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Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most widely diagnosed cancer in the United States, is rising in incidence despite public health and educational campaigns that highlight the importance of sun avoidance. It is,therefore, important to establish other modifiable risk factors that may be contributing to this increase. There is a growing body of evidence in the literature suggesting certain nutrients may have protective or harmful effects on NMSC. We review the current literature on nutrition and its effect on NMSC with a focus on dietary fat, vitamin A, nicotinamide, folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, polyphenols, and selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stoj
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Neda Shahriari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kimberly Shao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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Das M, Pethe P. Differential expression of retinoic acid alpha and beta receptors in neuronal progenitors generated from human embryonic stem cells in response to TTNPB (a retinoic acid mimetic). Differentiation 2021; 121:13-24. [PMID: 34419635 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, plays a critical role in the morphogenesis and differentiation of various tissues, especially in the central nervous system. RA is the most commonly used morphogen for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), an abundant source of healthy neuronal tissues for regenerative therapy. During the differentiation process, the activity of RA is governed by the involvement of RA receptor subtypes (RAR α, β, and γ) and their isoforms in the nucleus. However, little is known about the involvement of specific RAR subtypes during neuronal differentiation in humans. It is essential to elucidate the dynamic function of different RAR subtypes and their influence on the phenotypic outcome. Here in this study, we used TTNPB, an analog and stabilized form of retinoic acid that potently and selectively activates retinoic acid receptors. Here we determined the optimum concentration of TTNPBfor the efficient generation of early NPCs from hESCs. Using the optimized concentration of -TTNPB, we found that RARα is the functionally dominant subtype and controls the RA-mediated neurogenesis of hESCs. Importantly, we also found that the RARγ subtype also played a role in neuronal differentiation. In contrast, the RARβ subtype negatively correlates with neuronal differentiation. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of RARβ in the TTNPB-mediated differentiation process could be used as a strategy to generate a large number of NPCs in vitro. In summary, our results show that RARα and RARγ play a vital role in the TTNPB-mediated neuronal differentiation of hESCs, -whereas RARβ acts as a negative regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Das
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India.
| | - Prasad Pethe
- Symbiosis Centre for Stem Cell Research, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, 412115, India.
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Consequences of Vitamin A Deficiency: Immunoglobulin Dysregulation, Squamous Cell Metaplasia, Infectious Disease, and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155570. [PMID: 32759702 PMCID: PMC7432039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an important regulator of immune protection, but it is often overlooked in studies of infectious disease. Vitamin A binds an array of nuclear receptors (e.g., retinoic acid receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, retinoid X receptor) and influences the barrier and immune cells responsible for pathogen control. Children and adults in developed and developing countries are often vitamin A-deficient or insufficient, characteristics associated with poor health outcomes. To gain a better understanding of the protective mechanisms influenced by vitamin A, we examined immune factors and epithelial barriers in vitamin A deficient (VAD) mice, vitamin D deficient (VDD) mice, double deficient (VAD+VDD) mice, and mice on a vitamin-replete diet (controls). Some mice received insults, including intraperitoneal injections with complete and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (emulsified with PBS alone or with DNA + Fus-1 peptide) or intranasal inoculations with Sendai virus (SeV). Both before and after insults, the VAD and VAD+VDD mice exhibited abnormal serum immunoglobulin isotypes (e.g., elevated IgG2b levels, particularly in males) and cytokine/chemokine patterns (e.g., elevated eotaxin). Even without insult, when the VAD and VAD+VDD mice reached 3–6 months of age, they frequently exhibited opportunistic ascending bacterial urinary tract infections. There were high frequencies of nephropathy (squamous cell hyperplasia of the renal urothelium, renal scarring, and ascending pyelonephritis) and death in the VAD and VAD+VDD mice. When younger VAD mice were infected with SeV, the predominant lesion was squamous cell metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in lungs and bronchioles. Results highlight a critical role for vitamin A in the maintenance of healthy immune responses, epithelial cell integrity, and pathogen control.
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The potential of retinoids for combination therapy of lung cancer: Updates and future directions. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104331. [PMID: 31254665 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related death worldwide. Natural compounds have shown high biological and pharmaceutical relevance as anticancer agents. Retinoids are natural derivatives of vitamin A having many regulatory functions in the human body, including vision, cellular proliferation and differentiation, and activation of tumour suppressor genes. Retinoic acid (RA) is a highly active retinoid isoform with promising anti-lung cancer activity. The abnormal expression of retinoid receptors is associated with loss of anticancer activities and acquired resistance to RA in lung cancer. The preclinical promise has not translated to the general clinical utility of retinoids for lung cancer patients, especially those with a history of smoking. Newer retinoid nano-formulations and the combinatorial use of retinoids has been associated with lower toxicity and more favorably efficacy in both the preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we highlight epidemiological and clinical therapeutic studies involving retinoids and lung cancer. We also discuss the biological actions of retinoids in lung cancer, which include effects on cancer stem cell differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and proliferative. We suggest that the use of retinoids in combination with conventional and targeted anticancer agents will broaden the utility of these potent anticancer compounds in the lung cancer clinic.
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Emami J, Maghzi P, Hasanzadeh F, Sadeghi H, Mirian M, Rostami M. PLGA-PEG-RA-based polymeric micelles for tumor targeted delivery of irinotecan. Pharm Dev Technol 2017; 23:41-54. [PMID: 28608760 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2017.1340950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To develop an effective therapeutic treatment, the potential of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol-retinoic acid (PLGA-PEG-RA) polymeric micelles for targeted delivery of irinotecan to hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and colorectal cancer cell lines (HT-29) was evaluated. PLGA-PEG-RA was synthesized by amide reaction of PLGA with NH2-PEG-NH2 and then PLGA-PEG-NH2 with RA and confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Irinotecan-loaded nanomicelles were prepared using thin-film hydration method and the impact of various formulation variables on their particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), and mean release time (MRT) were assessed using a Taguchi design. TEM was used to observe morphology of the nanomicelles and the CMC was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Adopted PLGA-PEG-RA nanomicelle exhibited PS of 160 ± 9.13 nm, PDI of 0.20 ± 0.05, ZP of -24.9 ± 4.03 mV, EE of 83.9 ± 3.61%, MRT of 3.28 ± 0.35 h, and CMC value of 25.7 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity of the targeted nanomicelles on HepG2 and HT-29 cell lines was significantly higher than that of non-targeted nanomicelles and the free drug. These results suggest that PLGA-PEG-RA nanomicelles could be an efficient delivery system of irinotecan for targeted therapy of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Emami
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Parnian Maghzi
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Farshid Hasanzadeh
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi
- c Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mina Mirian
- c Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Aydin O, Akyuz F, Tekin N, Ustuner M, Degirmenci I, Burukoglu D, Ozden H. Effect of retinyl acetate on transglutaminase 2 activity in carcinogen treated rat liver. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:342-51. [PMID: 27089473 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2016.1170879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been implicated in wound healing, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and cell survival. TG2 activity increases following acute and chronic liver injury; however, the role of TG2 in tumors, is controversial. TG2 is a retinoid-inducible enzyme. We investigated the effects of retinyl acetate (RA) on the activity and levels of TG2 during the initiation and promotion stages of liver cancer. p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene (p-DAB) was used as initiator and 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) was used as promoter in our model of carcinogenesis. Rats were divided into four groups of 24: control, corn oil control, p-DAB + TCDD, and p-DAB + TCDD + RA. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at days 30, 60, 90 and 120. TG2 activity decreased in the p-DAB + TCDD treated group, but TG2 immunostaining scores did not change by days 90 and 120. Neither TG2 enzyme activity nor the immunostaining score of TG2 protein changed in the tissues of the p-DAB + TCDD + RA group by days 90 and 120. TG2 activity was not be ameliorated by RA during the initiation or promotion stages of carcinogen induced liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Aydin
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - F Akyuz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - N Tekin
- b Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology , Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Mc Ustuner
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - I Degirmenci
- c Department of Medical Biology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - D Burukoglu
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Eskisehir , Turkey
| | - H Ozden
- e Department of Anatomy , Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University , Eskisehir , Turkey
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Li M, Sun Y, Guan X, Shu X, Li C. Advanced progress on the relationship between RA and its receptors and malignant tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 91:271-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Bagatin E. Oral isotretinoin: the most promising dermatological off-label uses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.10.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Chapman MS. Vitamin a: history, current uses, and controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 31:11-6. [PMID: 22361284 DOI: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A is required for the proper functioning of many important metabolic and physiologic activities, including vision, gene transcription, the immune system and skin cell differentiation. Both excessive and deficient levels of vitamin A lead to poor functioning of many human systems. The biologically active form, retinoic acid, binds to nuclear receptors that facilitate transcription that ultimately leads to it's physiological effects. Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A that are medications used to treat acne vulgaris, psoriasis, ichthyosis (and other disorders of keratinization), skin cancer prevention as well as several bone marrow derived neoplasias. Systemic retinoids are teratogenic and have to be prescribed with caution and close oversight. Other potential adverse events are controversial. These include the relationship of retinoid derivatives in sunscreens, their effects on bone mineral density, depression and suicidal ideation and inflammatory bowel disease. These controversies will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shane Chapman
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Bushue N, Wan YJY. Retinoid pathway and cancer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:1285-98. [PMID: 20654663 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The retinoids are a class of compounds that are structurally related to vitamin A. Retinoic acid, which is the active metabolite of retinol, regulates a wide range of biological processes including development, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Retinoids exert their effects through a variety of binding proteins including cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), retinol-binding proteins (RBP), cellular retinoic acid-binding protein (CRABP), and nuclear receptors i.e. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid x receptor (RXR). Because of the pleiotropic effects of retinoids, understanding the function of these binding proteins and nuclear receptors assists us in developing compounds that have specific effects. This review summarizes our current understanding of how retinoids are processed and act with an emphasis on the application of retinoids in cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Bushue
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bukhari MH, Niazi S, Khaleel ME, Sharif MA, Ghani R, Mehmood MT, Tahseen M, Chaudhry NA, Hasan M. Elevated frequency of p53 genetic mutations and AgNOR values in squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:220-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bukhari MH, Niazi S, Anwar M, Chaudhry NA, Naeem S. Prognostic Significance of New Immunohistochemistry Scoring of p53 Protein Expression in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1138:1-9. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1414.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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