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Ho JC, Yen CH, Lee CH. Extramammary Paget's disease: A retrospective study in a medical center in Taiwan. DERMATOL SIN 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ds.ds_19_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Akishima-Fukasawa Y, Honma N, Ogata H, Akasaka Y, Mikami T. Angiogenesis in mammary Paget disease: histopathological analyses of blood vessel density and angiogenic factors. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:75. [PMID: 32527320 PMCID: PMC7288480 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined the vascularity of mammary Paget disease histologically to confirm the increased blood flow observed previously by clinical imaging. The relationships among blood vessel density (BVD), histopathological parameters of blood flow in the nipple, and the expression of angiogenic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) were examined. Methods We calculated the average CD34-positive BVD and podoplanin (D2–40)-positive lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and the proportion of proliferating of endothelial cells in 14 Paget disease, 3 dermatitis biopsy, and 14 age-matched control cases. As a parameter related to blood flow in the nipple, the total CD34-positive blood vessel lumen area relative to the entire nipple area was measured in each Paget disease and control case using an automated image analysis system. Immunohistochemical expression of bFGF and VEGFA in Paget cells was also examined. Results The average BVD and LVD were significantly higher in the Paget disease cases than in the dermatitis (p = 0.003) and control (p < 0.001) cases. The proportion of proliferating endothelial cells was also increased in the Paget disease cases. The ratio of the CD34-positive blood vessel lumen area to nipple area was also significantly higher in the Paget disease than control cases (p = 0.003). The average BVD was correlated with the average LVD (r = 0.734, p < 0.001) and ratio of the blood vessel lumen area to nipple area (r = 0.692, p < 0.001). Immunohistochemical expression of bFGF was strong in all Paget disease cases, with a significantly higher expression score in the Paget disease than dermatitis (p = 0.003) and control (p < 0.001) cases. The bFGF, but not VEGFA, expression score, was strongly correlated with the average BVD (r = 0.818, p < 0.001) and ratio of the blood vessel lumen area to nipple area (r = 0.503, p = 0.006). Conclusion These results provide direct histopathological evidence of a marked increase in nipple blood flow in Paget disease detected by clinical imaging. bFGF is considered to play a pivotal role in angiogenesis in mammary Paget disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Akishima-Fukasawa
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Naoko Honma
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ogata
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery (Omori), Department of Surgery, Toho University School of Medicine, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Akasaka
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
| | - Tetuo Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16, Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8540, Japan
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The vulvar immunohistochemical panel (VIP) project: molecular profiles of vulvar Paget’s disease. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2211-2225. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mantovani G, Fagotti A, Franchi M, Scambia G, Garganese G. Reviewing vulvar Paget's disease molecular bases. Looking forward to personalized target therapies: a matter of CHANGE. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2019; 29:ijgc-2018-000080. [PMID: 30674571 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2018-000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the published literature on vulvar Paget's disease (VPD) molecular bases, aiming to support the need for tailored treatment in women affected by this 'orphan' tumor. METHODS MEDLINE-PubMed and Scopus were interrogated using the following algorithm: (extramammary OR extra mammary OR vulvar) AND (paget OR pagets OR paget's) AND (molecular OR biological OR marker OR protein OR target OR expression). The inclusion criteria for papers were: peer-reviewed English-language journals, articles published in the last 30 years, studies focused on fixed research questions, quality assessment on the basis of the relevance and contribution to the selected topics. RESULTS A total of 42 studies were selected, providing the following results. Molecular markers implicated in cell cycle transitions seem to be related to prognosis and could help to tailor conventional treatments. Fragmented but consistent preliminary data exist on hormonal receptor expression, ERBB2 amplification/overexpression and abnormal vascular proliferation, offering a concrete possibility for target therapy trials. Conversely, other fields linked to the possible use of immunotherapy are currently relatively unexplored, such as the tumor 'immune contexture', programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and defects in the mismatch repair system, which is involved in genomic instability and potentially promotes a consistent response to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Additional effort is needed to further characterize these aspects. Centralization of patients in dedicated units would be beneficial for concentrating patient numbers, collecting valuable clinical data and conducting clinical trials. Interdisciplinary study platforms should be developed and integrated into wider multicentric networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mantovani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Fagotti
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vul.Can MDT, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Franchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scambia
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vul.Can MDT, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Garganese
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Vul.Can MDT, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
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Guo H, Qi RQ, Lv YN, Wang HX, Hong YX, Zheng S, Li JH, Gao XH, Chen HD. miR-31 is distinctively overexpressed in primary male extramammary Paget's disease. Oncotarget 2017; 7:24559-63. [PMID: 27016415 PMCID: PMC5029722 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs involved in cancer development. Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous malignancy and the role of miRNAs in EMPD remains unknown. Here, we used TaqMan miRNA arrays to characterize miRNA expression profile in EMPD and further validated the candidates by single RT-PCR. Total 12 cases EMPD were involved in this study. Using laser capture micro-dissection technique, we collected EMPD tumor cells (ET, n=12), normal epidermal cells (NE, n=12) and normal apocrine glands cells (NA, n=7). MiRNA arrays from two pairs of ET and corresponding NE showed that miR-375, miR-10b, miR-31, miR-31* were differentially expressed. The single real-time PCR (RT-PCR) further confirmed that miR-375, miR-31 and miR-31* were upregulated in EMPD cells than those of the normal epidermis and apocrine glands. Our preliminary study suggested that these miRNAs could be involved in EMPD development and miR-31 may serve as potential biomarkers of EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Ni Lv
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - He-Xiao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Hong
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Song Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiu-Hong Li
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Qian Y, Zhang N, Chen S, Chu S, Feng A, Liu H. PI3K, Rac1 and pPAK1 are overexpressed in extramammary Paget's disease. J Cutan Pathol 2012; 39:1010-5. [PMID: 22845716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2012.01973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and P21-activated protein kinase 1 (PAK1) appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of several tumors, but their expressions in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) have not been investigated yet. OBJECTIVES To investigate the potential contribution of the PI3K, Rac1 and PAK1 to the development of EMPD. METHODS Thirty-five paraffin-embedded EMPD specimens were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for PI3K (85α), Rac1 and pPAK1. RESULTS All the 35 primary EMPD specimens, including 20 non-invasive EMPD, 13 invasive EMPD and 2 metastatic lymph nodes, showed cytoplasm overexpression of PI3K (85α), Rac1 and pPAK1. The expression (% positive cells) of PI3K(85α), Rac1 and pPAK1 (90.1 ± 8.6, 91.4 ± 9.5 and 89.6 ± 10.8% ) in EMPD were significantly higher than in apocrine glands of normal skin ( 20.1 ± 11.9, 29.8 ± 8.9, 41.1 ± 13.4%), and the expression in invasive EMPD with lymph node metastasis (98.2 ± 1.7, 98.8 ± 0.7 and 98.4 ± 0.9%) are significantly higher than in invasive EMPD without lymph node metastasis (94.1 ± 2.6, 96.5 ± 1.7 and 95.3 ± 1.1%) and non-invasive EMPD (85.2 ± 8.4, 87.1 ± 9.9 and 83.1 ± 10.6%). There were significant positive correlations of the expression levels between PI3K (85α) and Rac1, as well as between Rac1 and pPAK1 in EMPD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PI3K, Rac1 and PAK1 may play important roles in the pathogenesis of EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qian
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qian Y, Takeuchi S, Dugu L, Tsuji G, Xie L, Nakahara T, Takahara M, Moroi Y, Tu YT, Furue M. Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein/Extracellular Signal-Related Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1, and phosphoMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4 are Overexpressed in Extramammary Paget Disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 33:681-6. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e318215c3fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ueda A, Matsumoto T, Komuro Y. Lymphangiogenesis is a predictor of nodal metastasis in extramammary Paget's disease. Histopathology 2011; 58:870-4. [PMID: 21585426 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The depth of dermal invasion, lymphatic invasion and tumour formation are thought to be predictors of nodal metastasis in extramammary Paget's disease (EPD). This study investigated the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and nodal metastasis in EPD. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty cases (12 females and 38 males) with primary EPD of the external genitalia whounderwent surgical resection were studied. In 23 cases, inguinal lymph node dissection was performed, and nodal metastasis was found in eight cases. Lymphatic invasion and lymphangiogenesis were evaluated by D2-40 immunostain. Lymphangiogenesis was observed in 25 cases (50%). There were significant differences in the presence or absence of dermal invasion, depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion and nodal metastasis between the lymphangiogenesis group and non-lymphangiogenesis group. CONCLUSION Dermal invasion and depth of dermal invasion are predictors for nodal metastasis in EPD. However, in the current study, we demonstrate that lymphangiogenesis is also a predictor of nodal metastasis in EPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ueda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Shi G, Ye DW, Yao X, Zhang S, Dai B, Zhang H, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Xiao W, Ma C. Extramammary Paget's diseases in men from the Shanghai area: its association with PSA level increase. APMIS 2010; 118:777-81. [PMID: 20854472 PMCID: PMC2955970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shi G, Ye D-W, Yao X, Zhang S, Dai B, Zhang H, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Xiao W, Ma C. Extramammary Paget’s diseases in men from the Shanghai area: its association with PSA level increase. APMIS 2010; 118: 777–81. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of prostate cancer in patients with extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD). All cases of EMPD diagnosed between 1992 and 2007 in Shanghai Cancer Hospital were collected and analyzed for the incidence of prostate cancer. The median follow-up was 78 months. In total, 38 cases of invasive and 10 cases of in situ EMPD had been registered. A second malignancy was found in 28.9% (11/38) of patients with invasive EMPD and in 30% (3/10) of patients with in situ EMPD. Patients had an increased risk of developing a second cancer compared with the general population (standardized incidence ratio: 1.7; 95% confidence interval 1.2–2.4). Sixteen patients had serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level above 4 ng/mL; five developed prostate cancer, three of them with PSA levels beyond 100 ng/mL. The incidence of prostate cancer is 10.4% in this patient group. Patients with EMPD were more likely to have prostate cancer than the general population. Although the prognosis of EMPD is fairly good, a thorough search for a second tumor is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Shi
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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The role of immunohistochemistry in discriminating primary from secondary extramammary Paget disease. Am J Dermatopathol 2010; 32:137-43. [PMID: 20051815 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181b71481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is categorized into 2 groups: primary EMPD or EMPD secondary to underlying malignancy. Primary EMPD has a better prognosis, and the ability to distinguish between the 2 subsets has clinical relevance. Recent studies have suggested that immunostains, including cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20, and BRST-2, distinguish between the 2 groups. We analyzed a large series of EMPD with an expanded immunohistochemical panel to assess its value in distinguishing primary from secondary disease. DESIGN Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 98 EMPD specimens from 61 patients (45 primary and 16 secondary) were immunostained with CK7, CK20, HER-2/neu, BRST-2, CDX2, androgen receptor (AR), and cyclin D1. The study included 44 women and 17 men (median age: 73 years). Median follow-up time was 47 months. RESULTS All EMPD specimens were vibrantly positive for CK7. The frequency of positivity for all EMPD samples was CK20 (28%), BRST-2 (40%), HER-2/neu (64%), CDX2 (10%), AR (16%), and cyclin D1 (76%). For primary EMPD, the frequency of positivity was CK20 (22%), BRST-2 (48%), HER-2/neu (65%), CDX2 (2%), AR (21%), and cyclin D1 (84%). For secondary EMPD, the frequency of positivity was CK20 (50%), BRST-2 (25%), HER-2/neu (60%), CDX2 (33%), AR (0%), and cyclin D1 (53%). Notably, all 6 of 7 cases of EMPD secondary to an anorectal adenocarcinoma tested were HER-2/neu negative and 5 of those 6 cases (80%) were CDX2 positive. CONCLUSIONS The role of CK7, CK20, and BRST-2 in distinguishing primary and secondary EMPD is limited because CK20 and BRST-2 were positive in large subsets of both groups. An expanded immunohistochemical panel, including HER-2/neu and CDX2, may be useful in discriminating primary EMPD from EMPD secondary to anorectal adenocarcinoma but fails to distinguish primary EMPD from EMPD secondary to urothelial or prostatic malignancy. The consistent overexpression of HER-2/neu in primary EMPD suggests a role for trastuzumab therapy in patients with recurrent disease.
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Qian Y, Takeuchi S, Chen SJ, Dugu L, Tsuji G, Xie L, Nakahara T, Moroi Y, Tu YT, Furue M. Nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and their high-affinity receptors are overexpressed in extramammary Paget's disease. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37:1150-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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