1
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Eiberg H, Olsson JB, Bak M, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Troelsen JT, Hansen L. A family with ulcerative colitis maps to 7p21.1 and comprises a region with regulatory activity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1440-1446. [PMID: 36732664 PMCID: PMC10689720 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have mapped a locus on chromosome 7p22.3-7p15.3 spanning a 22.4 Mb region for ulcerative colitis (UC) by whole genome linkage analyses of a large Danish family. The family represent three generations with UC segregating as an autosomal dominant trait with variable expressivity. The whole-genome scan resulted in a logarithm of odds score (LOD score) of Z = 3.31, and a whole genome sequencing (WGS) of two affected excluded disease-causing mutations in the protein coding genes. Two rare heterozygote variants, rs182281985:G>A and rs541426369:G>A, both with low allele frequencies (MAF A:0.0001, gnomAD ver3.1.2), were found in clusters of ChiP-seq transcription factors binding sites close to the AHR (aryl hydrocarbon receptor) gene and the UC associated SNP rs1077773:G>A. Testing the two SNPs in a promoter reporter assay for regulatory activity revealed that rs182281985:G>A influenced the AHR promoter. These results suggest a regulatory region that include rs182281985:G>A close to the UC GWAS SNP rs1077773:G>A and further demonstrate evidence that the AHR gene on the 7p-tel region is a candidate susceptible gene for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Eiberg
- RCLINK, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Josephine B Olsson
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Mads Bak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Heiner Bang-Berthelsen
- Research Group for Microbial Biotechnology and Biorefining, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet building 202, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper T Troelsen
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lars Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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2
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Matey-Hernandez ML, Brunak S, Izarzugaza JMG. Benchmarking the HLA typing performance of Polysolver and Optitype in 50 Danish parental trios. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:239. [PMID: 29940840 PMCID: PMC6019707 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adaptive immune response intrinsically depends on hypervariable human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Concomitantly, correct HLA phenotyping is crucial for successful donor-patient matching in organ transplantation. The cost and technical limitations of current laboratory techniques, together with advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies, have increased the need for precise computational typing methods. RESULTS We tested two widespread HLA typing methods using high quality full genome sequencing data from 150 individuals in 50 family trios from the Genome Denmark project. First, we computed descendant accuracies assessing the agreement in the inheritance of alleles from parents to offspring. Second, we compared the locus-specific homozygosity rates as well as the allele frequencies; and we compared those to the observed values in related populations. We provide guidelines for testing the accuracy of HLA typing methods by comparing family information, which is independent of the availability of curated alleles. CONCLUSIONS Although current computational methods for HLA typing generally provide satisfactory results, our benchmark - using data with ultra-high sequencing depth - demonstrates the incompleteness of current reference databases, and highlights the importance of providing genomic databases addressing current sequencing standards, a problem yet to be resolved before benefiting fully from personalised medicine approaches HLA phenotyping is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Matey-Hernandez
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Søren Brunak
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose M. G. Izarzugaza
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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3
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Jensen JM, Villesen P, Friborg RM, Mailund T, Besenbacher S, Schierup MH. Assembly and analysis of 100 full MHC haplotypes from the Danish population. Genome Res 2017; 27:1597-1607. [PMID: 28774965 PMCID: PMC5580718 DOI: 10.1101/gr.218891.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, also known as HLA) play a critical role in the immune response and variation within the extended 4-Mb region shows association with major risks of many diseases. Yet, deciphering the underlying causes of these associations is difficult because the MHC is the most polymorphic region of the genome with a complex linkage disequilibrium structure. Here, we reconstruct full MHC haplotypes from de novo assembled trios without relying on a reference genome and perform evolutionary analyses. We report 100 full MHC haplotypes and call a large set of structural variants in the regions for future use in imputation with GWAS data. We also present the first complete analysis of the recombination landscape in the entire region and show how balancing selection at classical genes have linked effects on the frequency of variants throughout the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Jensen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Palle Villesen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Rune M Friborg
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Mailund
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
| | - Søren Besenbacher
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N., Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Schierup
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C., Denmark
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4
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Maretty L, Jensen JM, Petersen B, Sibbesen JA, Liu S, Villesen P, Skov L, Belling K, Theil Have C, Izarzugaza JMG, Grosjean M, Bork-Jensen J, Grove J, Als TD, Huang S, Chang Y, Xu R, Ye W, Rao J, Guo X, Sun J, Cao H, Ye C, van Beusekom J, Espeseth T, Flindt E, Friborg RM, Halager AE, Le Hellard S, Hultman CM, Lescai F, Li S, Lund O, Løngren P, Mailund T, Matey-Hernandez ML, Mors O, Pedersen CNS, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Sullivan P, Syed A, Westergaard D, Yadav R, Li N, Xu X, Hansen T, Krogh A, Bolund L, Sørensen TIA, Pedersen O, Gupta R, Rasmussen S, Besenbacher S, Børglum AD, Wang J, Eiberg H, Kristiansen K, Brunak S, Schierup MH. Sequencing and de novo assembly of 150 genomes from Denmark as a population reference. Nature 2017; 548:87-91. [PMID: 28746312 DOI: 10.1038/nature23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of thousands of human genomes are now being sequenced to characterize genetic variation and use this information to augment association mapping studies of complex disorders and other phenotypic traits. Genetic variation is identified mainly by mapping short reads to the reference genome or by performing local assembly. However, these approaches are biased against discovery of structural variants and variation in the more complex parts of the genome. Hence, large-scale de novo assembly is needed. Here we show that it is possible to construct excellent de novo assemblies from high-coverage sequencing with mate-pair libraries extending up to 20 kilobases. We report de novo assemblies of 150 individuals (50 trios) from the GenomeDenmark project. The quality of these assemblies is similar to those obtained using the more expensive long-read technology. We use the assemblies to identify a rich set of structural variants including many novel insertions and demonstrate how this variant catalogue enables further deciphering of known association mapping signals. We leverage the assemblies to provide 100 completely resolved major histocompatibility complex haplotypes and to resolve major parts of the Y chromosome. Our study provides a regional reference genome that we expect will improve the power of future association mapping studies and hence pave the way for precision medicine initiatives, which now are being launched in many countries including Denmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Maretty
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Malte Jensen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bent Petersen
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas Andreas Sibbesen
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siyang Liu
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Villesen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Laurits Skov
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Belling
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Theil Have
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose M G Izarzugaza
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marie Grosjean
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas D Als
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shujia Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Ruiqi Xu
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weijian Ye
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Junhua Rao
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaosen Guo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jihua Sun
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chen Ye
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Johan van Beusekom
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Espeseth
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Esben Flindt
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune M Friborg
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders E Halager
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stephanie Le Hellard
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.,Dr E. Martens Research Group of Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen 5021, Norway
| | - Christina M Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Francesco Lescai
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shengting Li
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Lund
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter Løngren
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mailund
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Luisa Matey-Hernandez
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian N S Pedersen
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Patrick Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7264, USA
| | - Ali Syed
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rachita Yadav
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ning Li
- BGI-Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Besenbacher
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- DTU Bioinformatics, Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Heide Schierup
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,iSEQ, Centre for Integrative Sequencing, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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The C5 Variant of the Butyrylcholinesterase Tetramer Includes a Noncovalently Bound 60 kDa Lamellipodin Fragment. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071083. [PMID: 28661448 PMCID: PMC6152381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans with the C5 genetic variant of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have 30–200% higher plasma BChE activity, low body weight, and shorter duration of action of the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. The C5 variant has an extra, slow-moving band of BChE activity on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This band is about 60 kDa larger than wild-type BChE. Umbilical cord BChE in 100% of newborn babies has a C5-like band. Our goal was to identify the unknown, 60 kDa protein in C5. Both wild-type and C5 BChE are under the genetic control of two independent loci, the BCHE gene on Chr 3q26.1 and the RAPH1 (lamellipodin) gene on Chr 2q33. Wild-type BChE tetramers are assembled around a 3 kDa polyproline peptide from lamellipodin. Western blot of boiled C5 and cord BChE showed a positive response with an antibody to the C-terminus of lamellipodin. The C-terminal exon of lamellipodin is about 60 kDa including an N-terminal polyproline. We propose that the unknown protein in C5 and cord BChE is encoded by the last exon of the RAPH1 gene. In 90% of the population, the 60 kDa fragment is shortened to 3 kDa during maturation to adulthood, leaving only 10% of adults with C5 BChE.
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6
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A. De Andrade F, Batistela MS, Amaral SDC, Dos Santos W, Mikami LR, Chautard-Freire-Maia EA, Furtado-Alle L, Souza RLR. Association betweenRAPH1Gene Haplotypes andCHE2Locus Phenotypes. Ann Hum Genet 2016; 80:203-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana A. De Andrade
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Meire S. Batistela
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Sarah Da C. Amaral
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Willian Dos Santos
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | | | | | - Lupe Furtado-Alle
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Ricardo L. R. Souza
- Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics; Federal University of Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
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7
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Besenbacher S, Liu S, Izarzugaza JMG, Grove J, Belling K, Bork-Jensen J, Huang S, Als TD, Li S, Yadav R, Rubio-García A, Lescai F, Demontis D, Rao J, Ye W, Mailund T, Friborg RM, Pedersen CNS, Xu R, Sun J, Liu H, Wang O, Cheng X, Flores D, Rydza E, Rapacki K, Damm Sørensen J, Chmura P, Westergaard D, Dworzynski P, Sørensen TIA, Lund O, Hansen T, Xu X, Li N, Bolund L, Pedersen O, Eiberg H, Krogh A, Børglum AD, Brunak S, Kristiansen K, Schierup MH, Wang J, Gupta R, Villesen P, Rasmussen S. Novel variation and de novo mutation rates in population-wide de novo assembled Danish trios. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5969. [PMID: 25597990 PMCID: PMC4309431 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Building a population-specific catalogue of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), indels and structural variants (SVs) with frequencies, termed a national pan-genome, is critical for further advancing clinical and public health genetics in large cohorts. Here we report a Danish pan-genome obtained from sequencing 10 trios to high depth (50 × ). We report 536k novel SNVs and 283k novel short indels from mapping approaches and develop a population-wide de novo assembly approach to identify 132k novel indels larger than 10 nucleotides with low false discovery rates. We identify a higher proportion of indels and SVs than previous efforts showing the merits of high coverage and de novo assembly approaches. In addition, we use trio information to identify de novo mutations and use a probabilistic method to provide direct estimates of 1.27e−8 and 1.5e−9 per nucleotide per generation for SNVs and indels, respectively. The generation of a national pan-genome, a population-specific catalogue of genetic variation, may advance the impact of clinical genetics studies. Here the Besenbacher et al. carry out deep sequencing and de novo assembly of 10 parent–child trios to generate a Danish pan-genome that provides insight into structural variation, de novo mutation rates and variant calling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Besenbacher
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Siyang Liu
- 1] BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José M G Izarzugaza
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Grove
- 1] Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [4] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Belling
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1-3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shujia Huang
- 1] BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Thomas D Als
- 1] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shengting Li
- 1] BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [4] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Arcadio Rubio-García
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Francesco Lescai
- 1] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ditte Demontis
- 1] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Junhua Rao
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weijian Ye
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mailund
- 1] Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rune M Friborg
- 1] Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian N S Pedersen
- Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ruiqi Xu
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jihua Sun
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hao Liu
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ou Wang
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Flores
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Emil Rydza
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Rapacki
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John Damm Sørensen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr Chmura
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Westergaard
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Piotr Dworzynski
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- 1] The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1-3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Hovedvejen 5, DK2000 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Lund
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- 1] The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1-3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ning Li
- BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- 1] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1-3, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh
- 1] Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- 1] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [3] Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel H Schierup
- 1] Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jun Wang
- 1] BGI Europe, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [2] Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark [3] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Palle Villesen
- 1] Bioinformatics Research Center, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Allé 8, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark [2] Centre for Integrative Sequencing, iSEQ, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 6, building 1242, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Hansen L, Eiberg H, Barrett T, Bek T, Kjaersgaard P, Tranebjaerg L, Rosenberg T. Mutation analysis of the WFS1 gene in seven Danish Wolfram syndrome families; four new mutations identified. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 13:1275-84. [PMID: 16151413 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a neuro-degenerative autosomal recessive (AR) disorder (OMIM #222300) caused by mutations in the WFS1 gene on 4p16.1. More than 120 mutations have been identified in WFS1 associated with AR WS, as well as autosomal dominant nonsyndromic low-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL). WFS1 variants were identified in eight subjects from seven families with WS, leading to the identification of four novel mutations, Q194X (nonsense), H313Y (missense), L313fsX360 (duplication frame shift) and F883fsX951 (deletion frame shift), and four previously reported mutations, A133T and L543R (missense), V415del (in frame triple deletion) and F883fsX950 (deletion frame shift). A mutation was found in 11/14 disease chromosomes, two subjects were homozygous for one mutation, one subject was compound heterozygous for two nucleotide substitutions (missense), one subject was compound heterozygous for a duplication and a deletion (frame shift), and in three families only one mutation was detected (Q194X and H313Y). All affected individuals shared clinically early-onset diabetes mellitus and progressive optic atrophy with onset in the first and second decades, respectively. In contrast, diabetes insipidus was present in two subjects only. Various degrees and types of hearing impairment were diagnosed in six individuals and cataract was observed in five subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hansen
- The Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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9
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Lamellipodin proline rich peptides associated with native plasma butyrylcholinesterase tetramers. Biochem J 2008; 411:425-32. [PMID: 18076380 DOI: 10.1042/bj20071551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BChE (butyrylcholinesterase) protects the cholinergic nervous system from organophosphorus nerve agents by scavenging these toxins. Recombinant human BChE produced from transgenic goat to treat nerve agent intoxication is currently under development. The therapeutic potential of BChE relies on its ability to stay in the circulation for a prolonged period, which in turn depends on maintaining tetrameric quaternary configuration. Native human plasma BChE consists of 98% tetramers and has a half-life (t((1/2))) of 11-14 days. BChE in the neuromuscular junctions and the central nervous system is anchored to membranes through interactions with ColQ (AChE-associated collagen tail protein) and PRiMA (proline-rich membrane anchor) proteins containing proline-rich domains. BChE prepared in cell culture is primarily monomeric, unless expressed in the presence of proline-rich peptides. We hypothesized that a poly-proline peptide is an intrinsic component of soluble plasma BChE tetramers, just as it is for membrane-bound BChE. We found that a series of proline-rich peptides was released from denatured human and horse plasma BChE. Eight peptides, with masses from 2072 to 2878 Da, were purified by HPLC and sequenced by electrospray ionization tandem MS and Edman degradation. All peptides derived from the same proline-rich core sequence PSPPLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPLP (mass 2663 Da) but varied in length at their N- and C-termini. The source of these peptides was identified through database searching as RAPH1 [Ras-associated and PH domains (pleckstrin homology domains)-containing protein 1; lamellipodin, gi:82581557]. A proline-rich peptide of 17 amino acids derived from lamellipodin drove the assembly of human BChE secreted from CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells into tetramers. We propose that the proline-rich peptides organize the 4 subunits of BChE into a 340 kDa tetramer, by interacting with the C-terminal BChE tetramerization domain.
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10
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Eiberg H, Troelsen J, Nielsen M, Mikkelsen A, Mengel-From J, Kjaer KW, Hansen L. Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression. Hum Genet 2008; 123:177-87. [PMID: 18172690 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human eye color is a quantitative trait displaying multifactorial inheritance. Several studies have shown that the OCA2 locus is the major contributor to the human eye color variation. By linkage analysis of a large Danish family, we finemapped the blue eye color locus to a 166 Kbp region within the HERC2 gene. By association analyses, we identified two SNPs within this region that were perfectly associated with the blue and brown eye colors: rs12913832 and rs1129038. Of these, rs12913832 is located 21.152 bp upstream from the OCA2 promoter in a highly conserved sequence in intron 86 of HERC2. The brown eye color allele of rs12913832 is highly conserved throughout a number of species. As shown by a Luciferase assays in cell cultures, the element significantly reduces the activity of the OCA2 promoter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that the two alleles bind different subsets of nuclear extracts. One single haplotype, represented by six polymorphic SNPs covering half of the 3' end of the HERC2 gene, was found in 155 blue-eyed individuals from Denmark, and in 5 and 2 blue-eyed individuals from Turkey and Jordan, respectively. Hence, our data suggest a common founder mutation in an OCA2 inhibiting regulatory element as the cause of blue eye color in humans. In addition, an LOD score of Z = 4.21 between hair color and D14S72 was obtained in the large family, indicating that RABGGTA is a candidate gene for hair color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section IV Build. 24.4, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Hansen L, Kreiborg S, Jarlov H, Niebuhr E, Eiberg H. A novel nonsense mutation in PAX9 is associated with marked variability in number of missing teeth. Eur J Oral Sci 2007; 115:330-3. [PMID: 17697174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tooth development is under strict genetic control. During the last decade, studies in molecular genetics have led to the identification of gene defects causing the congenital absence of permanent teeth. Analyses of PAX9 and MSX1 in nine families with hypodontia and oligodontia revealed one new PAX9 mutation. A LOD score of Z = 1.8 (theta = 0.0) was obtained for D14S75 close to PAX9 in one three-generation family, and sequencing of the gene identified the nonsense mutation c.433C>T. The mutation results in a truncated PAX9 protein containing the paired domain region as a result of the Q145X stop mutation. The family showed a marked phenotypic variability in the number of missing teeth, ranging from 2 to 15 missing teeth. The highest frequency of missing teeth was found for second molars followed by second premolars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and The Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, The Panum Insitute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, DK 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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12
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Eiberg H, Hansen L, Kjer B, Hansen T, Pedersen O, Bille M, Rosenberg T, Tranebjaerg L. Autosomal dominant optic atrophy associated with hearing impairment and impaired glucose regulation caused by a missense mutation in the WFS1 gene. J Med Genet 2006; 43:435-40. [PMID: 16648378 PMCID: PMC2649014 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.034892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is genetically heterogeneous, with OPA1 on 3q28 being the most prevalently mutated gene. Additional loci are OPA3, OPA4, and OPA5, located at 19q13.2, 18q12.2, and 22q12.1-q13.1, respectively. Mutations in the WFS1 gene, at 4p16.3, are associated with either optic atrophy (OA) as part of the autosomal recessive Wolfram syndrome or with autosomal dominant progressive low frequency sensorineural hearing loss (LFSNHL) without any ophthalmological abnormalities. Linkage and sequence mutation analyses of the ADOA candidate genes OPA1, OPA3, OPA4, and OPA5, including the genes WFS1, GJB2, and GJB6 associated with recessive inherited OA or dominant LFSNHL, were performed. We identified one novel WFS1 missense mutation E864K, c.2590G-->A in exon 8 that co-segregates with ADOA combined with hearing impairment and impaired glucose regulation. This is the first example of autosomal dominant optic atrophy and hearing loss associated with a WFS1 mutation, supporting the notion that mutations in WFS1 as well as in OPA1 may lead to ADOA combined with impaired hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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13
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Eiberg H, Hansen L, Hansen C, Mohr J, Teglbjaerg PS, Kjaer KW. Mapping of hereditary trichilemmal cyst (TRICY1) to chromosome 3p24-p21.2 and exclusion of beta-CATENIN and MLH1. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 133A:44-7. [PMID: 15637721 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Trichilemmal cysts (also named pilar cyst) derived from the outer root sheath of the deeper parts of the hair follicle can segregate dominantly, and are caused by a yet unknown gene. In order to identify candidate genes for this trait we have ascertained a Danish family with 38 persons (11 affected), and carried out a genome wide scan with 580 DNA micro-satellite markers to identify the locus for a gene, which we termed TRICY1 (for trichilemmal cysts). We found tight linkage to D3S1277 (Z = 4.63; theta(M = F) = 0.00), with flanking markers D3S2432 (Z = 1.59; theta(M = F) = 0.08), and D3S3685 (Z = 2.69; theta(M = F) = 0.08) spanning 10.3 Mb on chromosome 3p24-p21.2. We sequenced two candidate genes previously reported in inherited hair defects, CTNNB1 and MLH1 but failed to detect mutations in exons and intron-exon bounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Eiberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Akizuki S, Ohnishi A, Kotani K, Sudo K. Genetic and immunological analyses of patients with increased serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and its C5 variant form. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 42:991-6. [PMID: 15497462 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2004.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRecent evidence has denied genetic abnormality as a mechanism of the C5 variant of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and proposed the binding of an unknown protein with the C4 component. The present study aimed to evaluate whether the coding sequences and nontranslated sequences of the
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Akizuki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daisan Hospital, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Olesen C, Silber J, Eiberg H, Ernst E, Petersen K, Lindenberg S, Tommerup N. Mutational analysis of the human FATE gene in 144 infertile men. Hum Genet 2003; 113:195-201. [PMID: 12811541 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-0974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 05/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The FATE gene maps to Xq28 where one case of a translocation breakpoint has been found in an infertile man. Moreover, the FATE promoter contains a putative SF-1-binding site, and FATE has been proposed as representing a target gene of SF-1 in testicular development or germ cell differentiation. This study presents a complete mutational screening of the FATE gene in a random group of 144 infertile males. Four polymorphisms and two mutations were found. Three of the polymorphisms, viz., 741C-->T, 905A-->C, and 3985C-->T, occurred in exon 5 and intron 2 and did not alter the deduced polypeptide. One polymorphism resulted in the conservative amino acid exchange, A10 V, in 16.0% of the patients. This substitution occurred with similar frequencies in the control groups, indicating that the mutation does not affect fertility in men or women. The two mutations caused the non-conservative amino acid substitutions S125R (patient 1) and I34T (patient 2). A family study (patient 1) revealed, however, that S125R was inherited and that a fertile male family member carried the mutation. Patient 2 did not have relevant family members who could be examined. Thus, this study has shown that only 1.4% of infertile men have mutations in the FATE gene, and that some of these mutations do not singly cause infertility. Hence, FATE may not play an important role in the disease-state of infertile men attending fertility clinics. However, FATE mutations cannot be excluded as being a contributing factor in some cases of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Olesen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Bennett EP, Hassan H, Mandel U, Mirgorodskaya E, Roepstorff P, Burchell J, Taylor-Papadimitriou J, Hollingsworth MA, Merkx G, van Kessel AG, Eiberg H, Steffensen R, Clausen H. Cloning of a human UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-Galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that complements other GalNAc-transferases in complete O-glycosylation of the MUC1 tandem repeat. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:30472-81. [PMID: 9804815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.46.30472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A fourth human UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, designated GalNAc-T4, was cloned and expressed. The genomic organization of GalNAc-T4 is distinct from GalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3, which contain multiple coding exons, in that the coding region is contained in a single exon. GalNAc-T4 was placed at human chromosome 12q21.3-q22 by in situ hybridization and linkage analysis. GalNAc-T4 expressed in Sf9 cells or in a stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cell line exhibited a unique acceptor substrate specificity. GalNAc-T4 transferred GalNAc to two sites in the MUC1 tandem repeat sequence (Ser in GVTSA and Thr in PDTR) using a 24-mer glycopeptide with GalNAc residues attached at sites utilized by GalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3 (TAPPAHGVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPA, GalNAc attachment sites underlined). Furthermore, GalNAc-T4 showed the best kinetic properties with an O-glycosylation site in the P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 molecule. Northern analysis of human organs revealed a wide expression pattern. Immunohistology with a monoclonal antibody showed the expected Golgi-like localization in salivary glands. A single base polymorphism, G1516A (Val to Ile), was identified (allele frequency 34%). The function of GalNAc-T4 complements other GalNAc-transferases in O-glycosylation of MUC1 showing that glycosylation of MUC1 is a highly ordered process and changes in the repertoire or topology of GalNAc-transferases will result in altered pattern of O-glycan attachments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Bennett
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Bennett EP, Weghuis DO, Merkx G, van Kessel AG, Eiberg H, Clausen H. Genomic organization and chromosomal localization of three members of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase family. Glycobiology 1998; 8:547-55. [PMID: 9592121 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/8.6.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A homologous family of UDP- N -acetylgalactosamine: polypeptide N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-transferases) initiate O-glycosylation. These transferases share overall amino acid sequence similarities of approximately 45-50%, but segments with higher similarities of approximately 80% are found in the putative catalytic domain. Here we have characterized the genomic organization of the coding regions of three GalNAc-transferase genes and determined their chromosomal localization. The coding regions of GALNT1 , -T2 , and -T3 were found to span 11, 16, and 10 exons, respectively. Several intron/exon boundaries were conserved within the three genes. One conserved boundary was shared in a homologous C. elegans GalNAc-transferase gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that GALNT1 , -T2 , and -T3 are localized at chromosomes 18q12-q21, 1q41-q42, and 2q24-q31, respectively. These results suggest that the members of the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase family diverged early in evolution from a common ancestral gene through gene duplication.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/isolation & purification
- Exons/genetics
- Genes/genetics
- Genome
- Humans
- Introns/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Bennett
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Eiberg H, Lund AM, Warburg M, Rosenberg T. Assignment of congenital cataract Volkmann type (CCV) to chromosome 1p36. Hum Genet 1995; 96:33-8. [PMID: 7607651 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Congenital cataract, type Volkmann (McKusick no 115665, gene symbol CCV) is an autosomal dominant eye disease. The disease is characterized by a progressive, central and zonular cataract, with opacities both in the embryonic, fetal and juvenile nucleus and around the anterior and posterior Y-suture. We examined blood samples from 91 members of a Danish pedigree comprising 426 members, by using highly informative short tandem repeat polymorphisms and found the closest linkage of the disease gene (CCV) to a (CA)n dinucleotide repeat polymorphism at locus D1S243 (Zmax = 14.04 at theta M = 0.025 theta F = 0.000), at a penetrance of 0.90. Using two additional chromosome 1 markers, we were able to map the CCV gene in the sequence 1pter-(CCV, D1S243)-D1S468-D1S214. The (enolase 1) gene has been mapped to this area; however, a mutation described in this gene did not give eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- University Institute of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics B24.4, Danish Centre for Genome Research, Copenhagen
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19
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Eiberg H, Berendt I, Mohr J. Assignment of dominant inherited nocturnal enuresis (ENUR1) to chromosome 13q. Nat Genet 1995; 10:354-6. [PMID: 7670476 DOI: 10.1038/ng0795-354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nocturnal enuresis, or nightly bedwetting in children more than seven years of age affects about 10% of seven-year-old children, with a wide range of frequencies between populations. The affliction is often linked to major social maladjustments and occupies considerable time in general practice. From the age of seven there is a spontaneous cure rate of 15% per year, such that few remain affected after the age of 16 years. There are two types of nocturnal enuresis: type I (PEN1, primary) with at least three nightly episodes in children above seven years, where the child has always had the disorder and type II (secondary) where the child has been dry for at least six months, but enuresis has recurred. Among some 400 Danish, mostly three-generation families, we have found 17 families with nocturnal enuresis. Eleven of these family had type I nocturnal enuresis (PEN1) that appeared to follow an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with penetrance above 90%. We now describe strong evidence of linkage with the DNA polymorphisms D13S291 (Z = 3.55; theta M = F = 0.07) and D13S263 (Z = 2.67; theta M = F = 0.08). Multipoint analysis indicates that these markers flank the disease locus at chromosome 13q13-q14.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- University Institute of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, Department of Medical Genetics, Danish Centre for Genome Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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McQueen MJ. Clinical and analytical considerations in the utilization of cholinesterase measurements. Clin Chim Acta 1995; 237:91-105. [PMID: 7664482 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06067-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Many theories have been advanced but the true physiological function for serum cholinesterase has still not been identified. Evidence has been presented for the abnormal expression of cholinesterase genes in many types of human tumors. Cholinesterase measurements are still used to monitor exposure to organophosphate insecticides and their clinical application requires a good understanding of the inter and intra-individual variation, as well as some knowledge of the time sequence between exposure and measurement of the cholinesterase activity. The use of serum cholinesterase measurement in liver disease varies in different countries. A case has not been made for the cost-effectiveness of adding serum cholinesterase as part of a screening procedure for the diagnosis of liver disease. During the last 10 years much information has been obtained on the molecular biology and genetics of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, distinct enzymes encoded by two different, but related genes. It has been established that BChE is included by a single gene which corresponds to the E1 locus. The complete amino acid sequence of human serum cholinesterase and the location of disulfide bonds within the sequence have been described. The molecular basis of many variants of human serum cholinesterase has been described in detail. It is not rare for multiple mutations to occur within a single butyrylcholinesterase gene or there may be combination of mutations. At least 11 silent variants of human butyrylcholinesterase have been identified. There still exists a wide variety of substrates and analytical conditions for butyrylcholinesterase measurement in a number of clinical situations. No real evidence has been provided for clinical value for their use in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease or monitoring the use of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of pre-senile dementia of Alzheimer type. However, the insights from molecular biology technology may well open up more challenges in a variety of clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J McQueen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hamilton General Hospital, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Ewald H, Mors O, Eiberg H. Linkage analysis between manic-depressive illness and 35 classical markers. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 54:144-8. [PMID: 8074165 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320540210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study used carefully established phenotypes, several methods to reduce misclassification, and conservative genetic parameters. For the 35 markers investigated no evidence of linkage to manic-depressive illness was found, especially not to the markers on chromosomes 4q, 9q, and 19, which earlier has been suggested as possibly being linked to subtypes of manic-depressive illness. Close linkage to FY and SS (GYPB) was excluded for all chosen phenotypic models and to ACP1 and ADA for broader phenotypic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ewald
- Department of Psychiatric Demography, University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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22
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Eiberg H, Ewald H, Mors O. Suggestion of linkage between manic-depressive illness and the enzyme phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) on chromosome 16p. Clin Genet 1993; 44:254-7. [PMID: 8313623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1993.tb03892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two large Danish pedigrees with manic-depressive illness (MDI) were ascertained through bipolar probands. The pedigrees include bipolar as well as unipolar cases. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance was assumed. Linkage relationships between MDI and 37 autosomal serum, enzyme and blood group markers were investigated. For phosphoglycolate phosphatase, a maximum lod score of 2.20 at 0% recombination was found for the largest family. The other family was not informative. This may suggest assignment of a major gene for MDI to chromosome 16p13.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- University Institute of Medical Biochemistry & Genetics, Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, Copenhagen
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23
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Massoulié J, Pezzementi L, Bon S, Krejci E, Vallette FM. Molecular and cellular biology of cholinesterases. Prog Neurobiol 1993; 41:31-91. [PMID: 8321908 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(93)90040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Massoulié
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, CNRS URA 295, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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24
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Allderdice PW, Gardner HA, Galutira D, Lockridge O, LaDu BN, McAlpine PJ. The cloned butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE) gene maps to a single chromosome site, 3q26. Genomics 1991; 11:452-4. [PMID: 1769657 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human tissues have two distinct cholinesterase activities: acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase functions in the transmission of nerve impulses, whereas the physiological function of butyryl-cholinesterase remains unknown. An atypical form of butyrylcholinesterase or the absence of its activity leads to prolonged apnea following administration of the muscle relaxant suxamethonium. Inheritance of these butyrylcholinesterase variants is consistent with the enzyme activity being encoded in a single autosomal locus, BCHE (formerly CHE1 and E1), which has been assigned to chromosome 3. Previous in situ hybridization of a BCHE cDNA probe gave evidence of homologous sequences at 3q26 and 16q11-q23, raising the possibility of more than one locus coding for butyrylcholinesterase [H. Soreq, R. Zamir, D. Zevin-Sonkin, and H. Zakut (1987) Hum. Genet. 77: 325-328]. Using a different cDNA probe hybridized in situ to 46,XX,inv(3)(p25q21) metaphase chromosomes, we report here the localization of BCHE to a single autosomal location: 3q26.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Allderdice
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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25
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Masson P. Structural and functional investigations of cholinesterases by means of affinity electrophoresis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1991; 11:173-89. [PMID: 1849453 DOI: 10.1007/bf00712808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. After a brief survey of the basic affinity electrophoresis concepts, the usual ways for preparing affinity electrophoresis ligands are examined. 2. Then results obtained on cholinesterases are reviewed. This section includes (a) structural and functional investigations on anionic sites, i.e., study of ligand-induced conformational change, organophosphate-induced "aging," genetic variants, and active-site topology; and (b) characterization of cholinesterase conjugates (hybrid proteins) and glycoinositol phospholipid-anchored cholinesterases. 3. The future prospects of affinity electrophoresis, e.g., investigations on the esteratic site and exploration of the carbohydrate moiety, are emphasized in the concluding section.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Unité des Biochemie, La Tronche, France
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26
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La Du BN, Bartels CF, Nogueira CP, Arpagaus M, Lockridge O. Proposed nomenclature for human butyrylcholinesterase genetic variants identified by DNA sequencing. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1991; 11:79-89. [PMID: 2013061 DOI: 10.1007/bf00712801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. New information identifying nucleotide alterations of human butyrylcholinesterase allows the use of more specific nomenclature for the variants commonly known as atypical, fluoride, silent, and K variant. 2. In addition to suggesting a system of trivial names and abbreviations, we provide a list of formal names that follow the guidelines of the Committee for Human Gene Nomenclature. 3. It is suggested that formal names be included in publications whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N La Du
- Pharmacology Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0626
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27
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Nielsen LS, Eiberg H, Fenger K, Mohr J. An MHC (HLA-A, -B, C2, BF, HLA-DR, GLO1) haplotype study of 497 Danish normal families with 1970 children including 97 twin pairs. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1990; 36:141-8. [PMID: 2077670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1990.tb01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extended MHC haplotypes comprising HLA-A, -B, -DR, C2, BF and GLO1 loci observed in the parents of 497 Danish normal families are presented, with particular regard to the haplotypes that include BF variants or the C2*2 allele. The known association of HLA-B35, -DR1 with both -A3 and -A11 appeared to depend upon the BF type: HLA-B35, BF*S, -DR1 is strongly associated with -A11, whereas -B35,BF*F,-DR1 is strongly associated with -A3. Further, in the present material DZ twins of the same sex shared HLA-haplotypes more often than did twin pairs of different sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Nielsen
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Masson P, Chatonnet A, Lockridge O. Evidence for a single butyrylcholinesterase gene in individuals carrying the C5 plasma cholinesterase variant (CHE2). FEBS Lett 1990; 262:115-8. [PMID: 2318303 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(90)80167-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA of 3 unrelated individuals carrying the human plasma butyrylcholinesterase C5 variant (CHE2) was isolated from white blood cells. Southern blot patterns of DNA restriction fragments probed with each of the 4 butyrylcholinesterase exons provided evidence that the production of C5 is not directed by a second butyrylcholinesterase gene. This finding supports the suggestion that the C5 variant is a hybrid enzyme resulting from the association of butyrylcholinesterase subunits with a non-cholinesterase protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Masson
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Unité de Biochimie, La Tronche, France
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29
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Arpagaus M, Kott M, Vatsis KP, Bartels CF, La Du BN, Lockridge O. Structure of the gene for human butyrylcholinesterase. Evidence for a single copy. Biochemistry 1990; 29:124-31. [PMID: 2322535 DOI: 10.1021/bi00453a015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated five genomic clones for human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), using cDNA probes encoding the catalytic subunit of the hydrophilic tetramer [McTiernan et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 6682-6686]. The BChE gene is at least 73 kb long and contains four exons. Exon 1 contains untranslated sequences and two potential translation initiation sites at codons -69 and -47. Exon 2 (1525 bp) contains 83% of the coding sequence for the mature protein, including the N-terminal and the active-site serine, and a third possible translation initiation site (likely functional), at codon -28. Exon 3 is 167 nucleotides long. Exon 4 (604 bp) codes for the C-terminus of the protein and the 3' untranslated region where two polyadenylation signals were identified. Intron 1 is 6.5 kb long, and the minimal sizes of introns 2 and 3 are estimated to be 32 kb each. Southern blot analysis of total human genomic DNA is in complete agreement with the gene structure established by restriction endonuclease mapping of the genomic clones: this strongly suggests that the BChE gene is present in a single copy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arpagaus
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109-0626
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30
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Møller HU, Eiberg H, Kruse TA. Linkage relations of the locus for granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I with 35 polymorphic systems. Acta Ophthalmol 1989; 67:721-3. [PMID: 2618643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1989.tb04410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents preliminary results of linkage relations of the locus for granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I employing 35 classic genetic markers. Blood and saliva from 124 members of one family with this disorder were examined with the aim of localizing the disease to a certain chromosome. The highest lodscore was 1.04 in females at theta 0.00 to the system C1R, thus supplying a clue for continued gene-mapping investigations on the short arm of chromosome No. 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Møller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Copenhagen
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31
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Eiberg H, Gardiner RM, Mohr J. Batten disease (Spielmeyer-Sjøgren disease) and haptoglobins (HP): indication of linkage and assignment to chr. 16. Clin Genet 1989; 36:217-8. [PMID: 2805379 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1989.tb03193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In a material of 26 Caucasian families, 23 with at least 2 children affected with Batten disease, we found a lod score of 3.00 at theta = 0.00 in males and theta = 0.26 in females with haptoglobin (HP), and assign the locus for Batten disease to 16q22.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Eiberg
- University Institute of Medical Genetics, Panum, Copenhagen, Denmark
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