Cutaneous scrotal metastasis: origins and clinical characteristics of visceral malignancies that metastasize to the scrotum

Cutaneous metastases: From epidemiology to therapy

Cutaneous metastases are seen in up to 10% of all oncology patients and can occur in different locations depending on the entity. Cutaneous metastases are often associated with a high psychological burden and, especially in the case of exulceration, with shame and social withdrawal. This review discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic options. The most common tumor entities in which cutaneous metastases are observed are discussed, and local and systemic treatment options are presented according to the current state of research.

Identification of prognostic gene biomarkers for metastatic skin cancer using data mining

Skin cancer is a common malignant tumor in China and throughout the world, and the rate of recurrence is considerably high, thus endangering the quality of life and health of patients, and increasing the economic burden and pressure to the families of those afflicted. Due to the limitations of traditional drug treatments, it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effect of complete removal. However, targeted gene therapy may be a novel means of treating skin cancer, as the targeted nature of treatment may improve therapeutic outcomes. However, targeted gene therapy requires physicians to select the appropriate gene, which means suitable genetic biomarkers must be identified from complex genetic data. In the present study, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis method was used with 10-fold cross verification to reduce the dimensions of gene data in patients with skin cancer, and subsequently, 20 gene biomarkers were screened. A prognostic model was constructed using these 20 gene biomarkers, and the validity of the model was assessed using a training set and a verification set, which showed that the model performed well. Finally, gene function analysis of these 20 gene biomarkers was determined. Relevant studies were found to show that the genetic biomarkers identified in this paper may possess value for the follow-up clinical treatment of skin cancer.

Genital scabies: Haven of an unwelcome guest

The itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis has been a menace to humanity for ages. Diagnosing scabies can be a challenge in view of the varied presentations of the disease. The male genitalia are an important area of predilection of the mite. Examination of this often overlooked area is essential as it may reveal both characteristic and atypical manifestations of scabies. Genital involvement also attains special relevance in view of the possible sexual transmission of the mite. In addition to the morbidity caused by itching, patients may have to deal with myths, stigma, and embarrassment.

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma of the scrotum: A rare tumor at a rare site - A case report and review of literature

Primary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare malignant adnexal tumor of eccrine origin with a higher incidence in the head and neck region of the body while scrotal skin involvement is rare. We report a case of a 72-year-old man with ulceration of painless scrotal lesions of 10 years' duration. Histology of the wedge biopsies of the lesions was mucinous carcinoma. Clinical workup excluded noncutaneous primary sites of mucinous carcinoma and distant metastasis. He had wide excision of the scrotal skin lesions with histological findings of nests of malignant cells separated from pool of mucin by fibrocollagenous septae. Periodic acid–Schiff stain was positive; however, immunohistochemical stains for estrogen and progesterone receptors were negative. No local recurrence was observed after 12 months of follow-up. Scrotal PCMC is a rare tumor; this may probably be the first reported case of this tumor in the scrotum. Prognosis was good following surgical excision.

GATA3 is a sensitive marker for primary genital extramammary paget disease: an immunohistochemical study of 72 cases with comparison to gross cystic disease fluid protein 15

Background

GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) has been identified as a sensitive marker for breast carcinoma but its sensitivity in primary genital extramammary Paget diseases (EMPDs) has not been well studied.

Methods

Here we investigated immunohistochemical expression of GATA3 in 72 primary genital EMPDs (35 from female, 37 from male; 45 with intraepithelial disease only, 26 with both intraepithelial disease and invasive adenocarcinoma including 14 also metastasis, 1 with metastatic adenocarcinoma only for study). We also compared GATA3 to gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15) for their sensitivity.

Results

Positive GATA3 staining was seen in all 71 (100%) intraepithelial diseases, 25/26 (96%; female 10/10, male 15/16) invasive adenocarcinomas and 14/15 (93%; female 3/3, male 11/12) metastatic adenocarcinomas, respectively. Positive GCDFP15 staining was seen in 46/71 (65%; female 28/34 or 82%, male 18/37 or 49%) intraepithelial diseases, 20/26 (77%; female 9/10, male 11/16) invasive adenocarcinomas, and 12/15 (80%; female 2/3, male 10/12) metastatic adenocarcinomas, respectively (GATA3 versus GCDFP15: p < 0.01 for both intraepithelial disease and invasive adenocarcinoma, p = 0.28 for metastatic adenocarcinoma). In positive-stained cases, GATA3 stained more tumor cells than GCDFP15 (79% versus 25% for intraepithelial disease, 71% vs 34% for invasive adenocarcinoma, 73% vs 50% for metastatic adenocarcinoma, p < 0.01 for all 3 components).

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that GATA3 is a very sensitive marker for primary genital EMPDs and is more sensitive than GCDFP15.