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van Nispen C, Long B, Koyfman A. High risk and low prevalence diseases: Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 81:16-22. [PMID: 38631147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are serious conditions that carry a high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of SJS/TEN, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION SJS/TEN is a rare, delayed hypersensitivity reaction resulting in de-epithelialization of the skin and mucous membranes. The majority of cases are associated with medication or infection. Clinicians should consider SJS/TEN in any patient presenting with a blistering mucocutaneous eruption. Evaluation of the skin, mucosal, pulmonary, renal, genital, and ocular systems are essential in the diagnosis of SJS/TEN, as well as in the identification of complications (e.g., sepsis). Laboratory and radiological testing cannot confirm the diagnosis in the ED setting, but they may assist in the identification of complications. ED management includes stabilization of airway and breathing, fluid resuscitation, and treatment of any superimposed infections with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. All patients with suspected SJS/TEN should be transferred and admitted to a center with burn surgery, critical care, dermatology, and broad specialist availability. CONCLUSIONS An understanding of SJS/TEN can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this potentially deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan van Nispen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
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2
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Prasai P, Shakya S, Singh A, Manandhar S, Adhikari B. Stevens-Johnson syndrome associated with pancytopenia: a case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2024; 86:4291-4294. [PMID: 38989185 PMCID: PMC11230805 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction and importance Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare and unusual hypersensitivity reaction to certain drugs like allopurinol, commonly used for treating gout. SJS is recognized by extensive necrosis and detachment of skin and mucus membranes. Pancytopenia, characterized by decreased levels of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, is an exceedingly rare occurrence in the rare disorder SJS. Case presentation The authors present a 61-year-old male who exhibited symptoms of fever and rash for 5 days accompanied by pancytopenia and liver injury. Clinical discussion The abdomen and bilateral lower extremities exhibited several well-defined dusky-colored hyperpigmented macular lesions. Initially, these lesions were small, tender, erythematous, and raised, later transitioning to a dark red. Multiple distinct ulcerations were present on the lips and buccal cavity. Additionally, there was denudation of the skin with bleeding observed between the toes of both legs. The causality was assessed as a definite adverse drug reaction according to the Naranjo and ALDEN algorithm. The patient received treatment consisting of intravenous steroid along with prophylactics antibiotics. The individual's pancytopenia was resolved without requiring any blood cells or plasma or platelet concentrate transfusion. Conclusion The exact pathophysiology of SJS associated with pancytopenia has not yet been fully elucidated. The authors' study hypothesized that the cause of pancytopenia in SJS could be either the direct cytotoxicity of drugs or immune-mediated damage to the bone marrow cells. Additional studies are necessary to establish the precise pathophysiology of the condition. Moreover, our study also indicates that pancytopenia can resolve in SJS without the need for blood cells or plasma or platelet concentrate transfusion. Once more, further studies are required to establish precise management strategies for managing SJS associated with pancytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bibek Adhikari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Sinamangal
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3
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Suprien C, Guimarães LH, de Carvalho LP, Machado PRL. Pentavalent Antimony Associated with G-CSF in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Pathogens 2024; 13:301. [PMID: 38668256 PMCID: PMC11054058 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), caused by Leishmania braziliensis, in recent decades has shown decreasing cure rates after treatment with meglumine antimoniate (MA). Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine associated with epithelialization and healing processes. METHODS This study compares the effectiveness of G-CSF associated with MA in the treatment of CL. A total of 32 patients aged between 18 and 50 years with CL confirmed for L. braziliensis were included in this study. G-CSF or placebo (0.9% saline) was applied by intralesional infiltration at four equidistant points on the edges of the largest ulcer on days 0 and 15 of treatment associated with intravenous MA. RESULTS Males predominated in the G-CSF group (59%), while females predominated in the control group (53%). Injuries to the lower limbs predominated in both study groups. The cure rate in the G-CSF group was 65% and in the control group it was 47%, 90 days after initiation of therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the association of G-CSF with MA is not superior to MA monotherapy. Although not significant, the potential benefit of this combination deserves further investigation. The use of higher doses or other routes of application of G-CSF in a greater number of patients should contribute to a definitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carvel Suprien
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil; (C.S.); (L.P.d.C.)
| | - Luiz H. Guimarães
- National Institutes of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil;
- Medicine School, Federal University of Recôncavo Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus 44380-000, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil; (C.S.); (L.P.d.C.)
- National Institutes of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil;
- Immunology Service of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo R. L. Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40026-010, Bahia, Brazil; (C.S.); (L.P.d.C.)
- National Institutes of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil;
- Immunology Service of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-060, Bahia, Brazil
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4
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Kinoshita M, Ogawa Y, Hama N, Ujiie I, Hasegawa A, Nakajima S, Nomura T, Adachi J, Sato T, Koizumi S, Shimada S, Fujita Y, Takahashi H, Mizukawa Y, Tomonaga T, Nagao K, Abe R, Kawamura T. Neutrophils initiate and exacerbate Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/600/eaax2398. [PMID: 34193610 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening mucocutaneous adverse drug reactions characterized by massive epidermal detachment. Cytotoxic T cells and associated effector molecules are known to drive SJS/TEN pathophysiology, but the contribution of innate immune responses is not well understood. We describe a mechanism by which neutrophils triggered inflammation during early phases of SJS/TEN. Skin-infiltrating CD8+ T cells produced lipocalin-2 in a drug-specific manner, which triggered the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in early lesional skin. Neutrophils undergoing NETosis released LL-37, an antimicrobial peptide, which induced formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) expression by keratinocytes. FPR1 expression caused keratinocytes to be vulnerable to necroptosis that caused further release of LL-37 by necroptotic keratinocytes and induced FPR1 expression on surrounding keratinocytes, which likely amplified the necroptotic response. The NETs-necroptosis axis was not observed in less severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions, autoimmune diseases, or neutrophil-associated disorders, suggesting that this was a process specific to SJS/TEN. Initiation and progression of SJS/TEN keratinocyte necroptosis appear to involve a cascade of events mediated by innate and adaptive immune responses, and understanding these responses may contribute to the identification of diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for these adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manao Kinoshita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Natsumi Hama
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Inkin Ujiie
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akito Hasegawa
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saeko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Adachi
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizukawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Proteomics for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Design Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nagao
- Cutaneous Leukocyte Biology Section, Dermatology Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Riichiro Abe
- Division of Dermatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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5
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Cheng LL, Guan WJ, Duan CY, Zhang NF, Lei CL, Hu Y, Chen AL, Li SY, Zhuo C, Deng XL, Cheng FJ, Gao Y, Zhang JH, Xie JX, Peng H, Li YX, Wu XX, Liu W, Peng H, Wang J, Xiao GM, Chen PY, Wang CY, Yang ZF, Zhao JC, Zhong NS. Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Lymphopenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 2021; 181:71-78. [PMID: 32910179 PMCID: PMC7489414 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Lymphopenia is common and correlates with poor clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE To determine whether a therapy that increases peripheral blood leukocyte and lymphocyte cell counts leads to clinical improvement in patients with COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Between February 18 and April 10, 2020, we conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial at 3 participating centers in China. The main eligibility criteria were pneumonia, a blood lymphocyte cell count of 800 per μL (to convert to ×109/L, multiply by 0.001) or lower, and no comorbidities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was confirmed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. EXPOSURES Usual care alone, or usual care plus 3 doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF, 5 μg/kg, subcutaneously at days 0-2). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was the time from randomization to improvement of at least 1 point on a 7-category disease severity score. RESULTS Of 200 participants, 112 (56%) were men and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 45 (40-55) years. There was random assignment of 100 patients (50%) to the rhG-CSF group and 100 (50%) to the usual care group. Time to clinical improvement was similar between groups (rhG-CSF group median of 12 days (IQR, 10-16 days) vs usual care group median of 13 days (IQR, 11-17 days); hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.95-1.71; P = .06). For secondary end points, the proportion of patients progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, or septic shock was lower in the rhG-CSF group (rhG-CSF group, 2% vs usual care group, 15%; difference, -13%; 95%CI, -21.4% to -5.4%). At 21 days, 2 patients (2%) had died in the rhG-CSF group compared with 10 patients (10%) in the usual care group (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95%CI, 0.04-0.88). At day 5, the lymphocyte cell count was higher in the rhG-CSF group (rhG-CSF group median of 1050/μL vs usual care group median of 620/μL; Hodges-Lehmann estimate of the difference in medians, 440; 95% CI, 380-490). Serious adverse events, such as sepsis or septic shock, respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, occurred in 29 patients (14.5%) in the rhG-CSF group and 42 patients (21%) in the usual care group. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE In preliminary findings from a randomized clinical trial, rhG-CSF treatment for patients with COVID-19 with lymphopenia but no comorbidities did not accelerate clinical improvement, but the number of patients developing critical illness or dying may have been reduced. Larger studies that include a broader range of patients with COVID-19 should be conducted. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000030007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Ling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nuo-Fu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Liang Lei
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ai-Lan Chen
- Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Long Deng
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Jun Cheng
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Xiong Wu
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Ming Xiao
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin-Cun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Zhang X, Lu WS, Qin XM. Cytokines/Chemokines: Novel Biomarkers Associated with Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2020; 40:172-181. [PMID: 32195616 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) is very low, if it is not diagnosed and treated in time, it can not only cause skin and mucous membrane involvement, but can also cause multiple organ failure and even death. The diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines for severe drug eruptions have not been unified. Many medical centers have used human leukocyte antigen alleles to diagnose SCARs. Some prospective studies have shown that susceptibility gene testing can prevent SCARs as early as possible, but the widespread implementation of its technology is limited by being ethnically specific. With the unique advantages of cytokine detection technology, cytokines are increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of SCARs. Related cytokines/chemokines involved in the pathogenesis, adjuvant diagnosis, and treatment of SCARs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, WanNan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Wen-Shen Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Qin
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, WanNan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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7
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Seminario-Vidal L, Kroshinsky D, Malachowski SJ, Sun J, Markova A, Beachkofsky TM, Kaffenberger BH, Ergen EN, Mauskar M, Bridges A, Calhoun C, Cardones AR, Chen ST, Chodosh J, Cotliar J, Davis MDP, DeNiro KL, Dominguez AR, Eljure-Téllez J, Femia A, Fox LP, Guda A, Mitchell C, Mostaghimi A, Ortega-Loayza AG, Owen C, Pasieka H, Rahnama-Moghadam S, Saeed HN, Saunderson RB, Shanbhag S, Sharon VR, Strowd L, Venkatesh S, Wanat KA, Wetter DA, Worswick S, Micheletti RG. Society of Dermatology Hospitalists supportive care guidelines for the management of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in adults. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:1553-1567. [PMID: 32151629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are life-threatening conditions with high morbidity and mortality. Supportive care management of SJS/TEN is highly variable. A systematic review of the literature was performed by dermatologists, ophthalmologists, intensivists, and gynecologists with expertise in SJS/TEN to generate statements for supportive care guideline development. Members of the Society of Dermatology Hospitalists with expertise in SJS/TEN were invited to participate in a modified, online Delphi-consensus. Participants were administered 9-point Likert scale questionnaires regarding 135 statements. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method was used to evaluate and select proposed statements for guideline inclusion; statements with median ratings of 6.5 to 9 and a disagreement index of ≤1 were included in the guideline. For the final round, the guidelines were appraised by all of the participants. Included are an evidence-based discussion and recommendations for hospital setting and care team, wound care, ocular care, oral care, urogenital care, pain management, infection surveillance, fluid and electrolyte management, nutrition and stress ulcer prophylaxis, airway management, and anticoagulation in adult patients with SJS/TEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Seminario-Vidal
- Department of Dermatology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida; Cutaneous Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Daniela Kroshinsky
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J Malachowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals, St. Joseph's Hospital, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - James Sun
- Cutaneous Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alina Markova
- Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Elizabeth N Ergen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Melissa Mauskar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alina Bridges
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cody Calhoun
- Department of Dermatology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Adela R Cardones
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Steven T Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Cotliar
- Division of Dermatology, Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark D P Davis
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Arturo R Dominguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Juliana Eljure-Téllez
- Department of Dermatology, "Dr. Manuel Gea González" General Hospital, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alisa Femia
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Lindy P Fox
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Anisha Guda
- University of Texas Health San Antonio Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Caroline Mitchell
- Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arash Mostaghimi
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex G Ortega-Loayza
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cindy Owen
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Helena Pasieka
- Department of Dermatology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Hajirah N Saeed
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca B Saunderson
- Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Swapna Shanbhag
- Tej Kohli Cornea Institute, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Victoria R Sharon
- Department of Dermatology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Lindsay Strowd
- Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Wake Forest, North Carolina
| | - Samantha Venkatesh
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Karolyn A Wanat
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David A Wetter
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott Worswick
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Robert G Micheletti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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8
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Malik MN, Mujeeb Ullah A, Ahmad ME, Riaz R, Sadiq Syed TI. Pancytopenia in a Patient with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A Case Report with Literature Review. Cureus 2019; 11:e4702. [PMID: 31355064 PMCID: PMC6649875 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare conditions triggered due to a medication that involves the necrosis and desquamation of the skin and mucous membranes. Only one out of 1,000,000 people are affected by the condition. The exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown. However, many complications of the disease can occur; pancytopenia and pleural effusion are an even rarer find. Here we present a case of a 17-year-old male who presented with fever and rash for 15 days associated with bleeding per rectum, hemoptysis, and conjunctival hemorrhages. Laboratory investigations showed severe pancytopenia, deranged liver function tests (LFTs), and hypocellular bone marrow. The patient started showing improvement after 10 days post-admission with supportive care and multiple transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ateeqa Mujeeb Ullah
- Internal Medicine, Abwa Medical College and Research Center, Faisalabad, PAK
| | | | - Rida Riaz
- Internal Medicine, Nawaz Sharif Medical College - University of Gujrat, Gujrat, PAK
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9
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Mustafa SS, Ostrov D, Yerly D. Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Presentation, Risk Factors, and Management. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:26. [PMID: 29574562 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF STUDY Immune-mediated adverse drug reactions occur commonly in clinical practice and include mild, self-limited cutaneous eruptions, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, and severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCAR). SCARs represent an uncommon but potentially life-threatening form of delayed T cell-mediated reaction. The spectrum of illness ranges from acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) to drug reaction with eosinophilia with systemic symptoms (DRESS), to the most severe form of illness, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). RECENT FINDINGS There is emerging literature on the efficacy of cyclosporine in decreasing mortality in SJS/TEN. The purpose of our review is to discuss the typical presentations of these conditions, with a special focus on identifying the culprit medication. We review risk factors for developing SCAR, including HLA alleles strongly associated with drug hypersensitivity. We conclude by discussing current strategies for the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shahzad Mustafa
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Rochester Regional Health System, Rochester, NY, USA. .,University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - David Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Yerly
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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10
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Kinoshita Y, Saeki H. A Review of the Pathogenesis of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. J NIPPON MED SCH 2017; 83:216-222. [PMID: 28133001 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.83.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare skin condition, most often drug-induced, known for its skin detachment and high mortality. In general, acute TEN is considered a T-cell mediated, type IV hypersensitivity disorder. It mostly results from a cumulative effect of risks from the drug structure, drug metabolism, HLA alleles and T cell clonotypes. However, the precise mechanism of TEN is still unknown. Apoptosis or necroptosis causes keratinocytes to lose their shape and adhesion, and necrosis predominates within a few days. Total epidermal necrosis separates the epidermis from the dermis. TEN is regarded as an immune reaction with predominantly CD8+ T lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, and natural killer cells. Impaired regulatory T-cells, T-helper 17 cells, cytotoxic granules such as perforin-granzyme and granulysin, tumor necrosis factor α, annexin, microRNA-18a-5p, and drug metabolites are all thought to be involved. From what is known, it can be assumed their mechanism is complex, and there is still much to be investigated. New findings will contribute to the identification of effective active methods of intervention.
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11
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Hoetzenecker W, Mehra T, Saulite I, Glatz M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Guenova E, Cozzio A, French LE. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. F1000Res 2016; 5. [PMID: 27239294 PMCID: PMC4879934 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.7574.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare, life-threatening drug-induced skin disease with a mortality rate of approximately 30%. The clinical hallmark of TEN is a marked skin detachment caused by extensive keratinocyte cell death associated with mucosal involvement. The exact pathogenic mechanism of TEN is still uncertain. Recent advances in this field have led to the identification of several factors that might contribute to the induction of excessive apoptosis of keratinocytes. In addition, specific human leukocyte antigen types seem to be associated with certain drugs and the development of TEN. As well-controlled studies are lacking, patients are treated with various immunomodulators (e.g. intravenous immunoglobulin) in addition to the best supportive care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarun Mehra
- Medical Directorate, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ieva Saulite
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martin Glatz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lars E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Hoetzenecker W, Nägeli M, Mehra ET, Jensen AN, Saulite I, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Guenova E, Cozzio A, French LE. Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:75-86. [PMID: 26553194 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adverse cutaneous drug reactions are recognized as being major health problems worldwide causing considerable costs for health care systems. Most adverse cutaneous drug reactions follow a benign course; however, up to 2% of all adverse cutaneous drug eruptions are severe and life-threatening. These include acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Physicians should be aware of specific red flags to rapidly identify these severe cutaneous drug eruptions and initiate appropriate treatment. Besides significant progress in clinical classification and treatment, recent studies have greatly enhanced our understanding in the pathophysiology of adverse cutaneous drug reactions. Genetic susceptibilities to certain drugs have been identified in SJS/TEN patients, viral reactivation in DRESS has been elucidated, and the discovery of tissue resident memory T cells helps to better understand the recurrent site-specific inflammation in patients with fixed drug eruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - M Nägeli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E T Mehra
- Medical Directorate, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A N Jensen
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Saulite
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Schmid-Grendelmeier
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L E French
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kohanim S, Palioura S, Saeed HN, Akpek EK, Amescua G, Basu S, Blomquist PH, Bouchard CS, Dart JK, Gai X, Gomes JAP, Gregory DG, Iyer G, Jacobs DS, Johnson AJ, Kinoshita S, Mantagos IS, Mehta JS, Perez VL, Pflugfelder SC, Sangwan VS, Sippel KC, Sotozono C, Srinivasan B, Tan DTH, Tandon R, Tseng SCG, Ueta M, Chodosh J. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis--A Comprehensive Review and Guide to Therapy. I. Systemic Disease. Ocul Surf 2015; 14:2-19. [PMID: 26549248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The intent of this review is to comprehensively appraise the state of the art with regard to Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), with particular attention to the ocular surface complications and their management. SJS and TEN represent two ends of a spectrum of immune-mediated, dermatobullous disease, characterized in the acute phase by a febrile illness followed by skin and mucous membrane necrosis and detachment. The widespread keratinocyte death seen in SJS/TEN is rapid and irreversible, and even with early and aggressive intervention, morbidity is severe and mortality not uncommon. We have divided this review into two parts. Part I summarizes the epidemiology and immunopathogenesis of SJS/TEN and discusses systemic therapy and its possible benefits. We hope this review will help the ophthalmologist better understand the mechanisms of disease in SJS/TEN and enhance their care of patients with this complex and often debilitating disease. Part II (April 2016 issue) will focus on ophthalmic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Kohanim
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Sotiria Palioura
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Hajirah N Saeed
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Esen K Akpek
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Guillermo Amescua
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Sayan Basu
- LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | - John K Dart
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Xiaowu Gai
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Darren G Gregory
- Rocky Mountain Lions Eye Institute, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Geetha Iyer
- Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Sankara Nethralaya, India
| | - Deborah S Jacobs
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Boston Foundation for Sight, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Victor L Perez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | | | | | | | - Chie Sotozono
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Bhaskar Srinivasan
- Dr G Sitalakshmi Memorial Clinic for Ocular Surface Disorders, Sankara Nethralaya, India
| | - Donald T H Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Scheffer C G Tseng
- Ocular Surface Center, Ocular Surface Research & Education Foundation, Miami, FL
| | - Mayumi Ueta
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James Chodosh
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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Yasui-Furukori N, Hashimoto K, Tsuruga K, Nakamura K. Comorbidity of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and neutropenia associated with lamotrigine: a case report. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:761.e9-11. [PMID: 25169759 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 19-year-old woman with a medical history of depressive mood arrived and was treated with lamotrigine at 25 mg/day. On day 10, a high fever of 39.3 °C and a diffuse, erythematous, pruritic full-body rash involving the palms of her hands and the soles of her feet developed, and she was diagnosed with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS). On day 17, white blood cell count (WBC) result was 1,240/μl with 54.1% neutrophils (670/μl), and the WBC decreased to 840/μl with 60.7% neutrophils (510/μl) on day 18. The trend toward improvement included skin symptoms after steroid pulse therapy using 1000 mg/day. Based on the clinical course, we concluded that the SJS and leukopenia and/or neutropenia are associated with lamotrigine. Monitoring of WBC should be kept in mind when administering lamotrigine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Yasui-Furukori
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Kojiro Hashimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuruga
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disorder that results in mucocutaneous symptoms ranging in severity from mild pruritus to life-threatening skin and mucosal loss, with different nomenclature depending on the severity of the symptoms. The purpose of this article is to review the recent advances in understanding the pathology of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, as well as current recommendations for both medical and wound management.
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