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Szabo A, Czako M, Hadzsiev K, Duga B, Komlosi K, Melegh B. Partial tetrasomy of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 in two patients: the significance of the gene dosage in terms of phenotype. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:41. [PMID: 26110020 PMCID: PMC4479342 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large amounts of low copy number repeats in the 15q11.2q13.3 chromosomal region increase the possibility of misalignments and unequal crossover during meiosis in this region, leading to deletions, duplications, triplications and supernumerary chromosomes. Most of the reported cases with epilepsy, autism and Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome are in association with rearrangements of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15. Results Here we report the first two unrelated Hungarian patients with the same epileptic and dysmorphic features, who were investigated by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). By G-banded karyotype followed by FISH and array CGH we could detect partial tetrasomy of the 15q11.2q13.3 chromosomal region, supporting proximal 15q duplication syndrome. Findings of the array CGH gave fully explanation of the phenotypic features of these patients, including epileptic seizures, delayed development, hyperactivity and craniofacial dysmorphic signs. Besides the described features of isodicentric (15) (idic(15)) syndrome Patient 1. suffered from bigeminic extrasystoles and had postnatal growth retardation, which had been published only in a few articles. Conclusions Dosage effect of some genes in the concerned genomic region is known, but several genes have no evidence to have dosage dependence. Our results expanded the previous literature data. We assume dosage dependence in the case of CHRNA7 and OTUD7A, which might be involved in growth regulation. On the other hand increased dosage of the KLF13 gene seems to have no direct causal relationship with heart morphology. The genomic environment of the affected genes may be responsible for the observed phenotype. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-015-0137-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Szabo
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Marta Czako
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kinga Hadzsiev
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Duga
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Komlosi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Bela Melegh
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary ; Szentagothai Research Centre, Ifjusag 20, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
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Christofolini DM, Piazzon FB, Evo C, Mafra FA, Cosenza SR, Dias AT, Barbosa CP, Bianco B, Kulikowski LD. Complex small supernumerary marker chromosome with a 15q/16p duplication: clinical implications. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:29. [PMID: 24839463 PMCID: PMC4023550 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) consist of chromosomal material derived from more than one chromosome and have been implicated in reproductive problems such as recurrent pregnancy loss. They may also be associated with congenital abnormalities in the offspring of carriers. Due to its genomic architecture, chromosome 15 is frequently associated with rearrangements and the formation of sSMCs. Recently, several different CNVs have been described at 16p11.2, suggesting that this region is prone to rearrangements. Results We detected the concomitant occurrence of partial trisomy 15q and 16p, due to a complex sSMC, in a 6-year-old girl with clinical phenotypic. The karyotype was analyzed by G and C banding, NOR staining, FISH and SNP array and defined as 47,XX,+der(15)t(15;16)(q13;p13.2)mat. The array assay revealed an unexpected complex sSMC containing material from chromosomes 15 and 16, due to an inherited maternal translocation (passed along over several generations). The patient’s phenotype included microsomia, intellectual disability, speech delay, hearing impairment, dysphagia and other minor alterations. Discussion This is the first report on the concomitant occurrence of partial trisomy 15q and 16p. The wide range of phenotypes associated with complex sSMCs represents a challenge for genotype-phenotype correlation studies, accurate clinical assessment of patients and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise M Christofolini
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia B Piazzon
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomics Laboratory, LIM 03, HC-FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Evo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Mafra
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella R Cosenza
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Dias
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomics Laboratory, LIM 03, HC-FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Caio P Barbosa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca Bianco
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Genetics Division, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC - FMABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leslie D Kulikowski
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomics Laboratory, LIM 03, HC-FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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Pong AW, Pal DK, Chung WK. Developments in molecular genetic diagnostics: an update for the pediatric epilepsy specialist. Pediatr Neurol 2011; 44:317-27. [PMID: 21481738 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of genetic influences in both rare and common epilepsies are rapidly being elucidated, and neurologists routinely consider genetic testing in the workup of numerous epilepsy syndromes. Trends in patient attitudes and developments in clinical molecular diagnostics will increase interest in, and the availability of genetic tests for, genetic evaluations of epilepsies. We review recent and planned developments in clinical genetic testing platforms, including their indications, strengths, and limitations. We discuss genome-wide microarray methods (i.e., methods to detect copy number variations), karyotypes, and sequence-based testing. We outline the general approach to genetic evaluations of epilepsy, emphasizing the importance of clinical evaluations, and provide online clinical resources. Finally, we present potential social, legal, and financial barriers to genetic evaluations, and discuss concerns regarding clinical utility and recurrence risk. This review provides a practical overview of molecular diagnostics for the neurologist in the genetic evaluation of epilepsies in 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda W Pong
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Michelson M, Eden A, Vinkler C, Leshinsky-Silver E, Kremer U, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D. Familial partial trisomy 15q11-13 presenting as intractable epilepsy in the child and schizophrenia in the mother. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:230-3. [PMID: 21145272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various rearrangements involve the proximal long arm of chromosome 15, including deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions and supernumerary marker chromosome of an inverted duplication. The large marker 15, that contains the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS)/Angelman syndrome (AS) chromosome region, is usually associated with an abnormal phenotype of moderate to severe mental retardation, seizures, poor motor coordination, early-onset central hypotonia, autism and autistic-like behavior, schizophrenia and mild dysmorphic features. We report a ten year-old girl with normal intelligence prior to the onset of seizures, who developed severe intractable epilepsy at the age of seven years. Family history was significant for a mother with recurrent episodes of acute psychosis. The patient's and mother's karyotype revealed 47,XX+m. Array comparative genomic hybridization (A-CGH) identified a gain of 13 BAC clones from 15q11.2 through 15q13.1, which was then confirmed by FISH to be part of the marker chromosome. This duplicated region contains the SNRPN/UBE3A locus. This case demonstrates that a duplication of 15q11-13 can present differently in the same family either as intractable epilepsy or as a psychiatric illness and that intelligence can be preserved. We suggest that CGH microarray should be performed in cases with intractable epilepsy or schizophrenia, with or without mental retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Michelson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, 58100 Holon, Israel
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Webb T, Hardy CA, King M, Watkiss E, Mitchell C, Cole T. A clinical, cytogenetic and molecular study of ten probands with supernumerary inv dup (15) marker chromosomes. Clin Genet 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wandstrat AE, Leana-Cox J, Jenkins L, Schwartz S. Molecular cytogenetic evidence for a common breakpoint in the largest inverted duplications of chromosome 15. Am J Hum Genet 1998; 62:925-36. [PMID: 9529335 PMCID: PMC1377019 DOI: 10.1086/301777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes from 20 patients were used to delineate the breakpoints of inverted duplications of chromosome 15 (inv dup[15]) that include the Prader-Willi syndrome/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) chromosomal region (15q11-q13). YAC and cosmid clones from 15q11-q14 were used for FISH analysis, to detect the presence or absence of material on each inv dup(15). We describe two types of inv dup(15): those that break between D15S12 and D15S24, near the distal boundary of the PWS/AS chromosomal region, and those that share a breakpoint immediately proximal to D15S1010. Among the latter group, no breakpoint heterogeneity could be detected with the available probes, and one YAC (810f11) showed a reduced signal on each inv dup(15), compared with that on normal chromosomes 15. The lack of breakpoint heterogeneity may be the result of a U-type exchange involving particular sequences on either homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids. Parent-of-origin studies revealed that, in all the cases analyzed, the inv dup(15) was maternal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Wandstrat
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, and Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Schroer RJ, Phelan MC, Michaelis RC, Crawford EC, Skinner SA, Cuccaro M, Simensen RJ, Bishop J, Skinner C, Fender D, Stevenson RE. Autism and maternally derived aberrations of chromosome 15q. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1998; 76:327-36. [PMID: 9545097 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<327::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Of the chronic mental disabilities of childhood, autism is causally least well understood. The former view that autism was rooted in exposure to humorless and perfectionistic parenting has given way to the notion that genetic influences are dominant underlying factors. Still, identification of specific heritable factors has been slow with causes identified in only a few cases in unselected series. A broad search for genetic and environmental influences that cause or predispose to autism is the major thrust of the South Carolina Autism Project. Among the first 100 cases enrolled in the project, abnormalities of chromosome 15 have emerged as the single most common cause. The four abnormalities identified include deletions and duplications of proximal 15q. Other chromosome aberrations seen in single cases include a balanced 13;16 translocation, a pericentric inversion 12, a deletion of 20p, and a ring 7. Candidate genes involved in the 15q region affected by duplication and deletion include the ubiquitin-protein ligase (UBE3A) gene responsible for Angelman syndrome and genes for three GABA(A) receptor subunits. In all cases, the deletions or duplications occurred on the chromosome inherited from the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Schroer
- Greenwood Genetic Center, South Carolina 29646, USA
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Martinsson T, Johannesson T, Vujic M, Sjöstedt A, Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, Wahlström J. Maternal origin of inv dup(15) chromosomes in infantile autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 5:185-92. [PMID: 8989557 DOI: 10.1007/bf00538845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Six male patients with infantile autism and an extra inverted duplicated chromosome 15[inv dup(15)] were reported in a previous study. These patients had four copies of the chromosome region 15pter-q13, or an inv dup(15)(pter-->q13; q13-->pter). In this new study, DNA from the families of four of the patients were analysed using Southern based RFLPs and microsatellite polymorphisms from the region. In all four cases the inv dup(15) chromosome was of maternal origin. Furthermore, the data suggests that it originated in the maternal meiotic process rather than in an early mitosis in the developmental process of the embryo. The extra chromosome contained material from both of the maternally derived 15-chromosomes. Based on the molecular data presented here, a model for the origin of chromosome markers of this type is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Göteborg University, East Hospital, Sweden
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Flejter WL, Bennett-Baker PE, Ghaziuddin M, McDonald M, Sheldon S, Gorski JL. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of inv dup(15) chromosomes observed in two patients with autistic disorder and mental retardation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 61:182-7. [PMID: 8669450 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960111)61:2<182::aid-ajmg17>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A variety of distinct phenotypes has been associated with supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosomes. Although different cytogenetic rearrangements have been associated with distinguishable clinical syndromes, precise genotype-phenotype correlations have not been determined. However, the availability of chromosome 15 DNA markers provides a means to characterize inv dup(15) chromosomes in detail to facilitate the determination of specific genotype-phenotype associations. We describe 2 patients with an autistic disorder, mental retardation, developmental delay, seizures, and supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosomes. Conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies confirmed the chromosomal origin of the supernumerary chromosomes and showed that the duplicated region extended to at least band 15q13. An analysis of chromosome 15 microsatellite CA polymorphisms suggested a maternal origin of the inv dup(15) chromosomes and biparental inheritance of the two intact chromosome 15 homologs. The results of this study add to the existing literature which suggests that the clinical phenotype of patients with a supernumerary inv dup(15) chromosome is determined not only by the extent of the duplicated region, but by the dosage of genes located within band 15q13 and the origin of the normal chromosomes 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Flejter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Grammatico P, Di Rosa C, Roccella M, Falcolini M, Pelliccia A, Roccella F, Del Porto G. Inv dup(15): contribution to the clinical definition of phenotype. Clin Genet 1994; 46:233-7. [PMID: 7820937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary goals in medical genetics is a precise clinical definition of chromosomal diseases. This is now possible because of the increased number of case reports and new techniques. A male patient, without a clear-cut syndrome, was cytogenetically investigated. Chromosomal analysis showed a small unidentified bisatellited supernumerary marker. In situ hybridization with a biotin-labeled DNA probe for the chromosome 15 centromere (D15Z1) demonstrated that the marker was derived from chromosome 15. Hybridization with the Prader-Willi Syndrome Cosmid biotinylated probe (localized to band 15q11-q13) showed a signal on both ends suggesting a marker with a symmetrical inv dup(15) and a breakpoint localized in q13. It was then possible to define the karyotype as: 47,XY,+ inv dup(15) (pter-q13::q13-pter). All cases of inv dup(15) reported in the literature were reviewed, paying particular attention to the different breakpoints involved, in order to provide a better clinical definition of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grammatico
- Cattedra di Genetica Medica, Università La Sapienza Rome, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- T Webb
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Maternity Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham
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Moertel CA, Dahl RJ, Stalboerger PG, Kimmel DW, Scheithauer BW, Jenkins RB. Gliosis specimens contain clonal cytogenetic abnormalities. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1993; 67:21-7. [PMID: 8504395 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90039-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The relevance of sex chromosome aneusomy and trisomy 7 in neoplastic brain tissue is controversial. For better understanding of the relative importance of these anomalies, we made a conventional cytogenetic study of cells from tissue obtained from patients who underwent partial cerebral resection for a seizure disorder. Each specimen exhibited "gliosis," but none contained histologically identifiable tumor cells. Sixty-six specimens were analyzed by routine cytogenetic methods. Nonclonal abnormalities were observed in 11.6% of the cells (86% of cases) analyzed. In 11 cases, however, simple clonal karyotypes were observed. Of these cases, six involved loss of a Y chromosome and three involved loss of an X chromosome. Among the cases with loss of an X chromosome, two exhibited multiple abnormal clones. One of these cases had trisomy 7 as well as trisomy 18, and another had a supernumerary psu dic(15)(q13). The supernumerary chromosome was constitutional. One patient had possible Klinefelter syndrome. An additional case had a clonal del(10)(q23) that may have resulted from a hereditary fragile site. We conclude that although some of the apparently acquired clonal and nonclonal abnormalities may be due to a consistent in vitro artifact, it is probable that they are present in the brain tissue itself. Whatever the cause, caution should be used in interpretating cytogenetic abnormalities observed in brain tumor specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Moertel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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