1
|
Redescription mining for analyzing local limiting conditions: A case study on the biogeography of large mammals in China and southern Asia. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
2
|
Inman R, Fotheringham AS, Franklin J, Esque T, Edwards T, Nussear K. Local niche differences predict genotype associations in sister taxa of desert tortoise. DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Inman
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Henderson Nevada
| | | | - Janet Franklin
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California – Riverside Riverside California
| | - Todd Esque
- U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center Henderson Nevada
| | - Taylor Edwards
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona Tucson Arizona
| | - Kenneth Nussear
- Department of Geography University of Nevada – Reno Reno Nevada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wynn-Grant R, Ginsberg JR, Lackey CW, Sterling EJ, Beckmann JP. Risky business: Modeling mortality risk near the urban-wildland interface for a large carnivore. Glob Ecol Conserv 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
4
|
Lengyel S, Déri E, Magura T. Species Richness Responses to Structural or Compositional Habitat Diversity between and within Grassland Patches: A Multi-Taxon Approach. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149662. [PMID: 26901569 PMCID: PMC4764763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat diversity (spatial heterogeneity within and between habitat patches in a landscape, HD) is often invoked as a driver of species diversity at small spatial scales. However, the effect of HD on species richness (SR) of multiple taxa is not well understood. We quantified HD and SR in a wet-dry gradient of open grassland habitats in Hortobágy National Park (E-Hungary) and tested the effect of compositional and structural factors of HD on SR of flowering plants, orthopterans, true bugs, spiders, ground beetles and birds. Our dataset on 434 grassland species (170 plants, 264 animals) showed that the wet-dry gradient (compositional HD at the between-patch scale) was primarily related to SR in orthopterans, ground-dwelling arthropods, and all animals combined. The patchiness, or plant association richness, of the vegetation (compositional HD at the within-patch scale) was related to SR of vegetation-dwelling arthropods, whereas vegetation height (structural HD at the within-patch scale) was related to SR of ground-dwelling arthropods and birds. Patch area was related to SR only in birds, whereas management (grazing, mowing, none) was related to SR of plants and true bugs. All relationships between HD and SR were positive, indicating increasing SR with increasing HD. However, total SR was not related to HD because different taxa showed similar positive responses to different HD variables. Our findings, therefore, show that even though HD positively influences SR in a wide range of grassland taxa, each taxon responds to different compositional or structural measures of HD, resulting in the lack of a consistent relationship between HD and SR when taxon responses are pooled. The idiosyncratic responses shown here exemplify the difficulties in detecting general HD-SR relationships over multiple taxa. Our results also suggest that management and restoration aimed specifically to sustain or increase the diversity of habitats are required to conserve biodiversity in complex landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Lengyel
- Department of Tisza Research, Danube Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Bem tér 18/c, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Eszter Déri
- Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW14RY, United Kingdom
| | - Tibor Magura
- Department of Ecology, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, H-4002 Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costa B, Kendall MS, Parrish FA, Rooney J, Boland RC, Chow M, Lecky J, Montgomery A, Spalding H. Identifying Suitable Locations for Mesophotic Hard Corals Offshore of Maui, Hawai'i. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130285. [PMID: 26153883 PMCID: PMC4495987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesophotic hard corals (MHC) are increasingly threatened by a growing number of anthropogenic stressors, including impacts from fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and ocean acidification. However, little is known about their geographic distributions (particularly around the Pacific islands) because it is logistically challenging and expensive to gather data in the 30 to 150 meter depth range where these organisms typically live. The goal of this study was to begin to fill this knowledge gap by modelling and predicting the spatial distribution of three genera of mesophotic hard corals offshore of Maui in the Main Hawaiian Islands. Maximum Entropy modeling software was used to create separate maps of predicted probability of occurrence and uncertainty for: (1) Leptoseris, (2) Montipora, and (3) Porites. Genera prevalence was derived from the in situ presence/absence data, and used to convert relative habitat suitability to probability of occurrence values. Approximately 1,300 georeferenced records of the occurrence of MHC, and 34 environmental predictors were used to train the model ensembles. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) values were between 0.89 and 0.97, indicating excellent overall model performance. Mean uncertainty and mean absolute error for the spatial predictions ranged from 0.006% to 0.05% and 3.73% to 17.6%, respectively. Depth, distance from shore, euphotic depth (mean and standard deviation) and sea surface temperature (mean and standard deviation) were identified as the six most influential predictor variables for partitioning habitats among the three genera. MHC were concentrated between Hanaka'ō'ō and Papawai Points offshore of western Maui most likely because this area hosts warmer, clearer and calmer water conditions almost year round. While these predictions helped to fill some knowledge gaps offshore of Maui, many information gaps remain in the Hawaiian Archipelago and Pacific Islands. This approach may be used to identify other potentially suitable areas for MHCs, helping scientists and resource managers prioritize sites, and focus their limited resources on areas that may be of higher scientific or conservation value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Costa
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Biogeography Branch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- CSS-Dynamac, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew S. Kendall
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Biogeography Branch, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frank A. Parrish
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - John Rooney
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Boland
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Malia Chow
- Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Joey Lecky
- Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Anthony Montgomery
- Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Heather Spalding
- Deparment of Botany, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hellmann C, Große-Stoltenberg A, Lauströ V, Oldeland J, Werner C. Retrieving nitrogen isotopic signatures from fresh leaf reflectance spectra: disentangling δ(15)N from biochemical and structural leaf properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:307. [PMID: 25983740 PMCID: PMC4416452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Linking remote sensing methodology to stable isotope ecology provides a promising approach to study ecological processes from small to large spatial scales. Here, we show that δ(15)N can be detected in fresh leaf reflectance spectra of field samples along a spatial gradient of increasing nitrogen input from an N2-fixing invasive species. However, in field data it is unclear whether δ(15)N directly influences leaf reflectance spectra or if the relationship is based on covariation between δ(15)N and foliar nitrogen content or other leaf properties. Using a (15)N-labeling approach, we experimentally varied δ(15)N independently of any other leaf properties in three plant species across different leaf developmental and physiological states. δ(15)N could successfully be modeled by means of partial least squares (PLSs) regressions, using leaf reflectance spectra as predictor variables. PLS models explained 53-73% of the variation in δ(15)N within species. Several wavelength regions important for predicting δ(15)N were consistent across species and could furthermore be related to known absorption features of N-containing molecular bonds. By eliminating covariation with other leaf properties as an explanation for the relationship between reflectance and δ(15)N, our results demonstrate that (15)N itself has an inherent effect on leaf reflectance spectra. Thus, our study substantiates the use of spectroscopic measurements to retrieve isotopic signatures for ecological studies and encourages future development. Furthermore, our results highlight the great potential of optical measurements for up-scaling isotope ecology to larger spatial scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hellmann
- Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, BielefeldGermany
- AgroEcosystem Research, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Bayreuth, BayreuthGermany
| | | | - Verena Lauströ
- Experimental and Systems Ecology, University of Bielefeld, BielefeldGermany
- Plant Ecology and Conservation, Institute of Botany, Geisenheim University, GeisenheimGermany
| | - Jens Oldeland
- Biodiversity, Evolution and Ecology of Plants, Biocentre Klein Flottbek and Botanical Garden, University of Hamburg, HamburgGermany
| | - Christiane Werner
- AgroEcosystem Research, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Ecosystem Research, University of Bayreuth, BayreuthGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fernández M, Hamilton H. Ecological niche transferability using invasive species as a case study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119891. [PMID: 25785858 PMCID: PMC4364959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Species distribution modeling is widely applied to predict invasive species distributions and species range shifts under climate change. Accurate predictions depend upon meeting the assumption that ecological niches are conserved, i.e., spatially or temporally transferable. Here we present a multi-taxon comparative analysis of niche conservatism using biological invasion events well documented in natural history museum collections. Our goal is to assess spatial transferability of the climatic niche of a range of noxious terrestrial invasive species using two complementary approaches. First we compare species' native versus invasive ranges in environmental space using two distinct methods, Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis distance. Second we compare species' native versus invaded ranges in geographic space as estimated using the species distribution modeling technique Maxent and the comparative index Hellinger's I. We find that species exhibit a range of responses, from almost complete transferability, in which the invaded niches completely overlap with the native niches, to a complete dissociation between native and invaded ranges. Intermediate responses included expansion of dimension attributable to either temperature or precipitation derived variables, as well as niche expansion in multiple dimensions. We conclude that the ecological niche in the native range is generally a poor predictor of invaded range and, by analogy, the ecological niche may be a poor predictor of range shifts under climate change. We suggest that assessing dimensions of niche transferability prior to standard species distribution modeling may improve the understanding of species' dynamics in the invaded range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Healy Hamilton
- NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rascher KG, Hellmann C, Máguas C, Werner C. Community scale 15N isoscapes: tracing the spatial impact of an exotic N2-fixing invader. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:484-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Rizkalla C, Swihart R. Incorporating behavior-based indices of connectivity into spatially explicit population models. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z11-130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Measuring connectivity in fragmented landscapes remains a central problem in ecology. Connectivity metrics range from descriptors of landscape structure to direct observations of a species’ ability to move to and colonize a forest patch. We constructed individual-based spatially explicit population models for a guild of forest rodents in Indiana to test the ability of structural and actual, or behavioral, measures of connectivity to predict patch and landscape occupancy and abundance. Model accuracy was assessed using comparisons with data from trapping studies. Predicted abundances within patches correlated with empirical data for five out of six species, but predicted patterns of patch occupancy corresponded with observations for only one species. Discrepancies may be due to inaccurate parameter values or the absence from the models of ecological processes such as conspecific attraction and competition. Nonetheless, the models demonstrated the utility of patch immigration as a measure of connectivity in explaining population abundance in fragmented landscapes. We discuss potential methods of collecting these behavior-based data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Rizkalla
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - R.K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fink D, Hochachka WM, Zuckerberg B, Winkler DW, Shaby B, Munson MA, Hooker G, Riedewald M, Sheldon D, Kelling S. Spatiotemporal exploratory models for broad-scale survey data. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2010; 20:2131-47. [PMID: 21265447 DOI: 10.1890/09-1340.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of animal populations change and evolve through time. Migratory species exploit different habitats at different times of the year. Biotic and abiotic features that determine where a species lives vary due to natural and anthropogenic factors. This spatiotemporal variation needs to be accounted for in any modeling of species' distributions. In this paper we introduce a semiparametric model that provides a flexible framework for analyzing dynamic patterns of species occurrence and abundance from broad-scale survey data. The spatiotemporal exploratory model (STEM) adds essential spatiotemporal structure to existing techniques for developing species distribution models through a simple parametric structure without requiring a detailed understanding of the underlying dynamic processes. STEMs use a multi-scale strategy to differentiate between local and global-scale spatiotemporal structure. A user-specified species distribution model accounts for spatial and temporal patterning at the local level. These local patterns are then allowed to "scale up" via ensemble averaging to larger scales. This makes STEMs especially well suited for exploring distributional dynamics arising from a variety of processes. Using data from eBird, an online citizen science bird-monitoring project, we demonstrate that monthly changes in distribution of a migratory species, the Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), can be more accurately described with a STEM than a conventional bagged decision tree model in which spatiotemporal structure has not been imposed. We also demonstrate that there is no loss of model predictive power when a STEM is used to describe a spatiotemporal distribution with very little spatiotemporal variation; the distribution of a nonmigratory species, the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
African parasitoid fig wasp diversification is a function of Ficus species ranges. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:122-34. [PMID: 20554053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Host specificity is a fundamental property implicit in obligate insect-plant associations. Rigid life history constraints exhibited by parasitoid fig wasps are believed to select for specialization directed at fig trees and this is supported by evidence of phenotypic adaptation to figs and partial co-speciation with the fig wasps they attack. Conversely, the ability to colonize such novel communities occurs under relaxed specificity, a behavior typified by more generalist groups such as parasitoids. The specificity directed towards Ficus species by Sycoryctinae parasitoid fig wasps is important in order to understand how this form of specialization influences their diversification and interactions with other fig wasp guilds. We use genetic distance analyses and reconstruct ancestral patterns of Ficus trait association with two genera of Sycoryctinae parasitoid fig wasps to identify evolutionary conservatism in Ficus species utilization. Ancestral state reconstructions of (i) affiliate Ficus subsection and (ii) syconia diameters of natal Ficus species indicate contrasting Ficus species ranges between Arachonia and Sycoryctes parasitoid genera. This work demonstrates that parasitoid speciation is not tightly constrained to Ficus speciation and rather a function of Ficus range limitations. Ficus evolution, ecology, and functional compatibility between parasitoid and Ficus traits appear to constrain parasitoid Ficus utilization. These results suggest that contrasting ecological settings and potential number of hosts available impose different ramifications for the evolution of parasitoid host specificity and so to the species interactions within the communities to which they belong.
Collapse
|
12
|
Elith J, Leathwick JR. Species Distribution Models: Ecological Explanation and Prediction Across Space and Time. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3833] [Impact Index Per Article: 255.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Elith
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia;
| | - John R. Leathwick
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rizkalla CE, Swihart RK. Forecasting the effects of land-use change on forest rodents in Indiana. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2009; 44:899-908. [PMID: 19774325 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2008] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forest cover in the upper Wabash River basin in Indiana was fragmented due to agricultural conversion beginning more than 175 years ago. Currently, urban expansion is an important driver of land-use change in the basin. A land transformation model was applied to the basin to forecast land use from 2000 to 2020. We assessed the effect of this projected land-use change scenario on five forest rodent species at three scales: using occupancy models at the patch level, proportional occupancy models at the landscape level, and ecologically scaled landscape indices to assess the change in connectivity at the watershed level. At the patch and landscape scales, occupancy models had low predictability but suggest that gray squirrels are most susceptible to land-use change. At the watershed scale, declines in connectivity did not correspond with the decline of forest. This study highlights the importance of map resolution and consideration of matrix elements in constructing forecast models. Unforeseen drivers of land use, such as changing economic incentives, may also have important ramifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Rizkalla
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Isra D, Luc D, Missoup AD, Jef D, Linda VE, Wouter D, Dries B, Frederik H. Spatial scales affecting termite diversity in tropical lowland rainforest: a case study in southeast Cameroon. Afr J Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Meyer CB. Does scale matter in predicting species distributions? case study with the Marbled Murrelet. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 17:1474-83. [PMID: 17708222 DOI: 10.1890/06-1410.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical selection orders (selection of microsite, patch, home range, population block, and geographic range) are ideal for dictating spatial grain and extent of animal habitat models, but the resultant conditional models are poor for creating predictive maps. I proposed a two-step approach for accurately mapping probability of animal use that incorporates a single-grain analysis of each selection order in the first step and creates a multi-grain model that combines key variables from each selection order in the second step. Such two-step multi-grain models are strongly recommended because they allow interpretation of the scale of selection for a variable. Using a large data set for the Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) as a case study and five selection orders, information theory criteria provided strong support that such models are superior to simpler one-step single-grain models for the murrelet. However, a single-grain model can produce high classification accuracy if it represents the most limiting scale. Notably, accuracy of the two-step multi-grain model was no better than a traditional one-step multi-grain model that ignores selection orders, indicating the advantage of two-step modeling is in elucidating scaling effects, not necessarily in improving accuracy of species distribution maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Meyer
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Swihart RK, Goheen JR, Schnelker SA, Rizkalla CE. Testing the Generality of Patch and Landscape-Level Predictors of Tree Squirrel Occurrence at a Regional Scale. J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-275r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
17
|
Russell RE, Swihart RK, Craig BA. The Effects of Matrix Structure on Movement Decisions of Meadow Voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus). J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-080r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|