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Yang Q, Guo Y, E Y, Zhang S, Blatchley ER, Li J. Methyl chloride produced during UV 254 irradiation of saline water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121263. [PMID: 31605974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for water treatment due to its effectiveness against a wide range of waterborne pathogens with minimal production of regulated disinfection byproducts. However, in this study, the formation of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) from guaiacol and chloride was observed during UV254 irradiation. The results indicated that direct photolysis of guaiacol produced an arenium ion, and the reactive methoxy group was further transformed to CH3Cl in the presence of chloride. O-quinone was detected as the primary product of the degradation of guaiacol resulting from UV254 irradiation. Other organic compounds containing methoxy, ethoxy, or methylamino groups with structures that are similar to guaiacol were also demonstrated to generate halocarbons in aqueous chloride or bromide solution under UV254 irradiation. Scavenging experiments and removal of oxygen demonstrated that neither oxygen nor chlorine radicals were involved in CH3Cl formation. In seawater samples, CH3Cl was also detected in the presence or absence of added organic matter. These results demonstrate that CH3Cl can be formed during UV254 irradiation in saline water and that attention should be paid to this compound and structurally-related compounds in the application of UV254 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yue E
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sanbing Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ernest R Blatchley
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Division of Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Gagné S, Carrier M, Aubin S. Determination of triglycidyl isocyanurate from air samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with coordination ion spray mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:913-918. [PMID: 26407305 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with coordination ion spray tandem mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of air samples containing triglycidyl isocyanurate. The method is not affected by any chromatographic interference and the filter extract is compatible with the UPLC system, as opposed to approaches using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. METHODS Accu-cap™ filters that had sampled triglycidyl isocyanurate were extracted using a mixture of acetonitrile/acetone (95/5) diluted with 3 volumes of water and were then analyzed. The mass spectrometry method uses sodium as the alkali adduct complexing with the triglycidyl isocyanurate in positive mode, and this complex is then analyzed using the survivor mode where the same ion is monitored in the first and third quadrupoles of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. RESULTS The method has a limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 50 and 170 ng/filter, respectively. The dynamic range was between 480 and 24,000 ng/sample, which is equivalent to 2 µg/m(3) and 100 µg/m(3) based on a sampling volume of 240 L. The intra- and inter-day precisions were both <4% and the overall accuracy was 97 ± 3%. The method was tested with personal breathing zone random samples collected from workers using triglycidyl isocyanurate in their tasks, and all the random samples were easily quantified. CONCLUSIONS A new method by UPLC coupled with coordination ion spray tandem mass spectrometry using sodium as the alkali adduct is now available for industrial hygienists who want to evaluate exposures of workers to triglycidyl isocyanurate in workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gagné
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Qc, Canada, H3A 3C2
| | - Marielle Carrier
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Qc, Canada, H3A 3C2
| | - Simon Aubin
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Qc, Canada, H3A 3C2
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Aalto-Korte K, Suuronen K, Kuuliala O, Henriks-Eckerman ML, Jolanki R. Contact allergy to epoxy hardeners. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:145-53. [PMID: 24990536 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diglycidylether of bisphenol A resin is the most important sensitizer in epoxy systems, but a minority of patients develop concomitant or solitary contact allergy to epoxy hardeners. At the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, several in-house test substances of epoxy hardeners have been tested in a special epoxy compound patch test series. OBJECTIVES To analyse the frequency and clinical relevance of allergic reactions to different epoxy hardeners. METHODS Test files (January 1991 to March 2013) were screened for contact allergy to different epoxy hardeners, and the clinical records of patients with allergic reactions were analysed for occupation, concomitant allergic reactions, and exposure. RESULTS The most commonly positive epoxy hardeners were m-xylylenediamine (n = 24), 2,4,6-tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (tris-DMP; n = 14), isophorone-diamine (n = 12), and diethylenetriamine (n = 9). Trimethylhexamethylenediamine (n = 7), tetraethylenepentamine (n = 4), and triethylenetetramine (n = 2) elicited some reactions, although most patients were found to have no specific exposure. Allergic reactions to hexamethylenetetramine, dimethylaminopropylamine and ethylenediamine dihydrochloride were not related to epoxy products. CONCLUSIONS Tris-DMP is an important sensitizer in epoxy hardeners, and should be included in the patch test series of epoxy chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Aalto-Korte
- Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH), 00250, Helsinki, Finland
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Geier J, Krautheim A, Fuchs T. Airborne allergic contact dermatitis in a parquet fitter. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 67:106-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dopico-García M, López-Vilariño J, Fernández-Martínez G, González-Rodríguez M. Liquid chromatography method to determine polyamines in thermosetting polymers. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 667:123-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Plastic resin systems have an increasingly diverse array of applications but also induce health hazards, the most common of which are allergic and irritant contact dermatitis. Contact urticaria, pigmentary changes, and photoallergic contact dermatitis may occasionally occur. Other health effects, especially respiratory and neurologic signs and symptoms, have also been reported. These resin systems include epoxies, the most frequent synthetic resin systems to cause contact dermatitis, (meth)acrylics, polyurethanes, phenol-formaldehydes, polyesters, amino resins (melamine-formaldehydes, urea-formaldehydes), polyvinyls, polystyrenes, polyolefins, polyamides and polycarbonates. Contact dermatitis usually occurs as a result of exposure to the monomers and additives in the occupational setting, although reports from consumers, using the raw materials or end products periodically surface. Resin- and additive-induced direct contact dermatitis usually presents on the hands, fingers, and forearms, while facial, eyelid, and neck involvement may occur through indirect contact, eg, via the hands, or from airborne exposure. Patch testing with commercially available materials, and in some cases the patient's own resins, is important for diagnosis. Industrial hygiene prevention techniques are essential to reduce contact dermatitis when handling these resin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Y Cao
- MD/MS Clinical Research Scholars Program, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Rømyhr O, Nyfors A, Leira HL, Smedbold HT. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by epoxy resin systems in industrial painters. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 55:167-72. [PMID: 16918616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A group of industrial painters employed in 6 companies of the Norwegian oil industry was followed to assess the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by exposure to epoxy resin systems. The study lasted from 1 September 1997 to 31 August 2001 and included 2236 workers, contributing 5113 person years. Commercially available patch test series were supplemented with a special study series based on known or suspected sensitizers present at the workplaces. Of 57 patch-tested workers, 23 with ACD caused by epoxy resin systems were found, indicating an incidence rate of 4.5/1000 person years. In our study patch test series, 4 workers (17%) were identified solely by patch tests to 2,4,6-tris-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (tris-DMP), m-xylene-alpha,alpha-diamine (XAD), and/or 2,2,4 trimethylhexamethylenediamine. Positive patch tests to tris-DMP and XAD were seen in 7 and 8 workers, respectively, indicating that the 2 chemicals are important sensitizers in industrial painters. They are, however, not classified as skin sensitizers according to the European regulations on the classification and labelling of dangerous chemicals. The results show the usefulness of including patch tests based on an investigation of known and suspected skin sensitizers present at the workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olve Rømyhr
- Department of Occupational Medicine, St Olav University Hospital, 7006 Trondheim, Norway
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Conde-Salazar L, Pastor MA, Gatica ME, Núñez R, Henche R. Sensibilización a los sistemas de resina epoxi en una nueva serie de pacientes instaladores de suelos especiales. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(03)76660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Sommer S, Wilkinson SM. Occupational contact dermatitis due to the epoxy hardener m-xylylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 2001. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.044006366-9.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fortina AB, Piaserico S, Larese F, Recchia GP, Corradin MT, Gennaro F, Carrabba E, Peserico A. Diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM): frequency of sensitization, clinical relevance and concomitant positive reactions. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44:283-8. [PMID: 11298694 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) is an aromatic diamine used in the manufacture of rubber, plastics, diisocyanates, dyes and adhesives. It may cross-react with para-(amino)compounds. Allergic patch test reactions to DDM are relatively frequent, but their relevance is often difficult to detect. We report our experience in 6809 patients (4589 female, 2220 male, mean age 39.9+/-17.8 years) with suspected contact dermatitis patch tested during the period 1997-1999 by the North-East Italy Contact Dermatitis Group (NEICDG). A positive patch test to DDM was detected in 132 (1.9%) patients (88 female, 44 male, mean age 49.5+/-16.2 years). Eczema was mostly localized on the hands. The relevance was detected in 31 patients. A logistic regression analysis showed an association with patient's age (odds ratio 5.4 for age 30-59 years), absence of atopic diseases (odds ratio 3.1) and presence of leg ulcer (odds ratio 5). We found a highly significant correlation (p<0.001) between sensitivity to DDM and to para-phenylenediamine, Disperse Yellow 3, cobalt chloride, fragrance mix, benzocaine, paraben mix and primin. Positive patch test results to DDM were relatively frequent. The difficulty in detecting the relevance of these sensitizations may be related to the surprisingly high frequency of concomitant positive reactions to other allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Fortina
- Institute of Dermatology, University of Padua, Italy
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Jolanki R, Estlander T, Kanerva L. 182 patients with occupational allergic epoxy contact dermatitis over 22 years. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44:121-3. [PMID: 11205396 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.44020920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Jolanki
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki
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Jolanki R, Estlander T, Kanerva L. 182 patients with occupational allergic epoxy contact dermatitis over 22 years. Contact Dermatitis 2001. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.440209-20.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Contact dermatitis has often been described in healthcare staff, resulting essentially from the use of natural rubber latex gloves, antiseptics, and especially aldehydes. This study reports an unusual cause of contact dermatitis in laboratory technicians. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four patients working in the bacteriology departments of three different hospitals were seen for airborne contact dermatitis. All were patch tested for specific plastics and glues. RESULTS For all patients, positive patch reactions were obtained with classic epoxy resins, such as diglycidylether of bisphenol, as well as with new types, such as diglycidylether of bisphenol F and an epoxyacrylate resin. CONCLUSIONS Although phenols and ether handled by the laboratory technicians and an epoxy mastic applied during floor repair were initially suspected, an immersion oil used in light microscopy proved to be the real cause of the dermatitis. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases due to this type of contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Géraut
- Institute of Occupational Health, CHU, Hotel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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Kanerva L, Jolanki R, Estlander T. Occupational epoxy dermatitis with patch test reactions to multiple hardeners including tetraethylenepentamine. Contact Dermatitis 1998; 38:299-301. [PMID: 9667462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Kanerva
- Section of Dermatology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brooke
- Dermatology Centre, University Department of Dermatology, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kanerva
- Section of Dermatology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Kanerva L, Hyry H, Jolanki R, Hytönen M, Estlander T. Delayed and immediate allergy caused by methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride. Contact Dermatitis 1997; 36:34-8. [PMID: 9034685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resin compounds (ERC) include a large number of chemicals, such as epoxy resins (ER), reactive diluents and hardeners. Many hardeners, e.g., aliphatic polyamines, are well-known sensitizers. Another type of ER hardeners are the phthalic anhydrides, such as methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) and methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA), which have been reported as causing immunologically-mediated respiratory diseases and contact urticaria, but not allergic contact dermatitis. Here, we present a horizontal boring-machine worker who developed allergic contact dermatitis, as well as allergic rhinitis and an immediate contact skin reaction from MHHPA. Patch testing with a dilution series of MHHPA in pet. elicited the following results: 2%, 1% and 0.5%, +2; 0.25% and 0.125%, + (3- to 6-day readings). An immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study also indicated that the patch test reactions were conventional-delayed allergic reactions. Interleukin 8 was observed in the epidermal cells, whereas interleukin 4 immunoreactivity was detected in the dermal cells. Immunoreactivity to-interleukin 5, granulocyte/macrophage-colophony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or eosinophil cationic protein was not seen. In conclusion, the patient developed both Type I and Type IV allergy to MHHPA. The clinical data, patch test results, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations indicated that the MHHPA allergy detected by the patch test reaction was a conventional delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. The patient also had an allergic patch test reaction to para-phenylenediamine and diaminodiphenylmethane, possibly representing occupational sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kanerva
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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