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Zhang J, Liu N, Yan A, Sun T, Sun X, Yao G, Xiao D, Li W, Hou C, Yang C, Wang D. Callose deposited at soybean sieve element inhibits long-distance transport of Soybean mosaic virus. AMB Express 2022; 12:66. [PMID: 35660979 PMCID: PMC9167352 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of callose and its deposition characteristics at phloem in the resistance to the long-distance transportation of Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) through phloem was studied. Two different methods of SMV inoculation were used in the study, one was direct friction of the virus on seedling leaves and the other was based on grafting scion and rootstock to create different resistance and sensitivity combinations. Veins, petioles of inoculated leaves and rootstock stems were stained with callose specific dye. Results from fluorescence microscope observation, pharmacological test, and PCR detection of SMV coat protein gene (SMV-CP) showed the role of callose in long-distance transportation of SMV through phloem during infection of soybean seedlings. When the inhibitor of callose synthesis 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DDG) was used, the accumulation of callose fluorescence could hardly be detected in the resistant rootstocks. These results indicate that callose deposition in phloem restricts the long-distance transport of SMV, and that the accumulation of callose in phloem is a main contributing factor for resistance to this virus in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Na Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Aihua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Tianjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Xizhe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Guibin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Dongqiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Wenlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Chunyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050035 China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation/ Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology/College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
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Xu Y, Da Silva WL, Qian Y, Gray SM. An aromatic amino acid and associated helix in the C-terminus of the potato leafroll virus minor capsid protein regulate systemic infection and symptom expression. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007451. [PMID: 30440046 PMCID: PMC6264904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-terminal region of the minor structural protein of potato leafroll virus (PLRV), known as the readthrough protein (RTP), is involved in efficient virus movement, tissue tropism and symptom development. Analysis of numerous C-terminal deletions identified a five-amino acid motif that is required for RTP function. A PLRV mutant expressing RTP with these five amino acids deleted (Δ5aa-RTP) was compromised in systemic infection and symptom expression. Although the Δ5aa-RTP mutant was able to move long distance, limited infection foci were observed in systemically infected leaves suggesting that these five amino acids regulate virus phloem loading in the inoculated leaves and/or unloading into the systemically infected tissues. The 5aa deletion did not alter the efficiency of RTP translation, nor impair RTP self-interaction or its interaction with P17, the virus movement protein. However, the deletion did alter the subcellular localization of RTP. When co-expressed with a PLRV infectious clone, a GFP tagged wild-type RTP was localized to discontinuous punctate spots along the cell periphery and was associated with plasmodesmata, although localization was dependent upon the developmental stage of the plant tissue. In contrast, the Δ5aa-RTP-GFP aggregated in the cytoplasm. Structural modeling indicated that the 5aa deletion would be expected to perturb an α-helix motif. Two of 30 plants infected with Δ5aa-RTP developed a wild-type virus infection phenotype ten weeks post-inoculation. Analysis of the virus population in these plants by deep sequencing identified a duplication of sequences adjacent to the deletion that were predicted to restore the α-helix motif. The subcellular distribution of the RTP is regulated by the 5-aa motif which is under strong selection pressure and in turn contributes to the efficient long distance movement of the virus and the induction of systemic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Washington Luis Da Silva
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Yajuan Qian
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stewart M. Gray
- Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, School of Integrated Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Emerging Pest and Pathogens Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Niu C, Anstead J, Verchot J. Analysis of protein transport in the Brassica oleracea vasculature reveals protein-specific destinations. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:361-74. [PMID: 22476467 PMCID: PMC3443918 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the vascular transport properties of exogenously applied proteins to Brassica oleracea plants and compared their delivery to various aerial parts of the plant with carboxy fluorescein (CF) dye. We identified unique properties for each protein. Alexafluor-tagged bovine serum albumin (Alexa-BSA) and Alexafluor-tagged Histone H1 (Alexa-Histone) moved slower than CF dye throughout the plant. Interestingly, Alexa-Histone was retained in the phloem and phloem parenchyma while Alexa-BSA moved into the apoplast. One possibility is that Alexa-Histone sufficiently resembles plant endogenous proteins and is retained in the vascular stream, while Alexa-BSA is exported from the cell as a foreign protein. Both proteins diffuse from the leaf veins into the leaf lamina. Alexa-BSA accumulated in the leaf epidermis while Alexa-Histone accumulated mainly in the mesophyll layers. Fluorescein-tagged hepatitis C virus core protein (fluorescein-HCV) was also delivered to B. oleracea plants and is larger than Alexa-BSA. This protein moves more rapidly than BSA through the plant and was restricted to the leaf veins. Fluorescein-HCV failed to unload to the leaf lamina. These combined data suggest that there is not a single default pathway for the vascular transfer of exogenous proteins in B. oleracea plants. Specific protein properties appear to determine their destination and transport properties within the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Niu
- Entomology and Plant Pathology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK USA
| | - James Anstead
- College of Agricultural Sciences; Pennsylvania State University; University Park, PA USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Entomology and Plant Pathology; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK USA
- Correspondence to: Jeanmarie Verchot,
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Kim S, Cho WK, Lee HG, Park SH, Sohn SH, Kim KH. The p19 protein of Grapevine Algerian latent virus is a determinant of systemic infection of Chenopodium quinoa. Virus Res 2012; 165:81-9. [PMID: 22342277 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A previous study showed that both Grapevine Algerian latent virus (GALV) and Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) systemically infect Nicotiana benthamiana, but GALV causes systemic infection whereas TBSV causes only local lesions in Chenopodium quinoa (C. quinoa). We recently isolated GALV strain Naju (GALV-N) from Limonium sinense and TBSV strain Sacheon (TBSV-S) from tomato. Both viruses belong to the genus Tombusvirus and have a similar genome organization. To identify determinants of systemic infection of GALV-N in C. quinoa in the current study, we generated infectious clones and capsid protein (CP)-deletion clones for the two viruses and confirmed that CP of GALV-N is required for systemic infection of C. quinoa due to its primary structural role in virus assembly. Through the use of chimeras, we identified a viral factor in addition to CP that contributes to systemic infection by GALV-N. Inactivation of the p19 demonstrated that host-specific activities of p19 are necessary for efficient systemic infection of C. quinoa by GALV-N. Our study is the first report to determine the viral factors required for systemic infection of GALV in C. quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
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Niu C, Smith N, Garteiser P, Towner R, Verchot J. Comparative analysis of protein transport in the N. benthamiana vasculature reveals different destinations. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1793-808. [PMID: 22057341 PMCID: PMC3329354 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the vascular transport of exogenously applied proteins and compared their delivery to various aerial parts of the plant with carboxy fluorescein dye. Alexafluor tagged bovine serum albumin (Alexa-BSA) moves at a low level to upper parts of the plant and unloads to the apoplast. Alexafluor tagged Histone H1 (Alexa-Histone) moves rapidly throughout the plant and is retained in the phloem and phloem parenchyma. Both Alexa-Histone and -BSA were exported from leaf veins class II and III but they unloaded completely into the leaf lamina with barely any residual fluorescence left inside the leaf veins. Fluorescein tagged hepatitis C virus core protein (fluorescein-HCV) moves more rapidly than BSA through the plant and was restricted to the leaf veins. Fluorescein-HCV failed to unload to the leaf lamina. These combined data suggest that there is not a single default pathway for the transfer of exogenous proteins through the plant. Specific protein properties appear to determine their destination and transport properties within the phloem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Niu
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Philippe Garteiser
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Rheal Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation; Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - Jeanmarie Verchot
- Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK
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Li C, Zhang K, Zeng X, Jackson S, Zhou Y, Hong Y. A cis element within flowering locus T mRNA determines its mobility and facilitates trafficking of heterologous viral RNA. J Virol 2009; 83:3540-8. [PMID: 19193810 PMCID: PMC2663265 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis flowering locus T (FT) gene encodes the mobile florigen essential for floral induction. While movement of the FT protein has been shown to occur within plants, systemic spread of FT mRNA remains to be unequivocally demonstrated. Utilizing novel RNA mobility assay vectors based on two distinct movement-defective viruses, Potato virus X and Turnip crinkle virus, and an agroinfiltration assay, we demonstrate that nontranslatable FT mRNA, independent of the FT protein, moves throughout Nicotiana benthamiana and mutant Arabidopsis plants and promotes systemic trafficking of viral and green fluorescence protein RNAs. Viral ectopic expression of FT induced flowering in the short-day N. tabacum Maryland Mammoth tobacco under long-day conditions. Recombinant Potato virus X bearing FT RNA spread and established systemic infection more quickly than the parental virus. The cis-acting element essential for RNA movement was mapped to the nucleotides 1 to 102 of the FT mRNA coding sequence. These data demonstrate that a plant self-mobile RNA molecule can mediate long-distance trafficking of heterologous RNAs and raise the possibility that FT RNA, along with the FT protein, may be involved in the spread of the floral stimulus throughout the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom.
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Hily JM, Liu Z. A simple and sensitive high-throughput GFP screening in woody and herbaceous plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2009; 28:493-501. [PMID: 19093120 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been used widely as a powerful bioluminescent reporter, but its visualization by existing methods in tissues or whole plants and its utilization for high-throughput screening remains challenging in many species. Here, we report a fluorescence image analyzer-based method for GFP detection and its utility for high-throughput screening of transformed plants. Of three detection methods tested, the Typhoon fluorescence scanner was able to detect GFP fluorescence in all Arabidopsis thaliana tissues and apple leaves, while regular fluorescence microscopy detected it only in Arabidopsis flowers and siliques but barely in the leaves of either Arabidopsis or apple. The hand-held UV illumination method failed in all tissues of both species. Additionally, the Typhoon imager was able to detect GFP fluorescence in both green and non-green tissues of Arabidopsis seedlings as well as in imbibed seeds, qualifying it as a high-throughput screening tool, which was further demonstrated by screening the seedlings of primary transformed T(0) seeds. Of the 30,000 germinating Arabidopsis seedlings screened, at least 69 GFP-positive lines were identified, accounting for an approximately 0.23% transformation efficiency. About 14,000 seedlings grown in 16 Petri plates could be screened within an hour, making the screening process significantly more efficient and robust than any other existing high-throughput screening method for transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Hily
- USDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
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Turgeon R, Wolf S. Phloem transport: cellular pathways and molecular trafficking. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 60:207-21. [PMID: 19025382 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The phloem transports nutrients, defensive compounds, and informational signals throughout vascular plants. Sampling the complex components of mobile phloem sap is difficult because of the damage incurred when the pressurized sieve tubes are breached. In this review we discuss sampling methods, the artifacts that can be introduced by different sampling procedures, the intricate pathways by which materials enter and exit the phloem, and the major types of compounds transported. Loading and unloading patterns are largely determined by the conductivity and number of plasmodesmata and the position-dependent function of solute-specific, plasma membrane transport proteins. Recent evidence indicates that mobile proteins and RNA are part of the plant's long-distance communication signaling system. Evidence also exists for the directed transport and sorting of macromolecules as they pass through plasmodesmata. A future challenge is to dissect the molecular and cellular aspects of long-distance macromolecular trafficking in the signal transduction pathways of the whole plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Turgeon
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Maule AJ. Plasmodesmata: structure, function and biogenesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 11:680-6. [PMID: 18824402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata remain one of the outstanding mysteries in plant biology. In providing conduits for the exchange of small and large, informational molecules they are central to the growth, development and defence of all higher plants. In the past few years, strategies have been devised for the molecular dissection of plasmodesmal composition and function, and we are beginning to see how these enigmatic structures will become to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Maule
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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Omid A, Malter D, Peleg G, Wolf S. Long-distance trafficking of macromolecules in the phloem. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:260-2. [PMID: 19704648 PMCID: PMC2634196 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.4.5196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The fact that macromolecules such as proteins and mRNAs overcome the symplastic barriers between various tissue domains was first evidenced by the movement of plant viruses. We have recently demonstrated that viral infection disengages the symplastic restriction present between the sieve element-companion cell complex and neighboring cells in tobacco plants. As a result, green fluorescent protein, which was produced in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, could traffic into the sieve tube and travel long distances within the vascular system. In this addendum we discuss the likely existence of a novel plant communication network in which macromolecules also act as long-distance trafficking signals. Plasmodesmata interconnecting sieve elements and companion cells as well as plasmodesmata connecting the sieve tube with neighboring cells may play a central role in establishing this communication network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Omid
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and the Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences; Rehovot, Israel
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