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Juel-Berg N, Larsen LF, Küchen N, Norgil I, Hansen KS, Poulsen LK. Patterns of Clinical Reactivity in a Danish Cohort of Tree Nut Allergic Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:824660. [PMID: 35958942 PMCID: PMC9361471 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.824660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tree nut allergy is associated with severe reactions and poly-sensitization to other nuts and peanuts often occurs. There are regional differences in sensitization profiles that result in differences in clinical presentation. Denmark is located in a birch pollen endemic area, which could influence the allergy patterns due to pollen cross-sensitization. Objective This study aimed to investigate patterns of sensitization and clinical reactivity to tree nuts and peanuts and threshold levels for oral food challenges (OFCs) in a Danish cohort of tree nut allergic children, adolescents, and young adults. Methods Forty tree nut allergic subjects were assessed for clinical reactivity to six nuts, i.e., hazelnut, walnut, pistachio, cashew, almond, and peanut, by OFCs or convincing medical history of an immediate allergic reaction or tolerance. Clinical presentation and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels together with eliciting dose and rescue medication in OFCs were furthermore assessed. Results Allergy to two or more tree nuts was observed in most cases. Hazelnut-walnut dual allergy was common but not exclusively observed as concomitant allergies. Allergy to cashew was coincided in all but one of the assessed subjects with pistachio allergy. Half of all assessed subjects were allergic to peanuts. Oral symptoms followed by a skin reaction were the most common symptomatology that lead to OFC cessation and subjects often presented with symptoms from two or more organ systems. OFC threshold levels were within the same range, but cashew was distinguished from other nuts by causing allergic symptoms at the lowest dose. Clinical reactivity and the allergy patterns were to some extent reflected by sIgE levels and by correlations in sIgE between the nuts. Conclusions In this Northern European cohort, subjects with clinically relevant tree nut allergy were generally allergic to two or more tree nuts and close to half of them also to peanuts. There were two distinct and independent allergic phenotypes; the majority of hazelnut allergic subjects were also allergic to walnut, and all but one subject with cashew allergy were dual allergic to pistachio. These findings are consistent with a strong sIgE correlation between hazelnut and walnut and a close to total sIgE correlation between cashew and pistachio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Juel-Berg
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lau Fabricius Larsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Niels Küchen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ida Norgil
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Skamstrup Hansen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lars K. Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Lars K. Poulsen
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Dai H, Wang F, Wang L, Wan J, Xiang Q, Zhang H, Zhao W, Zhang W. An epidemiological investigation of food allergy among children aged 3 to 6 in an urban area of Wenzhou, China. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:220. [PMID: 32410652 PMCID: PMC7227185 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has increased worldwide. In China, the prevalence of FA in infants and school-aged children is well known, but the prevalence in preschool children is unknown. METHODS A total of 4151 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years in urban Wenzhou, China, were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Their parents completed a preliminary screening questionnaire, and a detailed FA questionnaire was given to parents whose children had suspected FA according to the preliminary screening. According to the results of the detailed FA questionnaires, some children underwent a skin prick test (SPT) and specific IgE (sIgE) measurement. Children with abnormal SPT and/or sIgE results who did not meet the diagnostic criteria and those with negative SPT and sIgE results whose histories strongly supported FA underwent an oral food challenge (OFC). RESULTS Of the 4151 children's parents who completed the surveys, 534 (12.86%) indicated a positive medical history of FA. Among the 40 children who underwent an OFC, 24 were positive. According to SPT and sIgE measurements, 11 children were diagnosed with FA. The prevalence of FA was at least 0.84%; children who dropped out during the study were considered FA-negative. Among the 35 children with FA, the most common allergic manifestation was skin symptoms. The most common allergic foods were egg, fish and shrimp. CONCLUSIONS The parent-reported rate of FA in preschool children in urban Wenzhou was 12.86%. The prevalence of FA was at least 0.84%. Among all cases, the most common allergic food was eggs, and the most common allergic manifestation was skin symptoms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03974555, registered on 30 May 2019 (www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Dai
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fangmin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Like Wang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinyi Wan
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiangwei Xiang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Weixi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, 325027, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Iqbal A, Shah F, Hamayun M, Ahmad A, Hussain A, Waqas M, Kang SM, Lee IJ. Allergens of Arachis hypogaea and the effect of processing on their detection by ELISA. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:28945. [PMID: 26931300 PMCID: PMC4773821 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.28945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are an emerging public health problem in industrialized areas of the world. They represent a considerable health problem in these areas because of the relatively high number of reported cases. Usually, food allergens are proteins or glycoproteins with a molecular mass ranging from 10 to 70 kDa. Among the food allergies, peanut is accounted to be responsible for more than 50% of the food allergy fatalities. Threshold doses for peanut allergenic reactions have been found to range from as low as 100 µg to 1 g of peanut protein, which equal to 400 µg to 4 g peanut meal. Allergens from peanut are mainly seed storage proteins that are composed of conglutin, vicilin, and glycinin families. Several peanut proteins have been identified to induce allergic reactions, particularly Ara h 1-11. This review is mainly focused on different classes of peanut allergens, the effect of thermal and chemical treatment of peanut allergens on the IgY binding and detectability of these allergens by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to provide knowledge for food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, University of Gent, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ayaz Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mo Kang
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea;
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Poulsen LK, Ladics GS, McClain S, Doerrer NG, van Ree R. Sensitizing properties of proteins: executive summary. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:10. [PMID: 24735755 PMCID: PMC3989794 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of allergy risk is diverse considering the myriad ways in which protein allergenicity is affected by physiochemical characteristics of proteins. The complexity created by the matrices of foods and the variability of the human immune system add additional challenges to understanding the relationship between sensitization potential and allergy disease. To address these and other issues, an April 2012 international symposium was held in Prague, Czech Republic, to review and discuss the state-of-the-science of sensitizing properties of protein allergens. The symposium, organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute’s Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, featured presentations on current methods, test systems, research trends, and unanswered questions in the field of protein sensitization. A diverse group of over 70 interdisciplinary scientists from academia, government, and industry participated in the symposium. Experts provided overviews on known mechanisms by which proteins in food may cause sensitization, discussed experimental models to predict protein sensitizing potential, and explored whether such experimental techniques may be applicable in regulatory settings. Three accompanying reviews address critical factors and methods for assessing allergic sensitization: 1) food-and protein-related factors; 2) host-specific factors and 3) screening methods, i.e., the ability of experimental models to predict the sensitizing potential of proteins and whether such models are applicable within regulatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
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Goodman RE, Hefle SL. Gaining perspective on the allergenicity assessment of genetically modified food crops. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:561-78. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Early complementary feeding and risk of food sensitization in a birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1203-10.e5. [PMID: 21458850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to solid food or cow's milk (complementary food) before age 4 months may confer immune protection (tolerance) or detriment (allergy). OBJECTIVE We explored the relationship between introduction of complementary food <4 months and IgE to egg, milk, and peanut allergen at 2 years in the Wayne County Health, Environment, Allergy and Asthma Longitudinal Study birth cohort of Detroit, Mich. METHODS At infant ages 1, 6, and 12 months, mothers were interviewed about feeding practices. Blood samples were collected at age 2 to 3 years to assess sensitization (IgE ≥ 0.35 IU/mL) to egg, milk, or peanut. RESULTS For the 594 maternal-infant pairs analyzed, maternal mean age was 29.7 years, and 60.6% self-reported as African American or black. Infant exposure to complementary food <4 months was reported by 39.7% of mothers. IgE ≥0.35 IU/mL for egg, milk, or peanut allergen at age 2 years was observed in 23.9% (95% CI, 20.5% to 27.6%), 30.6% (26.9% to 34.5%), and 11.4% (8.9% to 14.3%) of children, respectively. The association between early feeding and sensitization was modified by parental history of asthma or allergy. In multivariable analysis, early feeding reduced the risk of peanut sensitization among children with a parental history (adjusted odds ratio, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.7]; P = .007). The relationship also became significant for egg when a cutoff for IgE of ≥0.70 IU/mL was used (adjusted odds ratio, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3-0.9]; P = .022). CONCLUSION In this cohort, complementary food introduced <4 months was associated with a reduced risk of peanut (and perhaps egg) sensitization by age 2 to 3 years, but only for children with a parental history of asthma or allergy.
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Cavatorta V, Sforza S, Aquino G, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Pastorello EA, Marchelli R. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the major peach allergen Pru p 3, a lipid transfer protein: molecular characterization of the products and assessment of their IgE binding abilities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 54:1452-7. [PMID: 20397198 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A simulated gastrointestinal digestion has been carried out on purified peach lipid transfer protein, one of the main allergens among the population of the Mediterranean area and the major allergen of peach allergic patients. The percentage of intact protein, after extensive digestion, measured by comparison with a non-digestible peptide analogue used as internal standard, was found to be about one-third of the original protein content. The peptides formed in digested fraction were characterized by means of LC/MS. The products of the digestion essentially derived from trypsin action, whereas the protein appeared to be resistant to pepsin and chymotrypsin. The identified peptides could be classified as low molecular weight and high molecular weight peptides. The latter consisted of the full protein, with the disulfide bridges still intact, deprived of the smaller peptides. The different digestion products, including the high and low molecular weight peptides, were purified by LC and assessed, together with the intact protein, by dot-blot analysis with sera of allergic patients, allowing to estimate their potential allergenicity. The intact protein and the high molecular weight peptides were found to be recognized by patients' sera, whereas the small peptides were found to be not reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cavatorta
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Zhou Y, Kawasaki H, Hsu SC, Lee RT, Yao X, Plunkett B, Fu J, Yang K, Lee YC, Huang SK. Oral tolerance to food-induced systemic anaphylaxis mediated by the C-type lectin SIGNR1. Nat Med 2010; 16:1128-33. [PMID: 20835248 PMCID: PMC3058254 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We propose that a C-type lectin receptor, SIGNR-1, plays a role in conditioning gastrointestinal lamina propria (LP) DC subset for the induction of oral tolerance in a model of food-induced anaphylaxis. Oral delivery of bovine serum albumin (BSA) bearing 51 mols of mannosides (Man51-BSA) significantly reduced the levels of BSA-induced anaphylactic response. Man51-BSA was found to, selectively, target the LPDC subset expressing a member of the CLRs, SIGNR1, and induce the expression of IL-10, but not IL-6 and IL-12p70. This was noted also in Man51-BSA-treated IL-10-GFPknockin (tiger) mice. The Man51-BSA–SIGNR1 axis in LPDCs, both in vitro and in vivo, promoted the generation of CD4+ Tr1-like cells expressing IL-10 and IFN-γ, in a SIGNR-1- and IL-10-dependent manner, but not of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs. The in vivo-generated Tr1-like cells were capable of transferring tolerance. These results suggest the potential utility of sugar-modified antigen in oral tolerance through targeting of SIGNR1 and LPDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Ladics G, Knippels L, Penninks A, Bannon G, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Review of animal models designed to predict the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:212-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Eigenmann PA, Asigbetse KE, Frossard CP. Avirulant Salmonella typhimurium strains prevent food allergy in mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 151:546-53. [PMID: 18190606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tolerance to foods can be regulated by microorganisms in the gut lumen. We hypothesized that pretreatment with avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strains could prevent food allergy in mice. Mice were administered S. typhimurium PhoPc (STPhoPc) or S. typhimurium AroA prior to oral sensitization to beta-lactoglobulin in the presence of cholera toxin. An oral antigen challenge after sensitization assessed antigen-induced anaphylaxis. Antigen-specific antibody titres were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the serum and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) in the spleen, and cytokine-secreting cells were measured by ELISPOT in the Peyer's patches, lamina propria and epithelium cells. We showed first that S. typhimurium could up-regulate interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 secretion by gut T cells. Mice pretreated with STPhoPc had decreased anaphylaxis upon challenge, along with decreased immumoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE antibody titres. Mice having received S. typhimurium AroA had partly decreased anaphylaxis as well as decreased serum IgG1 antibody titres in the serum, and increased serum IgA antibody titres. Antibody titres could be correlated with increased numbers of spleen and Peyer's patches antibody-producing cells. STPhoPc-treated mice showed significantly decreased anaphylaxis when compared with the control mice, while S. typhimurium AroA-pretreated mice had a similar immune response together with increased secretory IgA titres. Our experiments have proved a potential immunomodulatory protective effect by two avirulent S. typhimurium strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Eigenmann
- University Hospital of Geneva, Department of Paediatrics, Geneva, Switzerland.
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11
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:288-90. [PMID: 17489050 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3281fbd52a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Mine Y, Yang M. Epitope characterization of ovalbumin in BALB/c mice using different entry routes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:200-12. [PMID: 17236828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OVA) is known as a major allergen in egg white. A number of studies have reported the partial T and B cell epitope mapping of OVA using murine models and allergic patients' sera. Recently, we have reported the IgE-binding regions of the entire OVA molecule using egg allergic patients' sera. However, the entire epitope mapping of OVA in a murine model has not been completed yet. In the present study, BALB/c mice were administered a solution of OVA using three different entry routes (oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) with their respective adjuvant (cholera toxin, aluminum hydroxide and Freund's adjuvant). Two nitrocellulose membranes containing 188 overlapping synthetic peptides (with a length of 12 amino acids and an offset of two amino acids) covering the primary sequence of OVA, were probed with the three different BALB/c mice antisera. Antisera obtained from orally challenged mice identified eight IgE epitope regions, i.e. I53D60; V77R84; S103E108; G127T136; E275V280; G301F306; I323A332 and A375S384, while sera raised by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections exhibited two (K55D60 and K277L282) and five (K55R58; G127T136; K279L282; T303S308 and I323A332) IgE binding sequences, respectively. The residues critical for the epitope-paratope interactions were finely characterized using the oral immunization serum. Analysis of IgE binding epitopes in mice provides us with potential strategies for design of specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Herman RA, Storer NP, Gao Y. Digestion assays in allergenicity assessment of transgenic proteins. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1154-7. [PMID: 16882518 PMCID: PMC1552003 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The food-allergy risk assessment for transgenic proteins expressed in crops is currently based on a weight-of-evidence approach that holistically considers multiple lines of evidence. This approach recognizes that no single test or property is known to distinguish allergens from nonallergens. The stability of a protein to digestion, as predicted by an in vitro simulated gastric fluid assay, currently is used as one element in the risk assessment process. A review of the literature on the use of the simulated gastric fluid assay to predict the allergenic status of proteins suggests that more extensive kinetic studies with well-characterized reference proteins are required before the predictive value of this assay can be adequately judged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, USA.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:241-4. [PMID: 16670521 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000225167.72842.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of the stomach as the primary location of protein digestion is very well recognized, leading to classification of proteins as digestion-resistant or digestion-labile. This review analyses the role of gastric digestion in food allergy. RECENT FINDINGS Hindrance of gastric digestion by elevation of the gastric pH, the therapeutic goal of anti-ulcer medication, was recently shown to trigger food allergy via oral sensitization in a murine food allergy model. The relevance in humans was assessed in an observational study of 152 gastroenterological patients who were medicated with anti-ulcer drugs due to dyspeptic disorders. Twenty-five percent of all patients developed a boost or de-novo IgE formation towards regular constituents of the daily diet. The clinical relevance of the induced antibodies was confirmed by positive skin and oral-provocation tests. Moreover, the importance of gastric digestion was also proven for food-allergic patients, as the allergenicity of allergens were reduced up to a 10,000-fold by gastric digestion. SUMMARY These recent studies indicate for the first time the important gate-keeping function of gastric digestion, both in the sensitization and the effector phases of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Untersmayr
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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