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Sparks NRL, Walker LM, Sera SR, Madrid JV, Hanna M, Dominguez EC, zur Nieden NI. Sidestream Smoke Extracts from Harm-Reduction and Conventional Camel Cigarettes Inhibit Osteogenic Differentiation via Oxidative Stress and Differential Activation of intrinsic Apoptotic Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2474. [PMID: 36552682 PMCID: PMC9774253 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest cigarette smoking as a probable environmental factor for a variety of congenital anomalies, including low bone mass, increased fracture risk and poor skeletal health. Human and animal in vitro models have confirmed hypomineralization of differentiating cell lines with sidestream smoke being more harmful to developing cells than mainstream smoke. Furthermore, first reports are emerging to suggest a differential impact of conventional versus harm-reduction tobacco products on bone tissue as it develops in the embryo or in vitro. To gather first insight into the molecular mechanism of such differences, we assessed the effect of sidestream smoke solutions from Camel (conventional) and Camel Blue (harm-reduction) cigarettes using a human embryonic stem cell osteogenic differentiation model. Sidestream smoke from the conventional Camel cigarettes concentration-dependently inhibited in vitro calcification triggered by high levels of mitochondrially generated oxidative stress, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced ATP production. Camel sidestream smoke also induced DNA damage and caspase 9-dependent apoptosis. Camel Blue-exposed cells, in contrast, invoked only intermediate levels of reactive oxygen species insufficient to activate caspase 3/7. Despite the absence of apoptotic gene activation, damage to the mitochondrial phenotype was still noted concomitant with activation of an anti-inflammatory gene signature and inhibited mineralization. Collectively, the presented findings in differentiating pluripotent stem cells imply that embryos may exhibit low bone mineral density if exposed to environmental smoke during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R. L. Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lauren M. Walker
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven R. Sera
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joseph V. Madrid
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael Hanna
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward C. Dominguez
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I. zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Zhang J, Kodali S, Chen M, Wang J. Maintenance of Germinal Center B Cells by Caspase-9 through Promotion of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Necroptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:113-120. [PMID: 32434938 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In response to T cell-dependent Ag encounter, naive B cells develop into germinal center (GC) B cells, which can further differentiate into Ab-secreting plasma cells or memory B cells. GC B cells are short lived and are prone to caspase-mediated apoptosis. However, how apoptotic caspases regulate GC B cell fate has not been fully characterized. In this study, we show that mice with B cell-specific knockout of caspase-9 had decreases in GC B cells and Ab production after immunization. Caspase-9-deficient B cells displayed defects in caspase-dependent apoptosis but increases in necroptosis signaling. Additional deletion of Ripk3 restored GC B cells and Ab production in mice with B cell-specific knockout of caspase-9. Our results indicate that caspase-9 plays an important role in the maintenance of Ab responses by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting necroptosis in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Srikanth Kodali
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Min Chen
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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3
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Cao X, Wen P, Fu Y, Gao Y, Qi X, Chen B, Tao Y, Wu L, Xu A, Lu H, Zhao G. Radiation induces apoptosis primarily through the intrinsic pathway in mammalian cells. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109337. [PMID: 31173879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced tumor cells death is the theoretical basis of tumor radiotherapy. Death signaling disorder is the most important factor for radioresistance. However, the signaling pathway(s) leading to radiation-triggered cell death is (are) still not completely known. To better understand the cell death signaling induced by radiation, the immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) deficient in "initiator" caspases, "effector" caspases or different Bcl-2 family proteins together with human colon carcinoma cell HCT116 were used. Our data indicated that radiation selectively induced the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7 but not caspase-8 by triggering mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Importantly, the role of radiation in MOMP is independent of the activation of both "initiator" and "effector" caspases. Furthermore, both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins were involved in radiation-induced apoptotic signaling. Overall, our study indicated that radiation specifically triggered the intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway through Bcl-2 family protein-dependent mitochondrial permeabilization, which indicates targeting mitochondria is a promising strategy for cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbin Cao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Pengbo Wen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yanfang Fu
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, Chizhou University, Chizhou, Anhui 247000, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Qi
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yinping Tao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China
| | - Huayi Lu
- Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China.
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei, PR China.
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Miura Y, Morooka M, Sax N, Roychoudhuri R, Itoh-Nakadai A, Brydun A, Funayama R, Nakayama K, Satomi S, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Muto A. Bach2 Promotes B Cell Receptor-Induced Proliferation of B Lymphocytes and Represses Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2882-2893. [PMID: 29540581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology 2 (Bach2) is a transcriptional repressor that is required for the formation of the germinal center (GC) and reactions, including class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in B cells, within the GC. Although BCR-induced proliferation is essential for GC reactions, the function of Bach2 in regulating B cell proliferation has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Bach2 is required to sustain high levels of B cell proliferation in response to BCR signaling. Following BCR engagement in vitro, B cells from Bach2-deficient (Bach2-/-) mice showed lower incorporation of BrdU and reduced cell cycle progression compared with wild-type cells. Bach2-/- B cells also underwent increased apoptosis, as evidenced by an elevated frequency of sub-G1 cells and early apoptotic cells. Transcriptome analysis of BCR-engaged B cells from Bach2-/- mice revealed reduced expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2l1 encoding Bcl-xL and elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) family genes, including Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a, and Cdkn2b Reconstitution of Bcl-xL expression partially rescued the proliferation defect of Bach2-/- B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Bach2 bound to the CKI family genes, indicating that these genes are direct repression targets of Bach2. These findings identify Bach2 as a requisite factor for sustaining high levels of BCR-induced proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression, and it promotes expression of Bcl-xL and repression of CKI genes. BCR-induced proliferation defects may contribute to the impaired GC formation observed in Bach2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mizuho Morooka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nicolas Sax
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Andrey Brydun
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Susumu Satomi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
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5
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Adem J, Eray M, Eeva J, Nuutinen U, Pelkonen J. The combination of TRAIL and MG-132 induces apoptosis in both TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant human follicular lymphoma cells. Leuk Res 2018; 66:57-65. [PMID: 29407584 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the human follicular lymphoma cell line, HF28GFP, is sensitive to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Nevertheless, when the same cells overexpress anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Bcl-xL (HF28Bcl-xL), they become resistant to TRAIL. Thus, these cell lines help us to investigate the action of novel apoptosis inducing candidate drugs. In the present study, we examined the effects of MG-132 (a proteasome inhibitor), LiCl (a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor) and/or TRAIL on pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bim and Bid. Here we demonstrate that the combination of MG-132 and TRAIL induced significant apoptotic cell death in both cell lines, HF28GFP and HF28BclxL. Apoptosis correlated with a decrease of phospho-ERK1/2, the accumulation of Bim and translocation of truncated Bid (tBid) and jBid. In addition, the combination of MG-132 and TRAIL seemed to target other apoptotic factors, which led to the accumulation of active capsase-3. Furthermore, co-stimulation of LiCl and TRAIL induced apoptosis in HF28GFP cells. However, HF28Bcl-xL cells were far less sensitive to the combinatorial effects of LiCl and TRAIL. Interestingly, we observed that LiCl did not target Bim and Bid proteins. In conclusion, these data show that targeting of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins simultaneously through a selective proteasome inhibition might help to overcome TRAIL resistance caused by overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Moreover, the data may provide new strategies to develop targeted therapies against lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Adem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mine Eray
- Department of Pathology (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Eeva
- Department of Hematology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Nuutinen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Pelkonen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70210, Kuopio, Finland; Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB), Kuopio, Finland; Cancer Center of University of Eastern Finland, Finland
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6
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Neely AM, Zhao G, Schwarzer C, Stivers NS, Whitt AG, Meng S, Burlison JA, Machen TE, Li C. N-(3-Oxo-acyl)-homoserine lactone induces apoptosis primarily through a mitochondrial pathway in fibroblasts. Cell Microbiol 2017; 20. [PMID: 28876505 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (C12) is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to function as a quorum-sensing molecule for bacteria-bacteria communication. C12 is also known to influence many aspects of human host cell physiology, including induction of cell death. However, the signalling pathway(s) leading to C12-triggered cell death is (are) still not completely known. To clarify cell death signalling induced by C12, we examined mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient in "initiator" caspases or "effector" caspases. Our data indicate that C12 selectively induces the mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by quickly triggering mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation. Importantly, the activities of C12 to permeabilise mitochondria are independent of activation of both "initiator" and "effector" caspases. Furthermore, C12 directly induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation in vitro. Overall, our study suggests a mitochondrial apoptotic signalling pathway triggered by C12, in which C12 or its metabolite(s) acts on mitochondria to permeabilise mitochondria, leading to activation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Neely
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nicole S Stivers
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aaron G Whitt
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shuhan Meng
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joseph A Burlison
- Structural Biology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Terry E Machen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chi Li
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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A Bach2-Cebp Gene Regulatory Network for the Commitment of Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitors. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2401-2414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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8
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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus oncoprotein K13 protects against B cell receptor-induced growth arrest and apoptosis through NF-κB activation. J Virol 2012; 87:2242-52. [PMID: 23236068 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01393-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). We have characterized the role of KSHV-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 in the modulation of anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in B cells. We demonstrate that K13 protects WEHI 231, an immature B-cell line, against anti-IgM-induced growth arrest and apoptosis. The protective effect of K13 was associated with the activation of the NF-κB pathway and was deficient in a mutant K13 with three alanine substitutions at positions 58 to 60 (K13-58AAA) and a structural homolog, vFLIP E8, both of which lack NF-κB activity. K13 upregulated the expression of NF-κB subunit RelB and blocked the anti-IgM-induced decline in c-Myc and rise in p27(Kip1) that have been associated with growth arrest and apoptosis. K13 also upregulated the expression of Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl2 family. Finally, K13 protected the mature B-cell line Ramos against anti-IgM-induced apoptosis through NF-κB activation. Inhibition of anti-IgM-induced apoptosis by K13 may contribute to the development of KSHV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Guerrero AD, Schmitz I, Chen M, Wang J. Promotion of Caspase Activation by Caspase-9-mediated Feedback Amplification of Mitochondrial Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 3. [PMID: 23539542 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.1000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disruption during apoptosis results in the activation of caspase-9 and a downstream caspase cascade. Triggering this caspase cascade leads to the cleavage of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, resulting in feedback amplification of mitochondrial disruption. However, whether such a feedback loop plays an important role in the promotion of caspase activation and execution of apoptosis has not been well established. We observed that mutated Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL that are resistant to cleavage by caspases inhibited caspase-9-induced caspase activation in human H9 T cells. The release of Smac after the activation of caspase-9 was also inhibited by cleavage-resistant Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. Consistently, caspase-9-deficient cells were defective in the release of Smac after induction of apoptosis. Moreover, addition of a Smac mimetic overcame the inhibitory effects of cleavage-resistant Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, and restored caspase-9-mediated cell death. Our data suggest that caspase-9-induced feedback disruption of mitochondria plays an important role in promoting the activation of caspases, while a defect in this process can be overcome by promoting Smac functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Guerrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Xu H, Yan Y, Li L, Peng S, Qu T, Wang B. Ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis of human skin fibroblasts involves activation of caspase-8 and -3 with increased expression of vimentin. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2010; 26:198-204. [PMID: 20626822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2010.00522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After irradiation with a high dose of ultraviolet B (UVB), cells undergo apoptosis. Caspase-8 and -3 are key mediators of apoptosis in many cells. Vimentin, an important cytoskeleton component, can be cleaved by caspase-3, -6, -7 and -8. Cell apoptosis is promoted via caspase-triggered proteolysis of vimentin. In this study, we explored the roles of caspase-8 and -3 and the changes in vimentin expression in UVB-induced apoptosis of human dermal fibroblasts. METHODS Skin fibroblasts were irradiated with 150 mJ/cm(2) UVB and cell death was monitored by the 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-diphenytetrazoliumromide assay and Hoechst staining. Caspase-8 and -3 activities were detected by the caspase activity assay. Vimentin expression was assessed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. RESULTS Caspase-8 and -3 were activated by 150 mJ/cm(2) UVB irradiation. Caspase-8 and -3 activities changed in a time-dependent way after UVB irradiation to induce apoptosis of fibroblasts, and caspase-8 and -3 interacted with each other in this process. However, their substrate, vimentin, showed an enhanced expression over time after UVB irradiation. CONCLUSIONS UVB-triggered apoptosis of fibroblasts was dependent on the activation of caspase-8 and -3 with an increased expression of vimentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Xie M, Yang S, Win HL, Xiong L, Huang J, Zhou J. Rabbit annulus fibrosus cell apoptosis induced by mechanical overload via a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 30:379-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-010-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Ahmed K, Wei ZL, Zhao QL, Nakajima N, Matsunaga T, Ogasawara M, Kondo T. Role of fatty acid chain length on the induction of apoptosis by newly synthesized catechin derivatives. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 185:182-8. [PMID: 20206613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The catechins, a family of polyphenols found in tea, can evoke various responses, including apoptosis. In this study we investigated whether the chemical modification of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could enhance its apoptosis activity. We found that one of the catechin conjugated with capric acid [(2R,3S)-3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavan-3-yl decanoate; catechin-C10] was most potent to induce apoptosis in U937 cells. C10 treatment resulted in a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, cytochrome c release caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation. In addition to this C10 also activated extrinsic pathway significantly as evident by time-dependent increase in Fas expression and caspase-8 activity. C10 mediated cleavage of Bid may be an important event for cross talk between intrinsic and extrinsic signaling. Moreover, pre-treatment of cells with anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly prevented C10-induced apoptosis but did not protect MMP loss. Treatment of cells with pan-caspase inhibitor significantly inhibited apoptosis indicating that caspases are playing key role. In addition to this C10 was found to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer (HCT116) cells while it showed resistance to human keratinocytes (HaCat). In short our results showed that the optimal fatty acid side chain length is required for the apoptosis inducing activity of catechin derivatives in U937 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Ahmed
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama Japan, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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