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Gong W, Pan C, Cheng P, Wang J, Zhao G, Wu X. Peptide-Based Vaccines for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830497. [PMID: 35173740 PMCID: PMC8841753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising, making TB prevention and control more challenging. Vaccination has been considered the best approach to reduce the TB burden. Unfortunately, BCG, the only TB vaccine currently approved for use, offers some protection against childhood TB but is less effective in adults. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new TB vaccines that are more effective than BCG. Accumulating data indicated that peptides or epitopes play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity and triggering adaptive immunity. Furthermore, innovations in bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, synthetic technologies, new materials, and transgenic animal models have put wings on the research of peptide-based vaccines for TB. Hence, this review seeks to give an overview of current tools that can be used to design a peptide-based vaccine, the research status of peptide-based vaccines for TB, protein-based bacterial vaccine delivery systems, and animal models for the peptide-based vaccines. These explorations will provide approaches and strategies for developing safer and more effective peptide-based vaccines and contribute to achieving the WHO’s End TB Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqiong Wu, ; Guangyu Zhao,
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqiong Wu, ; Guangyu Zhao,
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Ortega-Tirado D, Arvizu-Flores AA, Velazquez C, Garibay-Escobar A. The role of immunoinformatics in the development of T-cell peptide-based vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:831-841. [PMID: 32945209 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1825950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health problem worldwide. The BCG, the only authorized vaccine to fight TB, shows a variable protection in the adult population highlighting the need of a new vaccine. Immunoinformatics offers a variety of tools that can predict immunogenic T-cell peptides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that can be used to create a new vaccine. Immunoinformatics has made possible the identification of immunogenic T-cell peptides of Mtb that have been tested in vitro showing a potential for using these molecules as part of a new TB vaccine. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most common immunoinformatics tools to identify immunogenic T-cell peptides and presents a compilation about research studies that have identified T-cell peptides of Mtb by using immunoinformatics. Also, it is provided a summary of the TB vaccines undergoing clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In the next few years, the field of peptide-based vaccines will keep growing along with the development of more efficient and sophisticated immunoinformatic tools to identify immunogenic peptides with a greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Tirado
- Departamento De Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad De Sonora , Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento De Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad De Sonora , Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Departamento De Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad De Sonora , Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento De Ciencias Químico Biológicas Universidad De Sonora , Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Ortega-Tirado D, Niño-Padilla EI, Arvizu-Flores AA, Velazquez C, Espitia C, Serrano CJ, Enciso-Moreno JA, Sumoza-Toledo A, Garibay-Escobar A. Identification of immunogenic T-cell peptides of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS33 protein. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:123-130. [PMID: 32659597 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of a more efficient vaccine is needed to improve tuberculosis control. One of the current approaches is to identify immunogenic T-cell peptides that can elicit a protective and specific immune response. These peptides come from immunogenic proteins of the pathogen. The PE_PGRS33 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been proved immunogenic. However, little is known about immunogenic T-cell peptides of PE_PGRS33 and their interactions with MHC-II molecules. Therefore, we used the SYFPHEITHI database to determine the immunogenic PE_PGRS33 T-cell peptides. Next, we built homology models by using MOE v2018.1 software in order to obtain information about the specific interactions between the peptides and I-Ak. The AlgPred server was employed to look for allergenic sites in PE_PGRS33. We developed a sequence alignment between PE_PGRS33 and all the human proteins by using BLAST. Three peptides were commercially synthesized, and their activity was evaluated in vitro by the stimulation of PBMC from household contacts of TB patients. Our in silico results showed five immunogenic T-cell peptides. BLAST analysis showed low homology of PE_PGRS33 with human proteins and AlgPred did not reveal allergenic sites in PE_PGRS33. The three peptides triggered the activation of CD4+ T cells from the households contacts, showed by the production of IFN-γ. We identified three immunogenic peptides of PE_PGRS33 that demonstrated activity in vitro which allows to deepen into the immune response towards mycobacterial antigens, moving forward to the identification of new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortega-Tirado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Esmeralda Ivonne Niño-Padilla
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Carlos Velazquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen J Serrano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Interior Alameda #45, 98000, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - José Antonio Enciso-Moreno
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica de Zacatecas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Interior Alameda #45, 98000, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Adriana Sumoza-Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico-Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Agustín de Iturbide s/n, 91700, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Luis Encinas s/n, 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México.
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Ahmad TA, Eweida AE, El-Sayed LH. T-cell epitope mapping for the design of powerful vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vacrep.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pandey K, Sharma M, Saarav I, Singh S, Dutta P, Bhardwaj A, Sharma S. Analysis of the DosR regulon genes to select cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope specific vaccine candidates using a reverse vaccinology approach. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gastelum-Aviña P, Velazquez C, Espitia C, Lares-Villa F, Garibay-Escobar A. A PE_PGRS33 protein ofMycobacterium tuberculosis: an ideal target for future tuberculosis vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:699-711. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1015995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Yu Y, Jin D, Hu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zheng J, Liao M, Chen X, Graner M, Liu H, Jin Q. A novel tuberculosis antigen identified from human tuberculosis granulomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1093-103. [PMID: 25605460 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although novel Mtb biomarkers from both the pathogen and host have been studied, more breakthroughs are still needed to meet different clinic requirements. In an effort to identify Mtb antigens, chaperone-peptide complexes were purified from TB infected lungs using free-solution isoelectric focusing combined with high resolution LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometry. Antigen specific cellular immune responses in vitro were then examined. Those efforts led to the identification of six Mtb peptides only identified in Tuberculosis lung samples and that were not found in the control samples. Additionally, antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion, T-cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and a cytotoxic assay were also evaluated. Among the peptides isolated, we identified a 34 amino acid peptide named PKAp belonging to a serine/threonine-protein kinase, as being able to generate Mtb-specific cellular immune responses as noted by elevated antigen-specific cytokine secretion levels, increased CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response. Moreover, the immune stimulating abilities of PKAp were further validated in vivo, with target peptide immunized mice showing an increased cellular IFN-γ in both the lungs and spleen without causing immunopathogenesis. In conclusion, we identified novel functional Mtb antigens directly from the granulomatous lesions of Tuberculosis patients, inducing not only significant antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion but also a marked cytotoxic lymphocyte functional response. These findings indicated that PKAp has potential as a novel antigen biomarker for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shizong Hu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- §Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 101149, China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Michael Graner
- ‖Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Haiying Liu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China;
| | - Qi Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, Lewinsohn D, Sette A, Lewinsohn D. Antigens for CD4 and CD8 T cells in tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a018465. [PMID: 24852051 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide for which an improved vaccine and immunodiagnostics are urgently needed. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells play an important role in host defense to TB. Definition of the antigens recognized by these T cells is critical for improved understanding of the immunobiology of TB and for development of vaccines and diagnostics. Herein, the antigens and epitopes recognized by classically HLA class I- and II-restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in humans infected with MTB are reviewed. Immunodominant antigens and epitopes have been defined using approaches targeting particular TB proteins or classes of proteins and by genome-wide discovery approaches. Antigens and epitopes recognized by classically restricted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells show extensive breadth and diversity in MTB-infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lewinsohn
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhou T, Zhong Y, Jin Q. Genes under positive selection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:319-22. [PMID: 22000803 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We employed an evolutionary genomics approach to detect genes under lineage-specific positive selection for the two closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, the virulent H37Rv and the avirulent H37Ra, with the clinical isolate CDC1551 as the outgroup. We found six H37Rv-specific and six H37Ra-specific positively selected genes, among which the former comprised a flavoprotein, a RNA polymerase sigma factor SigM, two PPE family proteins, as well as two hypothetical proteins, while the latter consisted of a dehydrogenase, a (3R)-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase subunit HadA, a PPE family protein, and three PE-PGRS family proteins. Obviously, the PE/PPE/PE-PGRS family proteins were the main targets of positive selection. The functional discussion of our findings implied that those positively selected genes were highly involved in antigen variations and immune evasions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100176, China.
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Lv H, Gao Y, Wu Y, Zhai M, Li L, Zhu Y, Liu W, Wu Z, Chen F, Qi Y. Identification of a novel cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope from CFP21, a secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Immunol Lett 2010; 133:94-8. [PMID: 20705101 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CFP21 is a major secreted protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) which is considered as a promising antigen for immunotherapy. To identify CFP21-derived HLA-A*0201 restricted epitopes, a series of native peptides and their analogues were predicted with prediction programs and synthesized. The native peptide, p134 (AVADHVAAV), and its analogues, p134-1Y2L and p134-1Y2L9L, showed potent binding affinity and stability to HLA-A*0201 molecule. In ELISPOT assay, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by these peptides could release IFN-γ. In cytotoxicity assay, the CTLs induced by p134 and p134-1Y2L9L could specifically lyse peptide-loaded T2 cells. In these two assays, the native peptide, p134, showed the most potent activity. Our results indicated that p134 could be a novel epitope which could serve as a good candidate to develop peptide vaccines against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lv
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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The transcriptional regulator Rv0485 modulates the expression of a pe and ppe gene pair and is required for Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. Infect Immun 2009; 77:4654-67. [PMID: 19651861 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01495-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pe and ppe genes are unique to mycobacteria and are widely speculated to play a role in tuberculosis pathogenesis. However, little is known about how expression of these genes is controlled. Elucidating the regulatory control of genes found exclusively in mycobacteria, such as the pe and ppe gene families, may be key to understanding the success of this pathogen. In this study, we used a transposon mutagenesis approach to elucidate pe and ppe regulation. This resulted in the identification of Rv0485, a previously uncharacterized transcriptional regulator. Microarray and quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that disruption of Rv0485 reduced the expression of the pe13 and ppe18 gene pair (Rv1195 and Rv1196), defined the Rv0485 regulon, and emphasized the lack of global regulation of pe and ppe genes. The in vivo phenotype of the Rv0485 transposon mutant strain (Rv0485::Tn) was investigated in the mouse model, where it was demonstrated that the mutation has minimal effect on bacterial organ burden. Despite this, disruption of Rv0485 allowed mice to survive for significantly longer, with substantially reduced lung pathology in comparison with mice infected with wild-type Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection of immune-deficient SCID mice with the Rv0485::Tn strain also resulted in extended survival times, suggesting that Rv0485 plays a role in modulation of innate immune responses. This is further supported by the finding that disruption of Rv0485 resulted in reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by infected murine macrophages. In summary, we have demonstrated that disruption of a previously uncharacterized transcriptional regulator, Rv0485, results in reduced expression of pe13 and ppe18 and attenuation of M. tuberculosis virulence.
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Abstract
Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6872.
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