1
|
Isola G. Early Biomarkers of Periodontitis: New Challenges for a Personalized Medicine Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010251. [PMID: 35010509 PMCID: PMC8751042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the concept of precision medicine has attracted attention [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suárez LJ, Garzón H, Arboleda S, Rodríguez A. Oral Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity: From Local Periodontal Responses to an Imbalanced Systemic Immunity. A Review. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591255. [PMID: 33363538 PMCID: PMC7754713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm of onset and progression of periodontitis includes oral dysbiosis directed by inflammophilic bacteria, leading to altered resolution of inflammation and lack of regulation of the inflammatory responses. In the construction of explanatory models of the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease, autoimmune mechanisms were among the first to be explored and historically, for more than five decades, they have been described in an isolated manner as part of the tissue damage process observed in periodontitis, however direct participation of these mechanisms in the tissue damage is still controversial. Autoimmunity is affected by genetic and environmental factors, leading to an imbalance between the effector and regulatory responses, mostly associated with failed resolution mechanisms. However, dysbiosis/infection and chronic inflammation could trigger autoimmunity by several mechanisms including bystander activation, dysregulation of toll-like receptors, amplification of autoimmunity by cytokines, epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity, autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, and activation or inhibition of receptors related to autoimmunity by microorganisms. Even though autoreactivity in periodontitis is biologically plausible, the associated mechanisms could be related to non-pathologic responses which could even explain non-recognized physiological functions. In this review we shall discuss from a descriptive point of view, the autoimmune mechanisms related to periodontitis physio-pathogenesis and the participation of oral dysbiosis on local periodontal autoimmune responses as well as on different systemic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina J. Suárez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernan Garzón
- Grupo de Investigación en Salud Oral, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silie Arboleda
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiologia Clínica Oral (UNIECLO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isola G, Polizzi A, Patini R, Ferlito S, Alibrandi A, Palazzo G. Association among serum and salivary A. actinomycetemcomitans specific immunoglobulin antibodies and periodontitis. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20:283. [PMID: 33059645 PMCID: PMC7565341 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum and salivary Immunoglobulin (Ig) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) specific antibodies in healthy controls (HC) and periodontitis (PT) patients. Furthermore, the objectives were to determine whether PT influenced serum A. actinomycetemcomitans specific antibodies and whether serum or salivary antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG were mediated by serum high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP). METHODS Fifty-three patients with periodontitis and 48 HC were enrolled in the present study. Patients were regularly examined and characterized by clinical, salivary and blood samples analyses. A. actinomycetemcomitans IgA and IgG antibodies and hs-CRP were evaluated using a commercially available kit. The Spearman Correlation Test and Jonckheere-Terpstra Test were applied in order to assess the interdependence between serum A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG antibodies and clinical periodontal parameters. To evaluate the dependence of the serum and salivary A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG levels from possible confounders, univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Compared to HC, patients with PT had significantly higher IgA [serum: PT, 1.89 (1.2-2.2) EU vs HC, 1.37 (0.9-1.8) EU (p = 0.022); saliva: PT, 1.67 (1.4-2.1) EU vs HC, 1.42 (0.9-1.6) EU (p = 0.019)] and A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG levels [serum: PT, 2.96 (2.1-3.7) EU vs HC, 2.18 (1.8-2.1) EU (p < 0.001); saliva, PT, 2.19 (1.8-2.5) EU vs HC, 1.84 (1.4-2) EU (p = 0.028)]. In PT patients, serum A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG were associated with a proportional extent of PT and tooth loss (P-trend value< 0.001). The univariate regression analysis demonstrated that PT (p = 0.013) and high hs-CRP (p < 0.001) had a significant negative effect on serum and salivary A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG levels. The multivariate regression analysis showed that PT (p = 0.033), hs-CRP (p = 0.014) and BMI (p = 0.017) were significant negative predictors of serum A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG while hs-CRP (p < 0.001) and BMI (P = 0.025) were significant negative predictors of salivary A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG. CONCLUSIONS PT patients presented a significantly higher serum and salivary A. actinomycetemcomitans IgA and IgG compared to HC. There was a significant increase in serum A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG when patients presented a progressive extent of PT. Moreover, PT and hs-CRP were significant negative predictors of increased salivary and serum A. actinomycetemcomitans IgG levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT04417322 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Romeo Patini
- grid.8142.f0000 0001 0941 3192Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Institute of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Ferlito
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- grid.10438.3e0000 0001 2178 8421Department of Economical, Business and Environmental Sciences and Quantitative Methods, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palazzo
- grid.8158.40000 0004 1757 1969Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pietiäinen M, Liljestrand JM, Kopra E, Pussinen PJ. Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Oral Sci 2019; 126 Suppl 1:26-36. [PMID: 30178551 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through systemic inflammation as the etiopathogenic link. Whether the oral microbiota, especially its quality, quantity, serology, and virulence factors, plays a role in atherogenesis is not clarified. Patients with periodontitis are exposed to bacteria and their products, which have access to the circulation directly through inflamed oral tissues and indirectly (via saliva) through the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in systemic inflammatory and immunologic responses. Periodontitis is associated with persistent endotoxemia, which has been identified as a notable cardiometabolic risk factor. The serology of bacterial biomarkers for oral dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, prevalent and future coronary artery disease, and incident and recurrent stroke. In addition to species-specific antibodies, the immunologic response includes persistent, cross-reactive, proatherogenic antibodies against host-derived antigens. Periodontitis may affect lipoprotein metabolism at all levels, and all lipoprotein classes are affected. Periodontitis or its bacterial signatures may be involved not only in increased storage of proatherogenic lipids but also in attenuation of the anti-atherogenic processes, thereby putatively increasing the net risk of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarize possible molecular mediators between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and atherosclerotic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milla Pietiäinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John M Liljestrand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Kopra
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang C, Kankaanpää J, Kummu O, Turunen SP, Akhi R, Bergmann U, Pussinen P, Remes AM, Hörkkö S. Characterization of a natural mouse monoclonal antibody recognizing epitopes shared by oxidized low-density lipoprotein and chaperonin 60 of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Immunol Res 2017; 64:699-710. [PMID: 26786003 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies are predominantly antibodies of the IgM isotype present in the circulation of all vertebrates that have not been previously exposed to exogenous antigens. They are often directed against highly conserved epitopes and bind to ligands of varying chemical composition with low affinity. In this study we cloned and characterized a natural mouse monoclonal IgM antibody selected by binding to malondialdehyde acetaldehyde epitopes on low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Interestingly, the IgM antibody cross-reacted with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) bacteria, a key pathogenic microbe in periodontitis reported to be associated with risk factor for atherosclerosis, thus being named as Aa_Mab. It is more intriguing that the binding molecule of Aa to Aa_Mab IgM was found to be Aa chaperonin 60 or HSP60, a member of heat-shock protein family, behaving not only as a chaperone for correct protein folding but also as a powerful virulence factor of the bacteria for inducing bone resorption and as a putative pathogenic factor in atherosclerosis. The findings will highlight the question of whether molecular mimicry between pathogen components and oxidized LDL could lead to atheroprotective immune activity, and also would be of great importance in potential application of immune response-based preventive and therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis and periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Wang
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jari Kankaanpää
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Pauliina Turunen
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Genome-scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ramin Akhi
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulrich Bergmann
- Protein Analysis Core Facility, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne M Remes
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inverse Association of Plasma IgG Antibody to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and High C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Periodontitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148638. [PMID: 26871443 PMCID: PMC4752452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between clinically diagnosed periodontitis, a common chronic oral infection, and metabolic syndrome has been previously reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of plasma IgG levels against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia, C-reactive protein, and periodontal status with metabolic syndrome. Plasma IgG levels and C-reactive protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and salivary levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Among 127 individuals aged 35–76 years, 57 participants had metabolic syndrome and severe periodontitis, 25 had metabolic syndrome and an absence of severe periodontitis, 17 healthy individuals had severe periodontitis, and 28 healthy individuals were without severe periodontitis. Patients with metabolic syndrome had reduced humoral immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans (p = 0.008), regardless of their salivary levels or periodontitis status compared with healthy participants. The IgG antibody response to P. gingivalis, regardless of their salivary levels or participants’ health condition, was significantly higher in severe periodontitis patients (p<0.001). Plasma IgG titers for P. intermedia were inconsistent among metabolic syndrome or periodontal participants. Our results indicate that the presence of lower levels of IgG antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans (OR = 0.1; 95%CI 0.0–0.7), but not P. gingivalis, a severe periodontitis status (OR = 7.8; 95%CI 1.1–57.0), high C-reactive protein levels (OR = 9.4; 95%CI 1.0–88.2) and body mass index (OR = 3.0; 95%CI 1.7–5.2), are associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. The role of the decreased IgG antibody response to A. actinomycetemcomitans, increased C-reactive protein levels on the association between periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome in a group of Thai patients is suggested.
Collapse
|
7
|
Alfakry H, Malle E, Koyani CN, Pussinen PJ, Sorsa T. Neutrophil proteolytic activation cascades: a possible mechanistic link between chronic periodontitis and coronary heart disease. Innate Immun 2016; 22:85-99. [PMID: 26608308 DOI: 10.1177/1753425915617521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect a large segment of society. Coronary heart disease (CHD), the most common cardiovascular disease, progresses over several years and affects millions of people worldwide. Chronic infections may contribute to the systemic inflammation and enhance the risk for CHD. Periodontitis is one of the most common chronic infections that affects up to 50% of the adult population. Under inflammatory conditions the activation of endogenous degradation pathways mediated by immune responses leads to the release of destructive cellular molecules from both resident and immigrant cells. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their regulators can activate each other and play an important role in immune response via degrading extracellular matrix components and modulating cytokines and chemokines. The action of MMPs is required for immigrant cell recruitment at the site of inflammation. Stimulated neutrophils represent the major pathogen-fighting immune cells that upregulate expression of several proteinases and oxidative enzymes, which can degrade extracellular matrix components (e.g. MMP-8, MMP-9 and neutrophil elastase). The activity of MMPs is regulated by endogenous inhibitors and/or candidate MMPs (e.g. MMP-7). The balance between MMPs and their inhibitors is thought to mirror the proteolytic burden. Thus, neutrophil-derived biomarkers, including myeloperoxidase, may activate proteolytic destructive cascades that are involved in subsequent immune-pathological events associated with both periodontitis and CHD. Here, we review the existing studies on the contribution of MMPs and their regulators to the infection-related pathology. Also, we discuss the possible proteolytic involvement and role of neutrophil-derived enzymes as an etiological link between chronic periodontitis and CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Alfakry
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chintan N Koyani
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Sorsa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Buhlin K, Holmer J, Gustafsson A, Hörkkö S, Pockley AG, Johansson A, Paju S, Klinge B, Pussinen PJ. Association of periodontitis with persistent, pro-atherogenic antibody responses. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1006-14. [PMID: 26362847 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study antibody responses associated with molecular mimicry in periodontitis. MATERIAL & METHODS Fifty-four periodontitis cases (mean age 54.0 years) and 44 controls (53.6 years) were examined, after which cases received periodontal treatment. Established immunoassays were used to analyse levels of antibodies against two pathogens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), heat shock proteins (Hsp), Hsp60, Hsp65, and Hsp70, and epitopes of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) (CuOx-LDL and MDA-LDL) in plasma samples that were collected at baseline and after 3 (n = 48) and 6 (n = 30) months. RESULTS When age, sex, smoking habit, and the number of teeth were considered in multivariate logistic regressions, Aa and Pg IgG, Hsp65-IgA, CuOx-LDL-IgG and -IgM, and MDA-LDL-IgG antibody levels were associated with periodontitis, whereas Hsp60-IgG2 antibody levels were inversely associated. The Aa antibody levels significantly correlated with the levels of IgA antibodies to Hsp65 and Hsp70, and both OxLDL IgA antibody levels. The levels of antibodies to Pg correlated with IgG antibodies to Hsp60, Hsp70, and both oxLDL antibody epitopes. None of the antibody levels changed significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis is associated with persistently high levels of circulating antibodies that are reactive with pathogen- and host-derived antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kåre Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacob Holmer
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anders Gustafsson
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu & Nordlab Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Björn Klinge
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Foureaux RDC, Messora MR, de Oliveira LFF, Napimoga MH, Pereira ANJ, Ferreira MS, Pereira LJ. Effects of probiotic therapy on metabolic and inflammatory parameters of rats with ligature-induced periodontitis associated with restraint stress. J Periodontol 2013; 85:975-83. [PMID: 24171503 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates the effects of probiotic therapy (PT) in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis associated with restraint stress. METHODS Sixty-four rats were divided into control, stress (STR), probiotic (PROB), periodontal disease (PD), STR-PROB, STR-PD, STR-PROB-PD, and PROB-PD groups. The probiotic was added to the drinking water for 44 days. PD was induced by a ligature. In STR groups, the animals were subjected to restraint stress for 2.5 hours per day for 30 days. RESULTS Rats with PD exhibited increased alveolar bone loss (P <0.05), as well as increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2, serum C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and decreased levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Stressed rats presented high levels of C-peptide, corticosterone, and glucose (P <0.05). In general, the presence of stress reduced the expression of CTX and p38 (P <0.05). PT reduced alveolar bone loss in unstressed animals. It also decreased expression of CTX and induced increased expression of OPG in unstressed animals with PD. However, PT was not effective in preventing bone loss or altering the expression of inflammatory markers in stressed animals. PT decreased the number of inflammatory cells in the periodontal tissue (P <0.05). Groups with stress and PD showed decreased villous height and crypt depth. Stress seemed to prevent part of the probiotic beneficial effects on the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS Based on the methodology used, PT may reduce tissue breakdown resulting from PD in unstressed rats. The protocol used for restraint stress influenced the immunomodulatory effects of PT in intestinal and periodontal tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata de C Foureaux
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Análisis de MMPs en fluidos orales en el diagnóstico complementario de las enfermedades periodontales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0718-5391(12)70111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
Carrion J, Scisci E, Miles B, Sabino GJ, Zeituni AE, Gu Y, Bear A, Genco CA, Brown DL, Cutler CW. Microbial carriage state of peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) in chronic periodontitis influences DC differentiation, atherogenic potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3178-87. [PMID: 22891282 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The low-grade oral infection chronic periodontitis (CP) has been implicated in coronary artery disease risk, but the mechanisms are unclear. In this study, a pathophysiological role for blood dendritic cells (DCs) in systemic dissemination of oral mucosal pathogens to atherosclerotic plaques was investigated in humans. The frequency and microbiome of CD19(-)BDCA-1(+)DC-SIGN(+) blood myeloid DCs (mDCs) were analyzed in CP subjects with or without existing acute coronary syndrome and in healthy controls. FACS analysis revealed a significant increase in blood mDCs in the following order: healthy controls < CP < acute coronary syndrome/CP. Analysis of the blood mDC microbiome by 16S rDNA sequencing showed Porphyromonas gingivalis and other species, including (cultivable) Burkholderia cepacia. The mDC carriage rate with P. gingivalis correlated with oral carriage rate and with serologic exposure to P. gingivalis in CP subjects. Intervention (local debridement) to elicit a bacteremia increased the mDC carriage rate and frequency in vivo. In vitro studies established that P. gingivalis enhanced by 28% the differentiation of monocytes into immature mDCs; moreover, mDCs secreted high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and upregulated C1q, heat shock protein 60, heat shock protein 70, CCR2, and CXCL16 transcripts in response to P. gingivalis in a fimbriae-dependent manner. Moreover, the survival of the anaerobe P. gingivalis under aerobic conditions was enhanced when within mDCs. Immunofluorescence analysis of oral mucosa and atherosclerotic plaques demonstrate infiltration with mDCs, colocalized with P. gingivalis. Our results suggest a role for blood mDCs in harboring and disseminating pathogens from oral mucosa to atherosclerosis plaques, which may provide key signals for mDC differentiation and atherogenic conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Carrion
- School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leishman SJ, Ford PJ, Do HL, Palmer JE, Heng NC, West MJ, Seymour GJ, Cullinan MP. Periodontal pathogen load and increased antibody response to heat shock protein 60 in patients with cardiovascular disease. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:923-30. [PMID: 22882677 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pauline J. Ford
- School of Dentistry; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hong Lien Do
- School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Australia
| | - Janet E. Palmer
- School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas C.K. Heng
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute; University of Otago; Dunedin; New Zealand
| | - Malcolm J. West
- School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|