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Effects of Obesity on Adiponectin System Skin Expression in Dogs: A Comparative Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082308. [PMID: 34438765 PMCID: PMC8388499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Adipokines are biologically active molecules with hormonal action, produced mainly by white adipose tissue and related to the individual’s nutritional status. Adiponectin with its receptors (ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2) intervenes in the control of energy metabolism, as well as in the regulation of peripheral tissue functions. Adiponectin has a primary role in the skin in both physiological and pathological conditions, in addition, this molecule is greatly affected by nutritional status, and its serum level is lowered in the obese. In this work, the adiponectin system was evaluated in the skin of obese dogs along with adiponectin serum levels. Results were compared to normal weight dogs to evidence modifications in the obesity condition. Obesity is a widespread phenomenon in dogs, with a growing trend, as well, in humans; this condition may interfere with the local functionality of tissues, including the skin. The evaluation performed evidenced that adiponectin and ADIPOR2 skin expression is negatively correlated with the serum adiponectin level and accordingly with obesity. These findings evidence that the adiponectin system changes in the skin of obese dogs; this study also explores the role of adipokines in skin biology. Abstract Obesity is an important health issue in dogs since it influences a plethora of associated pathologies, including dermatological disorders. Considering the scarcity of information in pets, this work aimed to evaluate the localization and expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and its two receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) in the skin of 10 obese dogs, compared with serum ADIPOQ level. Through immunohistochemistry, ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 were observed in the adipose tissue, sweat and sebaceous glands, endothelium, and some connective cells. Both receptors were observed in the epidermis and the hair follicles, other than in the sweat and sebaceous glands. Real-time PCR evidenced that the ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 transcripts were expressed 5.4-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.3-fold less (p < 0.01), respectively, in obese than in normal weight dogs, while ADIPOR1 expression did not change. Obese dogs showed lower serum ADIPOQ levels than the normal weight group. Accordingly, ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 expression in the skin appear negatively correlated with obesity in the same way as the serum ADIPOQ level. These findings evidence that ADIPOQ system changes in the skin of obese dogs and suggest that the ADIPOQ effect on the skin is at least in part regulated by the reduced expression of ADIPOR2.
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Canine Epithelial Skin Tumours: Expression of the Stem Cell Markers Lgr5, Lgr6 and Sox9 in Light of New Cancer Stem Cell Theories. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020062. [PMID: 32397255 PMCID: PMC7356500 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that tumour development is driven by cancer stem cells (CSCs). In order to understand the presence and potential contribution of stem cells (SCs) as tumour-initiating cells in canine cutaneous tumours, we selected three putative SC markers (Lgr5, Lgr6 and Sox9) and investigated their expression pattern, level of protein and mRNA expression, in 43 canine hair follicle (HF) and 18 canine cutaneous epidermal tumours by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, using normal skin samples as controls. Lgr5 protein expression was not detected in epidermal and HF tumours; however, Lgr5 mRNA overexpression was evident in some HF tumours. Sox9 was expressed in several tumour cases, both at the protein and mRNA level. The Lgr6 antibody tested was not suitable for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples, but Lgr6 gene showed higher expression in several samples of both HF and epidermal tumours compared with normal skin. Significantly higher mRNA expression levels of the three SC markers were found in trichoblastomas (TB) compared with basal cell carcinomas (BCC). The present results indicated that canine HF and epidermal tumours might have common tumour-initiating cells. The mRNA expression of the three selected SC markers, especially Lgr5, could be potentially useful in the distinction between canine TB and BCC.
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Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Cytokeratins and Stem Cell Expression Profiles of Canine Cutaneous Epithelial Tumors. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:821-837. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985818785680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of cutaneous epithelial tumors (CETs) in dogs is based on predominant histological differentiation patterns. However, the expression of a broad panel of antigens has not been comprehensively examined with immunohistochemistry. The present study aims to establish a comprehensive expression profile and identify useful diagnostic markers for each CET type. Cytokeratin (CK), stem cell, and other associated markers were immunohistochemically examined in 110 canine CETs. Among these, CK16 was useful for differentiating between basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinomas were positive for CK8, CK18, and CK19, suggesting their close association with the apocrine duct. Unlike their benign counterparts, sebaceous carcinomas coexpressed CK5/6 and adipophilin. Smooth muscle actin (SMA) and p63 immunostaining were useful for accurately distinguishing between glandular and ductal differentiation in apocrine tumors. A case of apocrine carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma was identified using anti-SMA antibodies. Stem cell expression profiles (CK8, CK15, CK19, and CD34) of hair follicle tumors were discrete and indicative of their anatomic origins. The effectiveness of immunohistochemistry for tumor diagnosis was further confirmed by hierarchical cluster analysis, through which selected markers were able to sort CETs into specific groups: CK5/6, CK8, CK14, CK16, CK18, CK19, p63, adipophilin, and SMA sorted tumors of epidermal, apocrine, or sebaceous origin; while CK8, CK14, CK15, CK16, CK19, CD34, and p63 sorted hair follicle tumors in agreement with their histological differentiation. In conclusion, the present study provides comprehensive immunohistochemical information, which could complement histomorphological features for the future classification of canine CETs.
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Kok MK, Chambers JK, Dohata A, Uchida K, Nishimura R, Nakayama H. Desmoplastic tricholemmoma in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:984-987. [PMID: 28458277 PMCID: PMC5487802 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10-year-old mixed breed dog was presented with a 0.8 cm diameter mass below the left
eye region. The mass was surgically removed and processed for histopathological
examination. Microscopically, tumor cells proliferated in small lobules, nests and cords,
and the tumor parenchyma was separated by desmoplastic stroma. Majority of the tumor cells
were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, and the desmoplastic stroma was densely
collagenous and mucinous. Immunohistochemical results showed that the tumor cells were
diffusely positive for cytokeratin 15, cytokeratin 19 and CD 34, while cytokeratin 8
reactivity was limited to the tumor cells proliferating in cords. Few tumor cells were
positive for nestin. Based on the histopathological findings, the tumor was diagnosed as
desmoplastic tricholemmoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Keong Kok
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Atsushi Dohata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Ramírez GA, Rodríguez F, Quesada Ó, Herráez P, Fernández A, Espinosa-de-los-Monteros A. Anatomical Mapping and Density of Merkel Cells in Skin and Mucosae of the Dog. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1157-64. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A. Ramírez
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
| | - Óscar Quesada
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
| | - Pedro Herráez
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
| | - Antonio Espinosa-de-los-Monteros
- Unit of Histology and Veterinary Pathology, Institute for Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas De Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario Cardones; Arucas Las Palmas 45413 Spain
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Gerhards NM, Sayar BS, Origgi FC, Galichet A, Müller EJ, Welle MM, Wiener DJ. Stem Cell-Associated Marker Expression in Canine Hair Follicles. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 64:190-204. [PMID: 26739040 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415627679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hair follicle (HF) stem cells (SCs) are crucial to maintain the constant recurring growth of hair. In mice and humans, SC subpopulations with different biomarker expression profiles have been identified in discrete anatomic compartments of the HF. The rare studies investigating canine HF SCs have shown similarities in biomarker expression profiles to that of mouse and human SCs. The aim of our study was to broaden the current repertoire of SC-associated markers and their expression patterns in the dog. We combined analyses on the expression levels of CD34, K15, Sox9, CD200, Nestin, LGR5 and LGR6 in canine skin using RT-qPCR, the corresponding proteins in dog skin lysates, and their expression patterns in canine HFs using immunohistochemistry. Using validated antibodies, we were able to define the location of CD34, Sox9, Keratin15, LGR5 and Nestin in canine HFs and confirm that all tested biomarkers are expressed in canine skin. Our results show similarities between the expression profile of canine, human and mouse HF SC markers. This repertoire of biomarkers will allow us to conduct functional studies and investigate alterations in the canine SC compartment of different diseases, like alopecia or skin cancer with the possibility to extend relevant findings to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M Gerhards
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
| | - Beyza S Sayar
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM)
| | - Francesco C Origgi
- Center for Fish and Wildlife Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (FCO)
| | - Arnaud Galichet
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM)
| | - Eliane J Müller
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW),Molecular Dermatology and Stem Cell Research, Institute of Animal Pathology and DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (BSS, AG, EJM),Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (EJM)
| | - Monika M Welle
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
| | - Dominique J Wiener
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Dermfocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (NMG, BSS, AG, EJM, MMW, DJW)
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Fantinato E, Milani L, Sironi G. Sox9 expression in canine epithelial skin tumors. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2514. [PMID: 26428883 PMCID: PMC4598595 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox9 is a master regulatory gene involved in developmental processes, stem cells maintenance and tumorigenesis. This gene is expressed in healthy skin but even in several skin neoplasms, where its expression patterns often resembles those of the developing hair follicle. In this study, samples from eleven different types of canine skin neoplasms (squamous papilloma, squamous cell carcinoma, infundibular keratinizing acanthoma, inferior tricholemmoma, isthmic tricholemmoma, trichoblastoma, trichoepitelioma, malignant trichoepitelioma, pilomatricoma, subungual keratoacanthoma, subungual squamous cell carcinoma) were immunohistochemically stained and evaluated for Sox9 with the aim to correlate tumor phenotype with molecular characteristics that may help to better define tumor development, contribute to its diagnosis and clinical management. Keratoacanthoma excluded, all the skin neoplasms examined showed a variable positivity to Sox9, especially in the basal layers, but with major intensity in neoplasms developing from the bulge region of the hair follicle, as trichoblastoma. According to our results, Sox9 could be employed as a stem cell marker to better assess the role of stem cells in canine epidermal and follicular tumors.
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Mercati F, Maranesi M, Dall’Aglio C, Scocco P, Pascucci L, Boiti C, Ceccarelli P. Leptin receptor is expressed by epidermis and skin appendages in dog. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1270-5. [PMID: 25131155 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a polypeptide secreted by adipocytes which binds to a specific receptor (Ob-R) that is expressed in various tissues. The wide distribution of the Ob-R suggests that leptin might exert diverse biological functions, not only by regulating energy metabolism and appetite, but also by acting as a mitogen in many cell types, including keratinocytes. In this study, the presence and localization of Ob-R was investigated in the skin of the dog using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. RT-PCR revealed the presence of Ob-R m-RNA in the skin specimens collected from the dorsal region of two smooth coat breed dogs. Through immunohistochemistry performed on the skin of five dogs, the expression of the receptor was observed in the basal layer of the epidermis, in the hair follicles as well as in the apocrine sweat and sebaceous glands. No staining for Ob-R was detected in the suprabasal epidermis layers. Strong positive signals were observed in many cells of the outer root sheath of hair follicles in growing and in regressive phases. The identification of Ob-R in the above targets suggests that leptin may play a role in the regulation of cyclic renewal of the epidermis and skin appendages in dog. This study represents an important contribution to understand the complex mechanisms that are involved in the skin biology in this species.
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Brachelente C, Porcellato I, Sforna M, Lepri E, Mechelli L, Bongiovanni L. The contribution of stem cells to epidermal and hair follicle tumours in the dog. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:188-94.e41. [PMID: 23331697 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cutaneous stem cells have been implicated in skin tumourigenesis in humans, no studies have been conducted to elucidate the presence and the possible role of stem cells in hair follicle tumours in the dog. HYPOTHESIS Stem cell markers are expressed in canine epidermal and follicular tumours and can be used to better understand the biology and origin of these tumours. ANIMALS AND METHODS In the present study, normal skin sections and 44 follicular tumours were retrospectively investigated for the immunohistochemical expression of keratin 15 (K15) and nestin. In addition, 30 squamous cell carcinomas were evaluated for K15 expression. RESULTS In normal skin, K15 and nestin were expressed in the outer root sheath cells of the isthmic portion of the hair follicle (bulge region), and K15 expression was also scattered in the basal cell layer of the epidermis. Infundibular keratinizing acanthomas, pilomatricomas and squamous cell carcinomas were mostly negative for K15, trichoblastomas were moderately to strongly positive, tricholemmomas were either negative or strongly positive, and trichoepitheliomas had heterogeneous staining. Nestin expression was generally faint in all follicular tumours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our results show that K15 can be a reliable marker for investigating the role of stem cells in hair follicle tumours of the dog, while nestin was judged to be a nonoptimal marker. Furthermore, our study suggests that hair follicle stem cells are present in the bulge region of hair follicles and could possibly play a role in tumourigenesis of canine tumours originating from this portion of the follicle, namely trichoblastomas, tricholemmomas and trichoepitheliomas. The loss of K15 expression in squamous cell carcinomas compared with normal skin suggests that this event could be important in the malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Biopathological Sciences and Hygiene of Animal and Alimentary Productions, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult stem cells come from many sources and have the capacity to differentiate into many cell types, including those of the skin. The most commonly studied stem cells are those termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easily isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells are known to produce a wide array of cytokines that modulate the regeneration process. The ease of collection, propagation and use of these MSCs in therapy of traumatic, ischaemic and immune-mediated skin conditions is emerging. APPROACH AND EVIDENCE In traumatic and ischaemic skin damage, MSCs are used in tissue-engineered skin and by direct injection into damaged tissue. For immune-mediated diseases, systemic administration of stem cells can modulate the immune system. The earliest clinical work has been with autologous stem cell sources, such as adipose tissue and bone marrow. In immune-mediated diseases, the MSCs are used to downregulate production of inflammatory cytokines and to block T-cell activation. Cells are generally given intravenously. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus have been successfully treated in human clinical trials. Mesenchymal stem cells can also stimulate resident local cells, such as keratinocytes and progenitor cells, to proliferate, migrate and repair skin injury and disease. LOOKING AHEAD The discovery of the MSC in adipose tissue has spawned a global effort to utilize these cells in therapy of a wide range of diseases of the skin. Reconstructive surgery, scar blocking and resolution and skin regeneration have all been shown to be possible in human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Harman
- Vet-Stem, Inc., 12860 Danielson Court, Poway, CA 82064, USA.
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Bohr S, Patel SJ, Vasko R, Shen K, Huang G, Yarmush ML, Berthiaume F. Highly upregulated Lhx2 in the Foxn1-/- nude mouse phenotype reflects a dysregulated and expanded epidermal stem cell niche. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64223. [PMID: 23696871 PMCID: PMC3656088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair cycling is a prime example of stem cell dependent tissue regeneration and replenishment, and its regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a blockage in terminal keratinocytic lineage differentiation in the Foxn1(-/-) nude phenotype on the epithelial progeny. Most notably we found a constitutive upregulation of LIM homeobox protein 2 (Lhx2), a marker gene of epithelial stem cellness indispensible for hair cycle progression. However, histological evidence along with an erratic, acyclic rise of otherwise suppressed CyclinD1 levels along with several key markers of keratinocyte lineage differentiation indicate a frustrated expansion of epithelial stem cell niches in skin. In addition, CD49f/CD34/CD200-based profiling demonstrated highly significant shifts in subpopulations of epithelial progeny. Intriguingly this appeared to include the expansion of Oct4+ stem cells in dermal fractions of skin isolates in the Foxn1 knock-out opposed to wild type. Overall our findings indicate that the Foxn1(-/-) phenotype has a strong impact on epithelial progeny and thus offers a promising model to study maintenance and regulation of stem cell niches within skin not feasible in other in vitro or in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bohr
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Grandi F, Firmo BF, Colodel MM, Rocha RM, Werner J, Rocha NS. The importance of follicular stem cells in veterinary medicine in the context of skin tumours. Vet Dermatol 2011; 23:81-2. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2011.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gillespie V, Baer K, Farrelly J, Craft D, Luong R. Canine gastrointestinal stromal tumors: immunohistochemical expression of CD34 and examination of prognostic indicators including proliferation markers Ki67 and AgNOR. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:283-91. [PMID: 20826846 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810380397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), leiomyomas, and leiomyosarcomas are common mesenchymal neoplasms in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of dogs. As previously diagnosed smooth muscle tumors of the canine GI tract are increasingly reclassified as GISTs, it becomes important to identify additional criteria that may assist in the diagnosis of these neoplasms, provide prognostic information, and offer targets for therapy. Examination of cluster of differentiation (CD), molecule expression (such as KIT [CD117] and CD34) as well as gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features (such as tumor size, tumor location, mitotic index, AgNOR, and Ki67 labeling) in human GISTs has revealed new and valuable prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic information. In this study, GISTs were examined for the gross, histologic, and immunohistochemical features listed above. Forty-nine cases of canine gastrointestinal mesenchymal neoplasms from the Animal Medical Center (New York, NY) were categorized as GISTs (KIT positive), leiomyosarcoma/leiomyoma (KIT negative, smooth muscle actin [SMA], and/or desmin positive), or other (KIT, SMA, and desmin negative). A proportion (55%) of canine cases previously diagnosed as smooth muscle tumors were reclassified as GISTs according to KIT immunoreactivity. Statistical correlations with survival data were not possible because of insufficient follow-up data. However, there was a significant difference between mitotic index, AgNOR, and Ki67 scores depending on the location of the tumor (small vs large intestine). This study represents the first time CD34 immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in canine GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gillespie
- Department of Pathology, The Animal Medical Center, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of Rockefeller University, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Ricklin ME, Roosje P, Summerfield A. Characterization of Canine Dendritic Cells in Healthy, Atopic, and Non-allergic Inflamed Skin. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:845-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kobayashi T, Shimizu A, Nishifuji K, Amagai M, Iwasaki T, Ohyama M. Canine hair-follicle keratinocytes enriched with bulge cells have the highly proliferative characteristic of stem cells. Vet Dermatol 2009; 20:338-46. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2009.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mercati F, Pascucci L, Ceccarelli P, Dall'Aglio C, Pedini V, Gargiulo AM. Expression of mesenchymal stem cell marker CD90 on dermal sheath cells of the anagen hair follicle in canine species. Eur J Histochem 2009; 53:e19. [PMID: 19864210 PMCID: PMC3168233 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2009.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dermal sheath (DS) of the hair follicle is comprised by fibroblast-like cells and extends along the follicular epithelium, from the bulb up to the infundibulum. From this structure, cells with stem characteristics were isolated: they have a mesenchymal origin and express CD90 protein, a typical marker of mesenchymal stem cells. It is not yet really clear in which region of hair follicle these cells are located but some experimental evidence suggests that dermal stem cells are localized prevalently in the lower part of the anagen hair follicle. As there are no data available regarding DS stem cells in dog species, we carried out a morphological analysis of the hair follicle DS and performed both an immunohistochemical and an immunocytochemical investigation to identify CD90+ cells. We immunohistochemically evidenced a clear and abundant positivity to CD90 protein in the DS cells located in the lower part of anagen hair follicle. The positive cells showed a typical fibroblast-like morphology. They were flat and elongated and inserted among bundles of collagen fibres. The whole structure formed a close and continuous sleeve around the anagen hair follicle. Our immunocytochemical study allowed us to localize CD90 protein at the cytoplasmic membrane level.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mercati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche e Igiene delle Produzioni Animali e Alimentari, Sezione di Anatomia Veterinaria, Perugia, Italy.
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Zhao M, Amiel SA, Ajami S, Jiang J, Rela M, Heaton N, Huang GC. Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice with cells derived from human marrow stromal cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2666. [PMID: 18628974 PMCID: PMC2441861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pluri-potent bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) provide an attractive opportunity to generate unlimited glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells for the treatment of diabetes. We explored the potential for human MSCs (hMSCs) to be differentiated into glucose-responsive cells through a non-viral genetic reprogramming approach. Methods and Findings Two hMSC lines were transfected with three genes: PDX-1, NeuroD1 and Ngn3 without subsequent selection, followed by differentiation induction in vitro and transplantation into diabetic mice. Human MSCs expressed mRNAs of the archetypal stem cell markers: Sox2, Oct4, Nanog and CD34, and the endocrine cell markers: PDX-1, NeuroD1, Ngn3, and Nkx6.1. Following gene transfection and differentiation induction, hMSCs expressed insulin in vitro, but were not glucose regulated. After transplantation, hMSCs differentiated further and ∼12.5% of the grafted cells expressed insulin. The graft bearing kidneys contained mRNA of insulin and other key genes required for the functions of beta cells. Mice transplanted with manipulated hMSCs showed reduced blood glucose levels (from 18.9+/−0.75 to 7.63+/−1.63 mM). 13 of the 16 mice became normoglycaemic (6.9+/−0.64 mM), despite the failure to detect the expression of SUR1, a K+-ATP channel component required for regulation of insulin secretion. Conclusions Our data confirm that hMSCs can be induced to express insulin sufficient to reduce blood glucose in a diabetic mouse model. Our triple gene approach has created cells that seem less glucose responsive in vitro but which become more efficient after transplantation. The maturation process requires further study, particularly the in vivo factors influencing the differentiation, in order to scale up for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A. Amiel
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanaz Ajami
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Rela
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guo Cai Huang
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Martin AL, Irizarry-Rovira AR, Bevier DE, Glickman LG, Glickman NW, Hullinger RL. Histology of ferret skin: preweaning to adulthood. Vet Dermatol 2007; 18:401-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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