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Gedon J, Kessler M, Schmidt JM. Frontal sinus carcinoma in forty-one dogs (2001-2022). Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:231-239. [PMID: 36745079 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reports on canine frontal sinus carcinomas (FSCs) are scarce. This retrospective review of 41 dogs with FSC (2001-2022) describes demographic and clinical characteristics of canine FSC and reports the clinical experience and overall survival following treatment with toceranib phosphate (TOC) and meloxicam in 10 cases. Median age at diagnosis was 10.6 years (range: 6.5-15.4 years). There was a male-to-female-ratio of 2.4:1. The most common breeds were Jack Russell Terriers (JRT) (n = 7; 17.1%) and Rottweilers (n = 3, 7.3%). Mesocephalic breeds (70.6%) were most commonly affected, brachycephalics accounted for 8.8%. The most frequent clinical signs included skull deformation dorsomedial to the eye (87.5%), pain/head-shyness (40.0%), ocular (22.5%)/nasal (17.5%) discharge, and exophthalmos (17.5%). Duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis varied from a few days to 9 months. There were no neurological signs at initial presentation despite imaging evidence of osteolysis of the lamina interna of the frontal bone in most dogs (69.4%). In 11.5%, pulmonary changes suggestive of metastasis or concurrent primary pulmonary neoplasia were present. Tumour types included squamous cell carcinoma (58.5%), unspecified carcinoma (29.3%), and adenocarcinoma (9.8%). Ten dogs were treated with TOC (median 2.8 mg/kg EOD or three times per week) and meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg, EOD) (TOC-M), resulting in subjective regression of skull deformity in 8/10 (80.0%) patients. Overall median survival time with TOC-M was 183.5 days (range: 120-434 days). FSCs typically present with skull deformation, but no overt neurological signs. Male dogs and JRT may be overrepresented. The use of TOC-M in FSC appears promising and warrants further prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
| | - Martin Kessler
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
| | - Jarno M Schmidt
- Division of Oncology, Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim, Germany
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2
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Sun HH, Wang ZZ, Gao YY, Hao GF, Yang GF. Protein Kinases as Potential Targets Contribute to the Development of Agrochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:52-64. [PMID: 36592042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Using agrochemicals against pest insects, fungi, and weeds plays a major part in maintaining and improving crop yields, which helps to solve the issue of food security. Due to the limited targets and resistance of agrochemicals, protein kinases are regarded as attractive potential targets to develop new agrochemicals. Recently, a lot of investigations have shown the extension of agrochemicals by targeting protein kinases, implying an increasing concern for this kind of method. However, few people have summarized and discussed the targetability of protein kinases contributing to the development of agrochemicals. In this work, we introduce the research on protein kinases as potential targets used in crop protection and discuss the prospects of protein kinases in the field of agrochemical development. This study may not only provide guidance for the contribution of protein kinases to the development of agrochemicals but also help nonprofessionals such as students learn and understand the role of protein kinases quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Han Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Research and Development Center for Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
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3
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Interaction of Masitinib with Organic Cation Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214189. [PMID: 36430667 PMCID: PMC9693006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) such as Masitinib were reported to be useful as therapeutic options in malignant disorders and nonmalignant diseases, like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Most kinases must be translocated into targeted cells by the action of specific transport proteins, as they are hydrophilic and not able to cross cell membranes freely. Accordingly, the efficacy of TKI in target cells is closely dependent on the expression of their transporters. Specifically, Masitinib is an organic cation and is expected to interact with organic cation transporters (OCT and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion proteins-MATE-). The aim of this work was to characterize the interaction of Masitinib with different OCTs. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with murine or human OCT were used for the experiments. The interaction of Masitinib with OCTs was investigated using quenching experiments. The intracellular accumulation of this drug was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. Our results identified interactions of Masitinib with almost all investigated mouse (m) and human (h) OCTs and hMATE1 and indicated OCT1 and hOCT2 to be especially potent Masitinib translocators across cell membranes. Interestingly, some important differences were observed for the interaction with murine and human OCTs. In the future, investigations concerning further in vitro and in vivo properties of Masitinib and its efficacy related to transporter-related uptake mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions should be performed. Clinical trials in humans and other animals with Masitinib have already shown promising results. However, further research is necessary to understand the disease specific transport mechanisms of Masitinib to contribute to a successful and responsible therapy employment.
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4
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Tumosienė I, Jonuškienė I, Kantminienė K, Mickevičius V, Petrikaitė V. Novel N-Substituted Amino Acid Hydrazone-Isatin Derivatives: Synthesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Activity in 2D and 3D Models In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157799. [PMID: 34360565 PMCID: PMC8346030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel mono and bishydrazones each bearing a 2-oxindole moiety along with substituted phenylaminopropanamide, pyrrolidin-2-one, benzimidazole, diphenylmethane, or diphenylamine fragments were synthesized, and their anticancer activities were tested by MTT assay against human melanoma A375 and colon adenocarcinoma HT-29 cell lines. In general, the synthesized compounds were more cytotoxic against HT-29 than A375. 3-((4-Methoxyphenyl)(3-oxo-3-(2-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazinyl)propyl)amino)-N′-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)propanehydrazide and (N′,N‴)-1,1′-(methylenebis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-oxo-N′-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)pyrrolidine-3-carbohydrazide) were identified as the most active compounds against HT-29 in 2D and 3D cell cultures. The same compounds showed the highest antioxidant activity among the synthesized compounds screened by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). Their antioxidant activity is on par with that of a well-known antioxidant ascorbic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrida Tumosienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.T.); (I.J.); (V.M.)
| | - Ilona Jonuškienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.T.); (I.J.); (V.M.)
| | - Kristina Kantminienė
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Vytautas Mickevičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.T.); (I.J.); (V.M.)
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevičiaus g. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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5
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Qhobosheane MA, Legoabe LJ, Josselin B, Bach S, Ruchaud S, Beteck RM. Synthesis and evaluation of C3 substituted chalcone‐based derivatives of 7‐azaindole as protein kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:1395-1407. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malikotsi A. Qhobosheane
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Béatrice Josselin
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR 8227 Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M) Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff Cedex France
- Sorbonne Université CNRS FR2424 Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility) Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff France
| | - Stéphane Bach
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR 8227 Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M) Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff Cedex France
- Sorbonne Université CNRS FR2424 Plateforme de criblage KISSf (Kinase Inhibitor Specialized Screening facility) Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff France
| | - Sandrine Ruchaud
- Sorbonne Université CNRS UMR 8227 Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory (LBI2M) Station Biologique de Roscoff Roscoff Cedex France
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences North‐West University Potchefstroom South Africa
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6
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Kurita S, Miyamoto R, Tani H, Kobayashi M, Sasaki T, Tamura K, Bonkobara M. Genetic alterations of KIT during clonal expansion and subsequent acquisition of resistance to toceranib in a canine mast cell tumor cell line. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2019; 42:673-681. [PMID: 31553064 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the potential mechanisms underlying acquired resistance to toceranib in canine mast cell tumor (MCT) is the emergence of a secondary mutation in the KIT gene. Here, genetic alterations of KIT during clonal expansion and subsequent acquisition of resistance to toceranib were investigated in the toceranib-susceptible canine MCT cell line VI-MC, which carries a KIT-activating mutation resulting in a predicted p.(Asn508Ile) amino acid change in the receptor tyrosine kinase protein KIT. Two sublines were cloned from VI-MC and toceranib-resistant sublines then were established by continuous exposure to toceranib. The mutation status of KIT in parental VI-MC and its sublines was investigated using next-generation sequencing (NGS). Additionally, effects of secondary mutations on toceranib sensitivity in p.(Asn508Ile)-mutant KIT were examined. KIT secondary mutations, including those encoding p.(Asn679Lys)-, p.(Asp819Val)-, and p.(Asp819Gly)-mutant KIT, that confer toceranib insensitivity to p.(Asn508Ile)-mutant KIT emerged only in toceranib-resistant VI-MCs. These mutations were not detected by NGS in the parental VI-MC line or in the toceranib-naive cloned VI-MCs, although the parental line and sublines exhibited genetic heterogeneity in KIT that may have been caused by genetic evolution during clonal expansion. VI-MC clones with these secondary mutations in KIT appear to have arisen from subclones during treatment with toceranib rather than being pre-existing. However, further study using a higher resolution technique will be needed to confirm the developmental mechanism of KIT secondary mutation in canine MCT cells with acquired resistance to toceranib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Kurita
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Miyamoto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasaki
- Animal Research Center, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Tamura
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Bonkobara
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Hocker SE, Higginbotham ML, Schermerhorn T, Henningson J. Receptor tyrosine kinase expression and phosphorylation in canine nasal carcinoma. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:484-489. [PMID: 28783596 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary studies have supported use of toceranib phosphate (Palladia®) in treatment of canine nasal carcinomas, though the mechanisms of its activity are unknown. This study evaluated sixteen canine nasal carcinoma and five normal nasal epithelium samples for expression and phosphorylation of known targets of toceranib [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGR2), platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFR-α), platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), and stem cell factor receptor (c-KIT)] and epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1) using immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) phosphorylation panel. Protein for VEGFR2 was expressed in all carcinomas, PDGFR-α was noted in 15/16, whereas PDGFR-β was detected in 3/16 samples, but showed significant stromal staining. Protein expression for c-KIT was present in 4/16 and EGFR1 was noted in 14/16 samples. Normal tissue showed variable protein expression of the RTKs. Messenger RNA for VEGFR2, PDGFR-β, and c-KIT were noted in all samples. Messenger RNA for PDGFR-α and EGFR1 were detected in 15/16 samples. All normal nasal tissue detected messenger RNA. Phosphorylation of VEGFR2, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β and c-KIT was not observed in any carcinoma or normal nasal sample, but phosphorylation of EGFR1 was noted in 10/16 carcinoma and 3/5 normal samples. The absence of phosphorylated RTK targets of toceranib suggests any clinical effect of toceranib occurs through inhibition of alternative unidentified RTK pathways in canine nasal carcinomas. The observed protein and message expression and phosphorylation of EGFR1 in the nasal carcinoma samples merits further inquiry into EGFR1 as a therapeutic target for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Hocker
- Ontario Veterinary College 2119 ANCC Bldg 49 50 Stone Rd. East Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Ontario Veterinary College 2119 ANCC Bldg 49 50 Stone Rd. East Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Thomas Schermerhorn
- Ontario Veterinary College 2119 ANCC Bldg 49 50 Stone Rd. East Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Dennison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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8
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Da Silva L, Fonseca-Alves CE, Thompson JJ, Foster RA, Wood GA, Amorim RL, Coomber BL. Pilot assessment of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and trafficking pathways in recurrent and metastatic canine subcutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:146-155. [PMID: 29067211 PMCID: PMC5645839 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine subcutaneous mast cell tumour (scMCT) shows less aggressive biological behaviour than cutaneous MCT. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is expressed by neoplastic cells in canine scMCT, but the relevance of this signalling pathway for disease pathobiology is not clear. The objective of this study was to quantify VEGF‐A, VEGFR2, pVEGFR2, the VEGF co‐receptor Neuropilin 1 (NRP‐1) and the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase c‐Cbl in canine scMCT, and to evaluate their association with disease outcome. Immunohistochemical staining for biomarkers was quantified from 14 cases of canine scMCT using manual and computer‐assisted methods. Kaplan–Meier curves were generated for disease‐free survival (DFS) and compared using Mantel–Cox log‐rank analysis. Cases with high levels of neoplastic cell VEGFR2, pVEGFR2 or c‐CBL immunoreactivity had significantly reduced DFS. All cases displayed neoplastic cells positive for VEGF‐A, which was significantly associated with pVEGFR2 immunoreactivity. There were also significant positive correlations between VEGFR2 and pVEGFR2, and between c‐CBL and pVEGFR2 levels. This pilot study demonstrates the potential utility of these markers in a subset of scMCT in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Da Silva
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Carlos E Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary ClinicUniversity of São Paulo State -UNESPBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
| | - Jennifer J Thompson
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Robert A Foster
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of PathobiologyOntario Veterinary CollegeUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Renee L Amorim
- Department of Veterinary ClinicUniversity of São Paulo State -UNESPBotucatuSão PauloBrazil
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
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9
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Santos A, Matos A. Advances in the understanding of the clinically relevant genetic pathways and molecular aspects of canine mammary tumours. Part 2: Invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy. Vet J 2015; 205:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Klopfleisch R, Kohn B, Gruber AD. Mechanisms of tumour resistance against chemotherapeutic agents in veterinary oncology. Vet J 2015; 207:63-72. [PMID: 26526523 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of chemotherapy drugs are used as first line or adjuvant treatment of the majority of tumour types in veterinary oncology. However, some types of tumour are intrinsically resistant to several anti-cancer drugs, and others, while initially sensitive, acquire resistance during treatment. Chemotherapy often significantly prolongs survival or disease free interval, but is not curative. The exact mechanisms behind intrinsic and acquired chemotherapy resistance are unknown for most animal tumours, but there is increasing knowledge on the mechanisms of drug resistance in humans and a few reports on molecular changes in resistant canine tumours have emerged. In addition, approaches to overcome or prevent chemotherapy resistance are becoming available in humans and, given the overlaps in molecular alterations between human and animal tumours, these may also be relevant in veterinary oncology. This review provides an overview of the current state of research on general chemotherapy resistance mechanisms, including drug efflux, DNA repair, apoptosis evasion and tumour stem cells. The known resistance mechanisms in animal tumours and the potential of these findings for improving treatment efficacy in veterinary oncology are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - B Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19 b, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Gil da Costa RM. C-kit as a prognostic and therapeutic marker in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: From laboratory to clinic. Vet J 2015; 205:5-10. [PMID: 26021891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) are some of the most common canine neoplasms and their variable and often aggressive biological behaviour makes them particularly challenging for the veterinary practitioner. Over the years, scientists have accumulated a wealth of knowledge on these tumours and developed better prognostic markers and targeted therapies, mostly focused on inhibiting c-kit, a protein that plays a major role in the biopathology of MCTs. Masitinib and toceranib, targeted inhibitors of c-kit and other receptor tyrosine-kinases (RTKs), offer the promise of improving the outcome of patients with aggressive MCTs. Much of the available knowledge on MCTs is dispersed, making it difficult for practitioners to benefit when consulting a pathologist or making therapeutic decisions. This article seeks to bring together current knowledge on the biopathology of MCTs, reviewing prognostic markers and their applications, and the development of c-kit inhibitors in the context of the basic cellular, molecular and pathological features of MCTs. Future perspectives following recent biopathological data and experimental therapeutic approaches are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui M Gil da Costa
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Processos, Ambiente, Biotecnologia e Energia (LEPABE), Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Fabbro D, Cowan-Jacob SW, Moebitz H. Ten things you should know about protein kinases: IUPHAR Review 14. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2675-700. [PMID: 25630872 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many human malignancies are associated with aberrant regulation of protein or lipid kinases due to mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and/or gene amplification. Protein and lipid kinases represent an important target class for treating human disorders. This review focus on 'the 10 things you should know about protein kinases and their inhibitors', including a short introduction on the history of protein kinases and their inhibitors and ending with a perspective on kinase drug discovery. Although the '10 things' have been, to a certain extent, chosen arbitrarily, they cover in a comprehensive way the past and present efforts in kinase drug discovery and summarize the status quo of the current kinase inhibitors as well as knowledge about kinase structure and binding modes. Besides describing the potentials of protein kinase inhibitors as drugs, this review also focus on their limitations, particularly on how to circumvent emerging resistance against kinase inhibitors in oncological indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Moebitz
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Leo C, Stell A, Borrego J, Martinez de Merlo E, Ruess-Melzer K, Lara-Garcia A. Evaluation of low-dose metronomic (LDM) cyclophosphamide toxicity in cats with malignant neoplasia. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:671-8. [PMID: 24423814 PMCID: PMC11164162 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13518938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Oral administration of low-dose cyclophosphamide in pets with spontaneously occurring malignant neoplasms has become a common practice in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate toxicity events in cats with spontaneous malignancies receiving cyclophosphamide as a metronomic therapy for at least 1 month. The number and severity of clinical, haematological and biochemical adverse events were recorded according to the Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v1.1 classification scheme. Twenty-four cats were enrolled in the study with a total number of 27 neoplasms: 13 sarcomas, 12 carcinomas, one melanoma and one neuroendocrine tumour. Seventeen cats presented with macroscopic disease, while seven had microscopic disease. Seven cats (29%) had metastasis either to the regional lymph nodes and/or distant sites at the time of study enrolment. Additional medications, administered concurrently, included non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (17), toceranib (4) and thalidomide (7). Four cats showed grade I gastrointestinal toxicity during the first month of treatment, which was controlled with antiemetics. Overall, 2/24 cats (8%) showed grade I haematological toxicities and 1/24 (4%) showed grade I renal toxicity in the first 4 weeks. Median follow-up for all cats was 30 days (range 30-360 days). For the 15 cats with follow-up longer than 1 month the only additional toxicities observed were two grade III and one grade II azotaemia that occurred after 2 months of therapy. Low-dose cyclophosphamide seems to be a well-tolerated option for cats bearing primary or metastatic tumours. Evaluation of toxicity after long-term administration is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Leo
- Oncology Service, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anneliese Stell
- Oncology Service, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Juan Borrego
- Veterinary Institute of Comparative Oncology, Valencia, Spain Veterinary Hospital, University of Veterinary and Experimental Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia 'San Vicente Martir', Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Lara-Garcia
- Oncology Service, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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14
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in human and pet tumours with special reference to breast cancer: a comparative review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:293-308. [PMID: 23768779 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs) play a key role in tumour cell proliferation and survival since they are involved in endothelial cell activation leading to tumour neoangiogenesis. In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), stem cell factor receptor (c-KitR), and colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) are overexpressed or constitutively activated in human and pet malignancies. A variety of small molecule inhibitors targeting specific tyrosine kinases (known as tyrosine kinase inhibitors or TKIs) have recently been approved, or are under investigation, for the treatment of human cancer. TKI application in animal cancer is however relatively recent. This review aims to illustrate the major aspects of tyrosine kinase dysfunctions, with special regard to human and animal cancer of the mammary gland, providing an update on the background of the anti-angiogenic and anti-neoplastic properties of TKIs in human and veterinary cancer.
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