouraging results have been reported, even though in some instances results have been contrary to expectations. This review will illustrate the main examples with a critical discussion of what we have learnt from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maestri
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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