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Benn P. Uniparental disomy: Origin, frequency, and clinical significance. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:564-572. [PMID: 33179335 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uniparental disomy (UPD) is defined as two copies of a whole chromosome derived from the same parent. There can be multiple mechanisms that lead to UPD; these are reviewed in the context of contemporary views on the mechanism leading to aneuploidy. Recent studies indicate that UPD is rare in an apparently healthy population and also rare in spontaneous abortion tissues. The most common type of UPD is a maternal heterodisomy (both maternal allele sets present). Isodisomy (a duplicated single set of alleles) or segmental loss of heterozygosity is sometimes encountered in SNP-based microarray referrals. Decisions regarding the most appropriate follow-up testing should consider the possibility of consanguinity (that will generally involve multiple regions), an imprinted gene disorder (chromosomes 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 20), expression of an autosomal recessive disorder, and an occult aneuploid cell line that may be confined to the placenta. Upd(16)mat, per se, does not appear to be associated with an abnormal phenotype. UPD provides an insight into the history of early chromosome segregation error and understanding the rates and fate of these events are of key importance in the provision of fertility management and prenatal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Benn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Bug S, Solfrank B, Schmitz F, Pricelius J, Stecher M, Craig A, Botcherby M, Nevinny-Stickel-Hinzpeter C. Diagnostic utility of novel combined arrays for genome-wide simultaneous detection of aneuploidy and uniparental isodisomy in losses of pregnancy. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:43. [PMID: 25013457 PMCID: PMC4090657 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-7-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the usefulness and robustness of a novel array based method for the elucidation of genetic causes underlying early pregnancy loss. A combined microarray utilizing comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism detection (CGH + SNP) was used for parallel genome-wide identification of copy number and heterozygosity status of 70 products of conception. Results of samples with previously determined aneuploidies were juxtaposed to those of a second cohort appearing normal after routine genetic diagnostics. RESULTS All chromosomal imbalances were confirmed, in one sample of the aneuploid panel additional monosomy X was discovered. Genome-wide uniparental disomy causing a complete hydatidiform mole was identified in another sample. No specimen featured microaberrations of obvious clinical relevance. Among cases with presumable euploidy, one microdeletion and a single region of homozygosity were assigned unclear clinical significance. CONCLUSIONS The results prove the utility of combined imbalance and homozygosity mapping for routine workup of these challenging specimens. Moreover parallel screening at submicroscopic resolution facilitates the detection of novel genetic alterations underlying spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Bug
- synlab Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Humane Genetik München, Lindwurmstraße 23, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Beate Solfrank
- synlab Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Humane Genetik München, Lindwurmstraße 23, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Felizitas Schmitz
- synlab Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Humane Genetik München, Lindwurmstraße 23, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Pricelius
- synlab Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Humane Genetik München, Lindwurmstraße 23, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Mona Stecher
- synlab Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Humane Genetik München, Lindwurmstraße 23, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew Craig
- BlueGnome Ltd, An Illumina Company, Cambridge, UK
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Sazhenova EA, Skryabin NA, Sukhanova NN, Lebedev IN. Multilocus epimutations of imprintome in the pathology of human embryo development. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Menasha J, Levy B, Hirschhorn K, Kardon NB. Incidence and spectrum of chromosome abnormalities in spontaneous abortions: New insights from a 12-year study. Genet Med 2005; 7:251-63. [PMID: 15834243 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000160075.96707.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite advances in harvesting and culturing techniques, analysis of the impact of these improvements on the observed frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortions (SAB) has not been determined. We sought to evaluate the effect of these refinements on the success rate of our cultures and on the resulting frequency of detected chromosomal abnormalities. METHODS Between 1990 and 2002, 2301 specimens obtained from the products of conception (POC) of SABs were submitted to our laboratory for cytogenetic analysis. Due to refinements in specimen processing and culture techniques introduced at the end of 1997, our data were analyzed for two periods: Period A from 1990 through 1997 with 907 eligible specimens and Period B from 1998 through 2002 with 1273 eligible specimens. RESULTS Modifications in physician communication and sample processing contributed to significant improvements in the culture success rate and in the ratio of male-to-female cases with normal karyotypes. Additionally, increased detection of trisomic, triploid, and multiple aneuploid cases in Period B resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of cases with abnormal karyotypes (42.8% in Period A vs. 65.8% in Period B). Monosomy X accounted for < 10% of all abnormalities in Period B. Eighty five multiple aneuploid karyotypes, including 57 double trisomies, comprised 7.7% of our 1099 abnormal cases. These karyotypes were detected predominantly in POCs from the older women in our study. This collection of multiple aneuploidies is the largest published to date and includes abnormalities not reported in prior studies. We also present a table empirically derived from the data in Period B that indicates the likelihood of a specific abnormal karyotype based on maternal age. The table can be utilized by health care providers, who counsel patients after a spontaneous miscarriage. CONCLUSION Improvements in laboratory technique have led to reduced contamination and growth failure of POCs, irrespective of maternal age. This in turn has led to a more balanced male-to-female ratio and to the detection of an increased number of abnormal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Menasha
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Tsukishiro S, Li QY, Tanemura M, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Suzumori K, Sonta SI. Paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14 and unique exchange of chromosome 7 in cases of spontaneous abortion. J Hum Genet 2005; 50:112-117. [PMID: 15747166 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-005-0229-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of uniparental disomies (UPDs) in spontaneous abortion, the polymorphic patterns of microsatellites on each chromosome were analyzed in 164 cases of abortion. Eighty-three of the 164 cases had chromosomal abnormalities. In 79 of the remaining 81 cases with normal karyotypes, the microsatellite analysis revealed that biparental patterns were present in the informative microsatellites in all chromosomes. In one of the remaining two cases, however, the polymorphic patterns of chromosome 14 appeared to be both of paternal origin. The patterns of the distal of the long arm were homozygous, and those of the remaining region were heterozygous. That is, this fetus had paternal UPD 14, originating from meiosis I nondisjunction. In the other case, the polymorphic patterns of the distal one third of the long arm of chromosome 7 were uniparental (maternal) in origin whereas those of the remaining region of this chromosome were biparental. These findings thus suggested that this chromosome might have originated from chromatid exchange between the long arms of paternal and maternal chromosome 7 at the first mitotic division. Microsatellite analysis, however, produced no evidence of duplication or deletion of any segments. The findings also suggest the possibility that some UPDs may cause spontaneous abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Tsukishiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Qing Ying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Tanemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Kaoru Suzumori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sonta
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 480-0392, Japan.
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Kondo Y, Tsukishiro S, Tanemura M, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Suzumori K, Sonta SI. Maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 in a case of spontaneous abortion. J Hum Genet 2004; 49:177-181. [PMID: 14997362 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-004-0128-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the involvement of uniparental disomies (UPDs) in spontaneous abortions, we analyzed in detail the polymorphism of microsatellites on each chromosome in cases of abortion. Of the 52 spontaneous abortions investigated, 25 had a normal karyotype. The polymorphic analysis of these cases revealed that, in the villi from 24 of the 25 cases, biparental patterns were present in informative microsatellites in all autosomes. In the remaining case with a 46,XX karyotype (case 18), however, the informative patterns of the microsatellites of chromosome 16 appeared to be both of maternal origin. The results also showed that the region from the distal end of the short arm to near the middle point of the long arm of chromosome 16 (pter to D16S3107) were heterozygous, and those of the remaining region of the long arm (D16S3018 to qter) were homozygous. That is, this fetus had maternal isodisomy and heterodisomy of chromosome 16, originating from a maternal, meiosis I non-disjunction of dyad 16 that accompanied a crossover at near the middle point of the long arm. The present finding suggests that some UPDs may become a cause for spontaneous abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kondo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Moriyama Municipal Hospital, Nagoya 463-8567, Japan
| | - Sami Tsukishiro
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Tanemura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mayumi Sugiura-Ogasawara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Kaoru Suzumori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Sonta
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, 713-8 Kamiya-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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Kotzot D. Review and meta-analysis of systematic searches for uniparental disomy (UPD) other than UPD 15. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:366-75. [PMID: 12210294 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All systematic searches for uniparental disomy (UPD) so far published and comprising clinically defined populations (Silver-Russell syndrome/primordial growth retardation (SRS/PGR) (n = 14), multiple malformations (n = 2), or rare syndromes (n = 12)) or situations at risk (confined placental mosaicism (CPM) (n = 13), spontaneous abortions (n = 6), additional marker chromosomes (n = 15), balanced non-Robertsonian translocations (n = 3), or balanced Robertsonian translocations (n = 15)) were reviewed. In many studies clinical and/or cytogenetic information on fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) results was very scarce. Meta-analysis concerning an adequate number of cases was possible for SRS/PGR, CPM, additional marker chromosomes, and balanced Robertsonian translocations only. As expected, the highest risk for UPD was found in cases with translocations between homologous acrocentric chromosomes (11 cases with UPD of 15 investigated) and in CPM due to a meiotic error (25 of 51 cases). In prenatal investigations or in cases with a normal phenotype, translocations between nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes implied a risk for UPD of less than 0.5%. The risks for maternal UPD 7 in cases with SRS/PGR, for UPD 15 in cases with an additional inv dup(15) marker chromosome, and for UPD of any chromosome in cases with multiple malformation/mental retardation were approximately 5.5%, and approximately 1.3%, respectively. Searches for UPD in well-defined syndromes (Brachmann-De Lange syndrome, Sotos syndrome, Rett syndrome, Weaver syndrome, or XX true hermaphroditism) were disappointing. Not a single case was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Kotzot
- Institute for Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
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Fritz B, Aslan M, Kalscheuer V, Ramsing M, Saar K, Fuchs B, Rehder H. Low incidence of UPD in spontaneous abortions beyond the 5th gestational week. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9:910-6. [PMID: 11840192 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Revised: 09/07/2001] [Accepted: 10/19/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 15-20% of all clinically recognised pregnancies abort, most commonly between 8-12 gestational weeks. While the majority of early pregnancy losses is attributed to cytogenetic abnormalities, the aetiology of approximately 40% of early abortions remains unclear. To determine additional factors causing spontaneous abortions we retrospectively searched for uniparental disomies (UPD) in 77 cytogenetically normal diploid spontaneous abortions. In all cases an unbalanced chromosome anomaly was ruled out by cytogenetic investigation of chorionic/amniotic membranes and/or chorionic villi. For UPD screening microsatellite analyses were performed on DNA of abortion specimens and parental blood using highly polymorphic markers showing UPD in two cases. The distribution of markers analysed indicated maternal heterodisomy for chromosome 9 (UPhD(9)mat) in case 1 and paternal isodisomy for chromosome 21 (UPiD(21)pat) in case 2. The originating mechanism suggested was monosomy complementation in UPiD(21)pat and trisomy rescue in UPhD(9)mat. In the case of UPhD(9)mat purulent chorioamnionitis was noted and a distinctly growth retarded embryo of 3 cm crown-rump length showing no gross external malformations. Histological analysis in the case of UPiD(21)pat suggested a primary anlage defect. Our results indicate that less than 3% of genetically unexplained pregnancy wastage is associated with total chromosome UPD. UPD may contribute to anlage defects of human conception. Chromosome aneuploidy correction can occur in very early cleavage stages. More research, however, ought to be performed into placental mosaicism to further clarify timing and mechanisms involved in foetal UPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fritz
- Institute of Clinical Genetics, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany.
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Kotzot D. Abnormal phenotypes in uniparental disomy (UPD): Fundamental aspects and a critical review with bibliography of UPD other than 15. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990129)82:3<265::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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