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Wang Y, Qiao M, Yao X, Feng Z, Hu R, Chen J, Liu L, Liu J, Sun Y, Guo Y. Lidocaine ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in irritable bowel syndrome by modulating corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14677. [PMID: 37736684 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal barrier dysfunction is a prevalent pathogenic factor underlying various disorders. Currently there is no effective resolution. Previous studies have reported the potential anti-inflammatory properties of lidocaine and its ability to alleviate visceral hypersensitivity in individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, our study will further verify the effect of lidocaine on intestinal barrier dysfunction in IBS and investigate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In this study, we investigated the role of lidocaine by assessing visceral hypersensitivity, body weight, inflammatory factors, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4000 (FD4) flux, tight junctions (TJs) and spleen and thymus index in rats subjected to water avoidance stress (WAS) to mimic intestinal barrier dysfunction in IBS with and without lidocaine. In vitro, we investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2) in lidocaine-treated Caco2 cells using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting CRHR2. KEY RESULTS In WAS rats, lidocaine significantly restored weight loss, damaged TJs, spleen index and thymus index and inhibited abdominal hypersensitivity as well as blood levels of markers indicating intestinal permeability, such as diamine oxidase (DAO), D-lactic acid (D-Lac) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Consequently, the leakage of FD4 flux from intestine was significantly attenuated in lidocaine group, and levels of intestinal inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α) were reduced. Interestingly, lidocaine significantly suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels in lamina propria cells, while the CRH receptor CRHR2 was upregulated in intestinal epithelial cells. In vitro, lidocaine enhanced the expression of CRHR2 on Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and restored disrupted TJs and the epithelial barrier caused by LPS. Conversely, these effects were diminished by a CRHR2 antagonist and siRNA-CRHR2, suggesting that the protective effect of lidocaine depends on CRHR2. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Lidocaine ameliorates intestinal barrier dysfunction in IBS by potentially modulating the expression of CRHR2 on intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Tianfu New Area People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingbiao Qiao
- Department of Pathology, De Yang People's Hospital, Deyang, China
| | - Xue Yao
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonghui Feng
- Center of Gastrointestinal and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruiqi Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yueshan Sun
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, The Second Chengdu Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, China
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Lagou MK, Karagiannis GS. Obesity-induced thymic involution and cancer risk. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:3-19. [PMID: 37088128 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Declining thymic functions associated either with old age (i.e., age-related thymic involution), or with acute involution as a result of stress, infectious disease, or cytoreductive therapies (e.g., chemotherapy/radiotherapy), have been associated with cancer development. A key mechanism underlying such increased cancer risk is the thymus-dependent debilitation of adaptive immunity, which is responsible for orchestrating immunoediting mechanisms and tumor immune surveillance. In the past few years, a blooming set of evidence has intriguingly linked obesity with cancer development and progression. The majority of such studies has focused on obesity-driven chronic inflammation, steroid/sex hormone and adipokine production, and hyperinsulinemia, as principal factors affecting the tumor microenvironment and driving the development of primary malignancy. However, experimental observations about the negative impact of obesity on T cell development and maturation have existed for more than half a century. Here, we critically discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of obesity-driven thymic involution as a previously underrepresented intermediary pathology leading to cancer development and progression. This knowledge could be especially relevant in the context of childhood obesity, because impaired thymic function in young individuals leads to immune system abnormalities, and predisposes to various pediatric cancers. A thorough understanding behind the molecular and cellular circuitries governing obesity-induced thymic involution could therefore help towards the rationalized development of targeted thymic regeneration strategies for obese individuals at high risk of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Lagou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - George S Karagiannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis Program, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Cancer Dormancy and Tumor Microenvironment Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Integrated Imaging Program for Cancer Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Takahashi H, Iriki H, Asahina Y. T cell autoimmunity and immune regulation to desmoglein 3, a pemphigus autoantigen. J Dermatol 2023; 50:112-123. [PMID: 36539957 PMCID: PMC10107879 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pemphigus is a life-threatening autoimmune bullous disease mediated by anti-desmoglein IgG autoantibodies. Pemphigus is mainly classified into three subtypes: pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. The pathogenicity of autoantibodies has been extensively studied. Anti-human CD20 antibody therapy targeting B cells emerged as a more effective treatment option compared to conventional therapy for patients with an intractable disease. On the other hand, autoreactive T cells are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis based on the test results of human leukocyte antigen association, autoreactive T cell detection, and cytokine profile analysis. Research on the role of T cells in pemphigus has continued to progress, including that on T follicular helper cells, which initiate molecular mechanisms involved in antibody production in B cells. Autoreactive T cell research in mice has highlighted the crucial roles of cellular autoimmunity and improved the understanding of its pathogenesis, especially in paraneoplastic pemphigus. The mouse research has helped elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms of autoreactive T cells, such as thymic tolerance to desmoglein 3 and the essential roles of regulatory T cells, Langerhans cells, and other molecules in peripheral tissues. This review focuses on the immunological aspects of autoreactive T cells in pemphigus by providing detailed information on various related topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisato Iriki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Asahina
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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The potential therapeutic effects of hydroxypropyl cellulose on acute murine colitis induced by DSS. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 289:119430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Castañeda J, Hidalgo Y, Sauma D, Rosemblatt M, Bono MR, Núñez S. The Multifaceted Roles of B Cells in the Thymus: From Immune Tolerance to Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:766698. [PMID: 34790201 PMCID: PMC8591215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.766698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is home to a significant number of resident B cells which possess several unique characteristics regarding their origin, phenotype and function. Evidence shows that they originate both from precursors that mature intrathymically and as the entry of recirculating mature B cells. Under steady-state conditions they exhibit hallmark signatures of activated B cells, undergo immunoglobulin class-switch, and express the Aire transcription factor. These features are imprinted within the thymus and enable B cells to act as specialized antigen-presenting cells in the thymic medulla that contribute negative selection of self-reactive T cells. Though, most studies have focused on B cells located in the medulla, a second contingent of B cells is also present in non-epithelial perivascular spaces of the thymus. This latter group of B cells, which includes memory B cells and plasma cells, is not readily detected in the thymus of infants or young mice but gradually accumulates during normal aging. Remarkably, in many autoimmune diseases the thymus suffers severe structural atrophy and infiltration of B cells in the perivascular spaces, which organize into follicles similar to those typically found in secondary lymphoid organs. This review provides an overview of the pathways involved in thymic B cell origin and presents an integrated view of both thymic medullary and perivascular B cells and their respective physiological and pathological roles in central tolerance and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Castañeda
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yessia Hidalgo
- Cells for cells-Consorcio Regenero, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Alterations in thymocyte populations under conditions of endotoxin tolerance. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1855-1865. [PMID: 34133355 PMCID: PMC8367067 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endotoxin tolerance (ET) is a protective phenomenon in which pre-treatment with a tolerance dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to dramatically elevated survival. Accumulating evidence has shown that peripheral T cells contribute to the induction of ET. However, what happens to T cell development in the thymus under ET conditions remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to analyze the alterations in thymocyte populations (double-positive [DP] and single-positive [SP] cells) under ET conditions. Methods: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS at a concentration of 5 mg/kg to establish an LPS tolerance model and were divided into two groups: a group examined 72 h after LPS injection (72-h group) and a group examined 8 days after LPS injection (8-day group). Injection of phosphate-buffered saline was used as a control (control group). Changes in thymus weight, cell counts, and morphology were detected in the three groups. Moreover, surface molecules such as CD4, CD8, CD44, CD69, and CD62L were analyzed using flow cytometry. Furthermore, proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway signaling were analyzed in thymocyte populations. The polymorphism and length of the T-cell receptor (TCR) β chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) were analyzed using capillary electrophoresis DNA laser scanning analysis (ABI 3730). Results: Thymus weight and cell counts were decreased in the early stage but recovered by the late stage in a murine model of LPS-induced ET. Moreover, the proportions of DP cells (control: 72.130 ± 4.074, 72-h: 10.600 ± 3.517, 8-day: 84.770 ± 2.228), CD4+ SP cells (control: 15.770 ± 4.419, 72-h: 44.670 ± 3.089, 8-day: 6.367 ± 0.513), and CD8+ SP cells (control: 7.000 ± 1.916, 72-h: 34.030 ± 3.850, 8-day: 5.133 ± 0.647) were obviously different at different stages of ET. The polymorphism and length of TCR β chain CDR3 also changed obviously, indicating the occurrence of TCR rearrangement and thymocyte diversification. Further analysis showed that the expression of surface molecules, including CD44, CD69, and CD62L, on thymocyte populations (DP and SP cells) were changed to different degrees. Finally, the proliferation, apoptosis, cytokine production, and ERK pathway signaling of thymocyte populations were changed significantly. Conclusion: These data reveal that alterations in thymocyte populations might contribute to the establishment of ET.
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Polysaccharide from Gracilaria Lemaneiformis prevents colitis in Balb/c mice via enhancing intestinal barrier function and attenuating intestinal inflammation. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zimecki M, Artym J, Kałas W, Strządała L, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Kuryszko J, Kaszuba A, Kaczmarek K, Zabrocki J. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Cyclic Tetrapeptide in Mouse and Human Experimental Models. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111030. [PMID: 33126725 PMCID: PMC7693979 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyclic tetrapeptide Pro-Pro-Pheβ3ho-Phe (4B8M) was tested for immunosuppressive activity and potential therapeutic utility in several in vitro and in vivo mouse and human models. The tetrapeptide was less toxic for mouse splenocytes in comparison to cyclosporine A (CsA) and a parent cyclolinopeptide (CLA). The tetrapeptide demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory properties in antigen-specific skin inflammatory reactions to oxazolone and toluene diisocyanate as well to nonspecific irritants such as salicylic acid. It also inhibited inflammatory processes in an air pouch induced by carrageenan. In addition, 4B8M proved effective in amelioration of animal models corresponding to human diseases, such as nonspecific colon inflammation induced by dextran sulfate and allergic pleurisy induced by ovalbumin (OVA) in sensitized mice. The tetrapeptide lowered expression of EP1 and EP3 but not EP2 and EP4 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Jurkat T cells and ICAM-1 expression on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Its anti-inflammatory property in the carrageenan reaction was blocked by EP3 and EP4 antagonists. In addition, 4B8M induced an intracellular level of PGE2 in a human KERTr keratinocyte cell line. In conclusion, 4B8M is a low toxic and effective inhibitor of inflammatory disorders with potential therapeutic use, affecting the metabolism of prostanoid family molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Weigla 12, 53-112 Wrocław, Poland; (J.A.); (W.K.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-370-99-53
| | - Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Weigla 12, 53-112 Wrocław, Poland; (J.A.); (W.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Weigla 12, 53-112 Wrocław, Poland; (J.A.); (W.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Weigla 12, 53-112 Wrocław, Poland; (J.A.); (W.K.); (L.S.)
| | - Katarzyna Kaleta-Kuratewicz
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.K.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jan Kuryszko
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. C. K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (K.K.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Andrzej Kaszuba
- Department of Dermatology, Pediatric and Oncological Dermatology, Medical University of Łódź, Al. Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kaczmarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
| | - Janusz Zabrocki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology, ul. Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland; (K.K.); (J.Z.)
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Iriki H, Mukai M, Ito H, Kurebayashi Y, Amagai M, Takahashi H. Imiquimod-induced dermatitis impairs thymic tolerance of autoreactive CD4 + T cells to desmoglein 3. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 100:166-174. [PMID: 33023784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thymus plays an essential role in removing autoreactive T cells. Autoantigen-expressing thymic epithelial cells (TECs) contribute to the tolerogenic process. The thymus transiently shrinks as an acute thymic involution (ATI) under various inflammatory conditions. However, whether ATI occurs during local skin inflammation remains unclear, as does its influence on thymic immune tolerance. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether imiquimod-induced dermatitis causes ATI and impairs thymic immune tolerance against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), an epidermal autoantigen of pemphigus vulgaris. METHODS 5% imiquimod cream was applied daily, at 62.5 mg/day (high dose group) or 31.25 mg/day (low dose group), for 1 week on the back of wild-type mice, and to wild-type mice that had undergone bone-marrow transplantation from Dsg3-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic-Rag2-/- mice. Next, thymocytes, TECs and other immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. TEC-associated Dsg3 expression was also analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Thymus weight and thymocyte number in all developmental stages decreased in a dose-dependent manner under imiquimod-induced dermatitis. The number of total TECs, specifically medullary, but not cortical, TECs, decreased in high and low dose groups. Accordingly, the number of Dsg3-experssing UEA-1+keratin 5+mTEC decreased in the thymus during imiquimod-induced dermatitis. Although Dsg3-sepcific transgenic thymocytes was usually deleted in the thymus under physiological condition by central tolerance, Dsg3-sepcific transgenic CD4+CD8- thymocytes significantly increased in number under imiquimod-induced dermatitis. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a crosstalk between skin and thymus in adult mice and suggest that skin inflammation may impair thymic tolerance to autoantigens, such as Dsg3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Iriki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miho Mukai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kurebayashi
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Artym J, Kocięba M, Zaczyńska E, Zimecki M, Kałas W, Strządała L, Pawlak A, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K, Kaleta-Kuratewicz K, Madej JP, Kuropka P, Kuryszko J. Therapeutic effects of an azaphenothiazine derivative in mouse experimental colitis. Histol Histopathol 2019; 35:691-699. [PMID: 31833559 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phenothiazines represent a class of compounds of potential therapeutic utility. In this report we evaluated therapeutic value of an azaphenothiazine derivative, 6-acetylaminobutyl-9-chloroquino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazine (QBT), given intragastrically, in the model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice using 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) as a reference drug. Colitis symptoms such as body weight loss, diarrhea and hematochezia (blood in stool) were observed and registered and disease activity index (DAI) was calculated. In addition, weight and cell numbers in the lymphatic organs and histological parameters of the colon wall were analyzed. The effects of QBT on viability of colon epithelial cell lines were also determined. We showed that weight and cell number of draining mesenteric lymph nodes were lower in mice treated with QBT in comparison to their control counterparts. The number of thymocytes, drastically reduced in control mice, was elevated in mice treated with the compounds with a significant effect of 5-ASA. In addition, an abnormal composition of blood cell types was partially corrected in these groups. Histological analysis of the colon revealed that the pathological changes were partially normalized by QBT and even to a higher degree by 5-ASA. In conclusion we demonstrated a therapeutic efficacy of the compound in amelioration of local and systemic pathological changes associated with chemically-induced colitis in mice. A possible mechanism of action of the compound is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Artym
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maja Kocięba
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Zaczyńska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Zimecki
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kałas
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leon Strządała
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Pawlak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | | | - Jan P Madej
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuropka
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Kuryszko
- University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław, Poland
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Cao Q, Gao X, Lin Y, Yue C, Wang Y, Quan F, Zhang Z, Liu X, Lu Y, Zhan Y, Yang H, Li X, Qin D, Birnbaumer L, Hao K, Yang Y. Thymopentin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by triggering the production of IL-22 in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. Theranostics 2019; 9:7490-7505. [PMID: 31695782 PMCID: PMC6831468 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disease, notoriously challenging to treat. Previous studies have found a positive correlation between thymic atrophy and colitis severity. It was, therefore, worthwhile to investigate the effect of thymopentin (TP5), a synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the active domain of the thymopoietin, on colitis. Methods: Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice were treated with TP5 by subcutaneous injection. Body weight, colon length, colon weight, immune organ index, disease activity index (DAI) score, and the peripheral blood profile were examined. The immune cells of the spleen and colon were analyzed by flow cytometry. Histology was performed on isolated colon tissues for cytokine analysis. Bacterial DNA was extracted from mouse colonic feces to assess the intestinal microbiota. Intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs), HCT116, CT26, and splenocytes were cultured and treated with TP5. Results: TP5 treatment increased the body weight and colon length, decreased the DAI score, and restored colon architecture of colitic mice. TP5 also decreased the infiltration of immune cells and expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6. Importantly, the damaged thymus and compromised lymphocytes in peripheral blood were significantly restored by TP5. Also, the production of IL-22, both in innate and adaptive lymphoid cells, was triggered by TP5. Given the critical role of IL-22 in mucosal host defense, we tested the effect of TP5 on mucus barrier and gut microbiota and found that the number of goblet cells and the level of Mucin-2 expression were restored, and the composition of the gut microbiome was normalized after TP5 treatment. The critical role of IL-22 in the protective effect of TP5 on colitis was further confirmed by administering the anti-IL-22 antibody (αIL-22), which completely abolished the effect of TP5. Furthermore, TP5 significantly increased the expression level of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt), a transcription factor for IL-22. Consistent with this, RORγt inhibitor abrogated the upregulation of IL-22 induced by TP5. Conclusion: TP5 exerts a protective effect on DSS-induced colitis by triggering the production of IL-22 in both innate and adaptive lymphocytes. This study delineates TP5 as an immunomodulator that may be a potential drug for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Yanting Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Chongxiu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Fei Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Yanling Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Hongbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Xianjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
| | - Di Qin
- School of Sports and Health, Nanjing sport institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210001, PR China
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA, and Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina, Buenos Aires C1107AFF, Argentina
| | - Kun Hao
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
- Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, PR China
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Zakariassen HL, Bendtsen KM, Tougaard P, Hansen AK. Reduced early life mucosal integrity decreases thymic cell counts and increases local, but not thymic regulatory, T cell recruitment: Gut mucosal integrity breach and thymic T cells. EUR J INFLAMM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218823466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life immune gut microbiota contact is critical for regulatory T cell–mediated oral tolerance induction. We induced a mucosal integrity breach with low dextran sulfate sodium dose right after weaning in BALB/c mice along with a standard high dose to study the impact of increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact on the thymus. Both doses increased gut permeability, which caused a short-term generalized thymic involution and regulatory T cell induction in the mesenteric lymph nodes, even in the absence of clinically apparent inflammation in the low-dose group. The thymic regulatory T cells resisted thymic involution. In the low-dose group, we found acutely altered gut mobilization patterns characterized by changed gut-homing marker CD103 expression on mesenteric lymph node CD4+ T cells as well as on mature CD8+ T cells and developing CD4−/CD8− thymocytes. Furthermore, CD218a (IL-18-receptor-a) expression was acutely decreased on both mature CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells, while increased on the mesenteric lymph node CD8+ T cells, indicating a direct link between the thymus and the mesenteric lymph nodes with CD218a in a functional role in thymic involution. Acute and non-persisting regulatory responses in the mesenteric lymph nodes were induced in the form of a relative regulatory T cell increase. We saw no changes in total thymic regulatory T cells and thus the thymus does not seem to play a major role of in the regulatory immunity induced by increased gut microbiota lymphatic tissue contact around weaning, which in our study primarily was located to the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Louise Zakariassen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Katja Maria Bendtsen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Tougaard
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Axel Kornerup Hansen
- Section of Experimental Animal Models, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Zhang Y, Fu LT, Tang F. The protective effects of magnolol on acute trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid‑induced colitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3455-3464. [PMID: 29286109 PMCID: PMC5802145 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of magnolol on acute 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, and its underlying mechanisms. Experimental colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of TNBS/ethanol into rats. The model rats were randomly assigned into groups: TNBS, magnolol (high, medium and low doses), and salazosulfapyridine (positive control). All intervention regimens were administered by oral gavage, once a day for 7 consecutive days, 24 h after colitis induction. Histological and biochemical changes in colonic inflammation were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Rats treated with all doses of magnolol exhibited decreased colonic myeloperoxidase activity (P<0.05 vs. TNBS), reduced serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines [including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17], and downregulated Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) mRNA expression. Histological analysis revealed that medium and high doses of magnolol conferred an anti-inflammatory effect, which was indicated by a decrease in disease activity index, an increase in thymus index, and downregulation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 mRNA and TLR-4 protein expression. However, only high-dose magnolol significantly ameliorated the elevated colon weight/length ratio. The results of the present study indicate that magnolol exerts protective effects against acute TNBS-induced colitis in rats, and the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated inhibitory effect on inflammatory cascades may contribute to the protective activity of magnolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Li-Tang Fu
- Dingzhou Radi‑Glory Bio‑Chem Co., Ltd., Baoding, Hebei 073000, P.R. China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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14
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Majumdar S, Deobagkar-Lele M, Adiga V, Raghavan A, Wadhwa N, Ahmed SM, Rananaware SR, Chakraborty S, Joy O, Nandi D. Differential susceptibility and maturation of thymocyte subsets during Salmonella Typhimurium infection: insights on the roles of glucocorticoids and Interferon-gamma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40793. [PMID: 28091621 PMCID: PMC5238503 DOI: 10.1038/srep40793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is known to atrophy during infections; however, a systematic study of changes in thymocyte subpopulations has not been performed. This aspect was investigated, using multi-color flow cytometry, during oral infection of mice with Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The major highlights are: First, a block in the developmental pathway of CD4-CD8- double negative (DN) thymocytes is observed. Second, CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes, mainly in the DP1 (CD5loCD3lo) and DP2 (CD5hiCD3int), but not DP3 (CD5intCD3hi), subsets are reduced. Third, single positive (SP) thymocytes are more resistant to depletion but their maturation is delayed, leading to accumulation of CD24hiCD3hi SP. Kinetic studies during infection demonstrated differences in sensitivity of thymic subpopulations: Immature single positive (ISP) > DP1, DP2 > DN3, DN4 > DN2 > CD4+ > CD8+. Upon infection, glucocorticoids (GC), inflammatory cytokines, e.g. Ifnγ, etc are induced, which enhance thymocyte death. Treatment with RU486, the GC receptor antagonist, increases the survival of most thymic subsets during infection. Studies with Ifnγ-/- mice demonstrated that endogenous Ifnγ produced during infection enhances the depletion of DN2-DN4 subsets, promotes the accumulation of DP3 and delays the maturation of SP thymocytes. The implications of these observations on host cellular responses during infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Abinaya Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nitin Wadhwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Syed Moiz Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | | | | | - Omana Joy
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Bifidobacterium breve alters immune function and ameliorates DSS-induced inflammation in weanling rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:407-16. [PMID: 26083761 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (M16V) is a probiotic bacterial strain with a long tradition of use in neonatal intensive care units in some countries. Previous study showed that the effects of M16V administration on gene expression were greater during the weaning period than in the neonatal period and were greater in the colon than in the small intestine and spleen, suggesting that M16V has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of inflammation during the weaning period and the effects of M16V on normal and inflammatory conditions. METHODS From postnatal day (PD) 21 to 34, weanling rats were administered of 2.5 × 10(9) of M16V daily, and colitis was induced by administration of 2% dextran sulfate sodium from PD28 to 35. Colitis severity, immune function, and microbiota were investigated. RESULTS Colitis caused a reduction in body weight gain, colon shortening, poor nutritional status, anemia, changes in blood and spleen lymphocyte populations, spleen T-cell malfunctions, and alterations in colon microbiota. M16V administration improved some but not all of the changes induced by colitis. CONCLUSION M16V could suppress inflammation and, therefore, can be considered a safe strain to use not only during the neonatal period but also the weaning period.
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Xu X, Ge Q. Maturation and migration of murine CD4 single positive thymocytes and thymic emigrants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 9:e201403003. [PMID: 24757506 PMCID: PMC3995209 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201403003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphopoiesis in the thymus was thought to be completed once they reach the single positive (SP) stage, when they are “fully mature” and wait to be exported at random or follow a “first in-first out” manner. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that newly generated SP thymocytes undergo further maturation in the thymic medulla before they follow a tightly regulated emigrating process to become recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). RTEs in the periphery then experience a post-thymic maturation and peripheral tolerance and eventually become licensed as mature naïve T cells. This review summarizes the recent progress in the late stage T cell development in and outside of the thymus. The regulation of this developmental process is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, P R China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, P R China
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Reduced T cell receptor excision circle levels in the colonic mucosa of microscopic colitis patients indicate local proliferation rather than homing of peripheral lymphocytes to the inflamed mucosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:408638. [PMID: 23956982 PMCID: PMC3727133 DOI: 10.1155/2013/408638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated T cell responses in the intestine may lead to chronic bowel inflammation such as collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC), together known as microscopic colitis (MC). Having demonstrated increased local T cell responses in the intestinal mucosa of MC patients, we investigated the recent thymic emigrants by measuring T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) levels in the colonic biopsies from CC (n = 8), LC (n = 5), and CC or LC patients in histopathological remission (CC-HR, n = 3) (LC-HR, n = 6), non-inflamed diarrhoea patients (n = 17), and controls (n = 10) by real-time PCR. We observed lower median TREC levels in both CC and LC patients as well as in LC-HR patients compared to controls. In contrast to MC patients, non-inflamed diarrhoea patients presented with enhanced TREC levels compared to controls. None of the recorded differences did, however, reach statistical significance. A trend towards increased relative expression of CD3 was noted in all MC subgroups examined and reached statistical significance in LC patients compared to controls. In conclusion, reduced TRECs level in the colonic mucosa, together with our previously demonstrated enhanced expression of Ki67+ T cells, suggests local expansion of resident T lymphocytes in the inflamed mucosa of MC patients.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by a number of immunological alterations, not the least in the T-cell compartment. Numerous animal models of colitis have revealed aberrant thymocyte dynamics associated with skewed thymocyte development. The recent advancements in quantitative methods have proposed critical kinetic alterations in the thymocyte development during the progression of colitis. This review focuses on the aberrant thymocyte dynamics in Gαi2-deficient mice as this mouse model provides most quantitative data of the thymocyte development associated with colitis. Herein, we discuss several dynamic changes during the progression of colitis and propose a hypothesis for the underlying causes for the skewed proportions of the thymocyte populations seen in the Gαi2-deficient mice and in other mouse models of colitis.
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Enhanced production of early lineages of monocytic and granulocytic cells in mice with colitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16594-9. [PMID: 23012474 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213854109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow (BM) is a large, highly active, and responsive tissue. Interestingly, little is known about the impact of colitis on hematopoietic functions. Using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice, we identified significant changes in the BM. Specifically, cells of the monocytic and granulocytic lineages increased nearly 60% and 80%, respectively. This change would support and promote the large infiltration of the gut with neutrophils and monocytes that are the primary cause of inflammation and tissue damage during colitis. Conversely, the early lineages of B and T cells declined in the marrow and thymus with particularly large losses observed among pre-B and pre-T cells with heightened levels of apoptosis noted among CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes from DSS-treated mice. Also noteworthy was the 40% decline in cells of the erythrocytic lineages in the marrow of colitis mice, which undoubtedly contributed to the anemia observed in these mice. The peripheral blood reflected the marrow changes as demonstrated by a 2.6-fold increase in neutrophils, a 60% increase in monocytes, and a decline in the lymphocyte population. Thus, colitis changed the BM in profound ways that parallel the general outcomes of colitis including infiltration of the gut with monocytes and neutrophils, inflammation, and anemia. The data provide important understandings of the full impact of colitis that may lead to unique treatments and therapies.
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Elgbratt K, Jansson A, Hultgren-Hörnquist E. A quantitative study of the mechanisms behind thymic atrophy in Gαi2-deficient mice during colitis development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36726. [PMID: 22590596 PMCID: PMC3349706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice deficient for the G protein subunit Gαi2 spontaneously develop colitis, a chronic inflammatory disease associated with dysregulated T cell responses. We and others have previously demonstrated a thymic involution in these mice and an aberrant thymocyte dynamics. The Gαi2(-/-) mice have a dramatically reduced fraction of double positive thymocytes and an increased fraction of single positive (SP) thymocytes. In this study, we quantify a number of critical parameters in order to narrow down the underlying mechanisms that cause the dynamical changes of the thymocyte development in the Gαi2(-/-) mice. Our data suggest that the increased fraction of SP thymocytes results only from a decreased number of DP thymocytes, since the number of SP thymocytes in the Gαi2(-/-) mice is comparable to the control littermates. By measuring the frequency of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in the thymocytes, we demonstrate that the number of cell divisions the Gαi2(-/-) SP thymocytes undergo is comparable to SP thymocytes from control littermates. In addition, our data show that the mature SP CD4(+) and CD8(+) thymocytes divide to the same extent before they egress from the thymus. By estimating the number of peripheral TREC(+) T lymphocytes and their death rate, we could calculate the daily egression of thymocytes. Gαi2(-/-) mice with no/mild and moderate colitis were found to have a slower export rate in comparison to the control littermates. The quantitative measurements in this study suggest a number of dynamical changes in the thymocyte development during the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Elgbratt
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Andreas Jansson
- Systems Biology Research Centre, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
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Berglund M, Melgar S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, Hörnquist EH, Hultgren OH. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase M downregulates DSS-induced colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1778-86. [PMID: 20848470 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is associated with increased colon permeability resulting in bacterial translocation into the lamina propria. We investigate the importance of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) regulating protein IL-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) using the erosive dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced model of colitis. METHODS IRAK-M-competent and -incompetent mice were treated with 3% DSS for 5 days followed by 2 days of regular drinking water. Clinical signs of disease were followed for 7 days. At day 7 the mice were sacrificed and plasma and tissue were collected for histopathological examination and analyses of the production of cytokines and chemokines as well as expression of T-cell transcription factors. RESULTS At day 7 IRAK-M-deficient mice display a reduced total body weight (77.1 ± 2.1 versus 88.5 ± 2.0, *P = 0.002) and an increased macroscopical (2.7 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.1, *P = 0.002) and histopathological (6.0 ± 0 versus 3.3 ± 0.5, *P = < 0.001) colon score compared to wildtype mice. Furthermore, IRAK-M-deficient mice have increased colon mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and increased tumor necrosis factor concentrations (41.1 ± 13.5 versus 12.8 ± 2.0 pg/mL, *P = 0.010) in plasma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report examining the role of IRAK-M in colitis. We find that IRAK-M is of critical importance in downregulating induction and progression of DSS colitis, and thereby suggesting that IRAK-M might be a target for future interventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Berglund
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Elgbratt K, Kurlberg G, Hahn-Zohric M, Hörnquist EH. Rapid migration of thymic emigrants to the colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:325-36. [PMID: 20840654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with imbalances of the local intestinal immune responses, with dysregulated CD4(+) T cells contributing to the chronic inflammation. Having demonstrated altered T cell maturation in the thymus in two different mouse models of colitis, we set out to investigate whether abnormalities in T cell maturation is present in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD). Specimens were obtained from peripheral blood (CD; n = 14, UC; n = 22), colon and small intestinal specimens (CD; n = 6, UC; n = 13). As controls, peripheral blood specimens were obtained from healthy volunteers, patients with adenocarcinomas (n = 18) and colonic specimens from patients with adenocarcinomas (n = 14). Recent thymic emigrants were estimated by analysis of the normalized ratio of T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of naive- and proliferating T lymphocytes and markers of extrathymic T cell maturation in the mucosa was analyzed by flow cytometry and real time-PCR. TREC levels in peripheral blood T lymphocytes were similar between IBD patients and controls. In contrast, UC patients demonstrated significantly increased levels of TRECs both in intraepithelial and lamina propria lymphocytes from the colonic mucosa compared to patients with adenocarcinomas and CD. However, markers for extrathymic T cell maturation in the mucosa were not different between controls and IBD patients. The increased TREC levels in mucosal but not peripheral blood lymphocytes in UC patients in the absence of increased extrathymic maturation in situ in the mucosa together demonstrate that recent thymic emigrants are recruited rapidly to the inflamed mucosa of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Elgbratt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Örebro University, Sweden
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23
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Gender dependent importance of IRAK-1 in dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis. Cell Immunol 2009; 259:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Dietary Lactoferrin Does Not Prevent Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Murine Intestinal Lymphocyte Death. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:1099-108. [DOI: 10.3181/0802-rm-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced intestinal inflammation is characterized by pronounced mucosal and epithelial cell damage. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a common dietary protein, influences inflammatory cytokines and intestinal lymphocyte (IL) apoptosis. The objectives of this study were to determine if 1) DSS induces IL necrotic or apoptotic death, 2) dietary bLf affects DSS induced IL death and 3) bLf alters cytokine profiles during DSS induced inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomized to 2% or 0% bLf diets for 12 d and within diets to 5% or 0% DSS in the drinking water for 4 d after which intestinal histology, IL number, IL apoptosis/necrosis, IL phenotypes, protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and transcription factor (NFκB), apoptotic (caspase 3, Bax) proteins, anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) protein in IL were evaluated. DSS treatment resulted in shortened intestinal length, decreased body weight and widespread mucosal damage as well as increased IL death as determined by a decreased percentage of viable (PI−/ANN−, P < 0.005) and increased percentage of necrotic/late apoptotic (PI+/ ANN+, P < 0.05) and necrotic (PI+/ANN−, P < 0.05) IL. DSS exposure increased caspase 3 ( P < 0.05) and decreased Bcl-2 ( P < 0.01) protein levels in mouse IL. Dietary bLf did not influence these cell death outcome measures. However, bLf reduced protein levels of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor, NFκB, in IL ( P < 0.05) and was associated with a 34%, albeit non-significant, reduction in TNF-α relative to non-bLf fed mice. DSS treatment increased apoptosis and necrosis of mouse IL and elevated pro-apoptotic and reduced anti-apoptotic protein levels in these cells. Dietary bLf did not influence necrosis or apoptosis of IL but may provide limited protection in the intestine by affecting the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NFκB, and potentially, cytokine expression.
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Fredin MF, Hultin L, Hyberg G, Rehnström E, Hultgren Hörnquist E, Melgar S, Jansson L. Predicting and monitoring colitis development in mice by micro-computed tomography. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:491-9. [PMID: 18161841 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography (CT) has been developed as a tool for monitoring human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate colon wall thickness as a noninvasive marker in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) mouse model of colitis using micro-CT. METHODS Mice were examined by micro-CT 1, 2, or 4 times between day 0 (d0) and d26 after induction of colitis to document the kinetics of changes in colon wall thickness and its relation to colitis development. RESULTS DSS-treated mice displayed a significantly thicker colon wall at all timepoints (days 5, 8, 12, 19, and 26) investigated compared to healthy controls. Colon wall thickness showed a good correlation to the macroscopic grading of colitis (r = 0.81). The increase in colon wall thickness occurred mainly during the acute phase of colitis (between days 5 and 12) and did not progress much further in the chronic phase of colitis (d26). Colon wall thickness at d26 was thereby predicted by measurements at d12. All mice did not respond equally to DSS and this difference was manifest during the first 2 weeks of colitis, providing an important tool in stratifying responders from nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS While the potential impact of handling and anesthesia should be considered on repeated micro-CT, irradiation exposure during repeated micro-CT did not affect the development of colitis. Thus, the results suggest that micro-CT can be used for monitoring and prediction of the inflammatory response in mouse colitis in future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fritsch Fredin
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
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