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The molecular genetics of human appendicular skeleton. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1195-1214. [PMID: 35907958 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Disorders that result from de-arrangement of growth, development and/or differentiation of the appendages (limbs and digit) are collectively called as inherited abnormalities of human appendicular skeleton. The bones of appendicular skeleton have central role in locomotion and movement. The different types of appendicular skeletal abnormalities are well described in the report of "Nosology and Classification of Genetic skeletal disorders: 2019 Revision". In the current article, we intend to present the embryology, developmental pathways, disorders and the molecular genetics of the appendicular skeletal malformations. We mainly focused on the polydactyly, syndactyly, brachydactyly, split-hand-foot malformation and clubfoot disorders. To our knowledge, only nine genes of polydactyly, five genes of split-hand-foot malformation, nine genes for syndactyly, eight genes for brachydactyly and only single gene for clubfoot have been identified to be involved in disease pathophysiology. The current molecular genetic data will help life sciences researchers working on the rare skeletal disorders. Moreover, the aim of present systematic review is to gather the published knowledge on molecular genetics of appendicular skeleton, which would help in genetic counseling and molecular diagnosis.
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Cassim A, Hettiarachchi D, Dissanayake VHW. Genetic determinants of syndactyly: perspectives on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:198. [PMID: 35549993 PMCID: PMC9097448 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the digits is a tightly regulated process. During embryogenesis, disturbance of genetic pathways in limb development could result in syndactyly; a common congenital malformation consisting of webbing in adjacent digits. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the exact developmental mechanism leading to this condition. The best studied canonical interactions of Wingless‐type–Bone Morphogenic Protein–Fibroblast Growth Factor (WNT–BMP–FGF8), plays a role in the interdigital cell death (ICD) which is thought to be repressed in human syndactyly. Animal studies have displayed other pathways such as the Notch signaling, metalloprotease and non-canonical WNT-Planar cell polarity (PCP), to also contribute to failure of ICD, although less prominence has been given. The current diagnosis is based on a clinical evaluation followed by radiography when indicated, and surgical release of digits at 6 months of age is recommended. This review discusses the interactions repressing ICD in syndactyly, and characterizes genes associated with non-syndromic and selected syndromes involving syndactyly, according to the best studied canonical WNT-BMP-FGF interactions in humans. Additionally, the controversies regarding the current syndactyly classification and the effect of non-coding elements are evaluated, which to our knowledge has not been previously highlighted. The aim of the review is to better understand the developmental process leading to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afraah Cassim
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Dineshani Hettiarachchi
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Vajira H W Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, 25, Kynsey Road, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Zaib T, Rashid H, Khan H, Zhou X, Sun P. Recent Advances in Syndactyly: Basis, Current Status and Future Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:771. [PMID: 35627156 PMCID: PMC9141913 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of recent knowledge in syndactyly (SD) is important for understanding the genetic etiology of SD and disease management. Thus, this review article provides background information on SD, as well as insights into phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, newly identified gene mutations in various SD types, the role of HOXD13 in limb deformities, and recently introduced modern surgical techniques for SD. This article also proposes a procedure for genetic analysis to obtain a clearer genotype-phenotype correlation for SD in the future. We briefly describe the classification of non-syndromic SD based on variable phenotypes to explain different phenotypic features and mutations in the various genes responsible for the pathogenesis of different types of SD. We describe how different types of mutation in HOXD13 cause various types of SD, and how a mutation in HOXD13 could affect its interaction with other genes, which may be one of the reasons behind the differential phenotypes and incomplete penetrance. Furthermore, we also discuss some recently introduced modern surgical techniques, such as free skin grafting, improved flap techniques, and dermal fat grafting in combination with the Z-method incision, which have been successfully practiced clinically with no post-operative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Zaib
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hibba Rashid
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Abasyn University, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Pingnan Sun
- Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- (T.Z.)
- (X.Z.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Guo R, Fang X, Mao H, Sun B, Zhou J, An Y, Wang B. A Novel Missense Variant of HOXD13 Caused Atypical Synpolydactyly by Impairing the Downstream Gene Expression and Literature Review for Genotype-Phenotype Correlations. Front Genet 2021; 12:731278. [PMID: 34777468 PMCID: PMC8579070 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.731278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synpolydactyly (SPD) is a hereditary congenital limb malformation with distinct syndactyly designated as SPD1, SPD2, and SPD3. SPD1 is caused by mutations of HOXD13, which is a homeobox transcription factor crucial for limb development. More than 143 SPD patients have been reported to carry HOXD13 mutations, but there is a lack of genotype-phenotype correlation. We report a novel missense mutation of c. 925A > T (p.I309F) in an individual with atypical synpolydactyly inherited from her father with mild clinodactyly and three other different alanine insertion mutations in HOXD13 identified by whole exome sequencing (WES) in 12 Chinese SPD families. Unlike polyalanine extension, which tends to form α-helix and causes protein aggregation in the cytoplasm as shown by molecular simulation and immunofluorescence, the c. 925A > T mutation impairs downstream transcription of EPHA7. We compiled literature findings and analyzed genotype-phenotype features in 173 SPD individuals of 53 families, including 12 newly identified families. Among the HOXD13-related individuals, mutations were distributed in three regions: polyalanine, homeobox, and non-homeobox. Polyalanine extension was the most common variant (45%), followed by missense mutations (32%) mostly in the homeobox compared with the loss-of-function (LOF) variants more likely in non-homeobox. Furthermore, a more severe degree and classic SPD were associated with polyalanine mutations although missense variants were associated with brachydactyly and syndactyly in hands and feet and LOF variants with clinodactyly in hands. Our study broadens the HOXD13 mutation spectrum and reveals the profile of three different variants and their severity of SPD, the genotype-phenotype correlation related to the HOXD13 mutation site provides clinical insight, including for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiji Guo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailei Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiateng Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu An
- Human Phenome Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhang L, Chen X, Xu L, Guan S, Wang D, Lin Y, Wang Z. Novel frameshift mutations of ANKUB1, GLI3, and TAS2R3 associated with polysyndactyly in a Chinese family. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1223. [PMID: 32253825 PMCID: PMC7284028 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysyndactyly (PSD) is an autosomal dominant genetic limb malformation caused by mutations. METHODS Whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to determine the mutations in PSD patients. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to determine the effect of GLI3 mutation on its transcriptional activity. RESULTS In this study, we investigated the gene mutations of three affected individuals across three generations. The frameshift mutations of GLI3 (NM_000168:c.4659del, NP_000159.3: p.Ser1553del), ANKUB1 (NM_001144960:c.1385del, NP_001138432.1: p.Pro462del), and TAS2R3 (NM_016943:c.128_131del, NP_058639.1: p.Leu43del) were identified in the three affected individuals, but not in three unaffected members by whole exome sequencing and sanger sequencing. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that GLI3 mutation reduced the transcriptional activity of GLI3. The results from SMART analysis showed that the frameshift mutation of TAS2R3 altered most protein sequence, which probably destroyed protein function. Although the frameshift mutation of ANKUB1 did not locate in ankyrin repeat domain and ubiquitin domain, it might influence the interaction between ANKUB1 and other proteins, and further affected the ubiquitinylation. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the frameshift mutations of GLI3, ANKUB1, and TAS2R3 might alter the functions of these proteins, and accelerated PSD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaobin Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lanwei Xu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shibing Guan
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dehua Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanliang Lin
- Center Laboratory, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zengtao Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Du Y, Chen F, Zhang J, Lin Z, Ma Q, Xu G, Xiao D, Gui Y, Yang J, Wan S. A rare TTC30B variant is identified as a candidate for synpolydactyly in a Chinese pedigree. Bone 2019; 127:503-509. [PMID: 31306809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syndactyly type II (synpolydactyly, SPD) is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disease with higher incomplete penetrance. Currently, several variants in HOXD13 and one deletion in FBLN1 have been associated with SPD. However, the causative variants in several SPD families and their etiological mechanism are still largely unknown. METHODS Whole exome and PCR-sanger sequencing followed by two-point linkage analysis were performed to identify the pathogenic variant in a six-generation Chinese pedigree. Homology modeling in combination with the RNAi and qRT-PCR experiments was used for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of the TTC30B variant. RESULTS A six-generation SPD family was reported. The affected subjects in this family had no other clinical malformation beyond SPD. A rare missense variant c.1157C>T [p.Ala375Val] (chr2:178416368, hg19) in TTC30B was demonstrated to be responsible for this SPD family. The modeling structure indicated that the Ala375 was evolutionarily and structurally conserved. The variant p.Ala375Val was predicted to be deleterious for protein structure and/or stability. Two-point linkage analysis resulted in a maximum LOD score of 3.1444 (P = 0.000071). Furthermore, we found that TTC30B was regulated by the Shh signaling pathway and the abnormal expression of TTC30B will affect the activation of the Shh signaling pathway in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates for the first time that an IFT (intraflagellar transport) - related gene TTC30B is implicated with SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen 518109, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Zheguang Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Guisheng Xu
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Deming Xiao
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China.
| | - Shengxiang Wan
- Department of Hand Microsurgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China.
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Deng H, Tan T. Advances in the Molecular Genetics of Non-syndromic Syndactyly. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:183-93. [PMID: 26069458 PMCID: PMC4460222 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150317233103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly, webbing of adjacent digits with or without bony fusion, is one of the most common hereditary limb malformations. It occurs either as an isolated abnormality or as a component of more than 300 syndromic anomalies. There are currently nine types of phenotypically diverse nonsyndromic syndactyly. Non-syndromic syndactyly is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the more severe presenting types and subtypes may show autosomal recessive or X-linked pattern of inheritance. The phenotype appears to be not only caused by a main gene, but also dependant on genetic background and subsequent signaling pathways involved in limb formation. So far, the principal genes identified to be involved in congenital syndactyly are mainly involved in the zone of polarizing activity and sonic hedgehog pathway. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the molecular genetics, including known genes and loci responsible for non-syndromic syndactyly, and the signaling pathways those genetic factors involved in, as well as clinical features and animal models. We hope our review will contribute to the understanding of underlying pathogenesis of this complicated disorder and have implication on genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine ; Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Tan
- Center for Experimental Medicine
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Zhou J, Chen Y, Cao K, Zou Y, Zhou H, Hu F, Ni B, Chen Y. Functional classification and mutation analysis of a synpolydactyly kindred. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1569-1574. [PMID: 25289061 PMCID: PMC4186389 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze a congenital syndactyly/polydactyly kindred and propose a new functional classification method of clinical significance. The modes of inheritance and mutational mechanisms were also determined using genetic analyses. Hand and foot anatomy and functions were measured using photographic images, X-ray imaging and grip ability tests. Genetic analysis comprised the genotyping of polymorphic microsatellite markers at known polydactyly-associated loci and the sequencing of the candidate gene. A functional classification system was devised to divide the clinical features into three types, which included mild, moderate or severe deformity. The family was concluded to have syndactyly type II with autosomal dominant inheritance. The microsatellites, D2S2310 and D2S2314, at the 2q31–32 chromosome, which have previously been associated with synpolydactyly type I, were found to be associated with the disorder in the current family. A 27-bp insertion mutation was identified in the affected individuals in the HOXD13 gene at this locus. The insertion added a further nine alanine residues to the polyalanine stretch within the encoded protein. In conclusion, the functional classification method described in the present study may be used to guide surgical approaches to treatment. A family was identified in whom expansion of the polyalanine tract in the HOXD13 gene causes autosomal dominant hereditary synpolydactyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Ke Cao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Zou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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9
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Shi X, Ji C, Cao L, Wu Y, Shang Y, Wang W, Luo Y. A splice donor site mutation in HOXD13 underlies synpolydactyly with cortical bone thinning. Gene 2013; 532:297-301. [PMID: 24055421 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synpolydactyly 1(SPD1) is a dominantly inherited distal limb anomaly that is characterized by incomplete digit separation and increased number of digits. SPD1 is most commonly caused by polyalanine repeat expansions and mutations in the homeodomain of the HOXD13. We report a splice donor site mutation in HOXD13 associated in most cases with cortical bone thinning. In vitro study of transcripts and truncated protein analysis indicated that c.781+1G>A mutation results in truncated HOXD13 protein p.G190fsX4. Luciferase assay indicated that the truncated HOXD13 protein failed to bind to DNA. The mechanism for this phenotype was truncated protein loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Shi
- The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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10
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Brison N, Debeer P, Tylzanowski P. Joining the fingers: AHOXD13story. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:37-48. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Brison
- Center for Human Genetics; University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven; Belgium
| | - Philippe Debeer
- Department of Development and Regeneration; University of Leuven; Belgium
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Terrone G, Cappuccio G, Genesio R, Esposito A, Fiorentino V, Riccitelli M, Nitsch L, Brunetti-Pierri N, Del Giudice E. A case of 14q11.2 microdeletion with autistic features, severe obesity and facial dysmorphisms suggestive of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:190-3. [PMID: 24243641 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 21-year old woman with intellectual disability, autistic features, severe obesity, and facial dysmorphisms suggestive of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS). Array-CGH analysis showed a 2.89 Mb deletion on chromosome 14q11.2 containing 47 known genes. The most interesting genes included in this deletion are CHD8, a chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein that is associated with autism spectrum disorders, and MMP14, a matrix metalloproteinase that has been linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes. This report shows that 14q11.2 microdeletions can mimic WHS and suggests that gene(s) in the deleted interval that may be responsible for a phenocopy of WHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medicine (Section of Pediatrics), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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12
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Malik S. Syndactyly: phenotypes, genetics and current classification. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:817-24. [PMID: 22333904 PMCID: PMC3400728 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly is one of the most common hereditary limb malformations depicting the fusion of certain fingers and/or toes. It may occur as an isolated entity or a component of more than 300 syndromic anomalies. Syndactylies exhibit great inter- and intra-familial clinical variability. Even within a subject, phenotype can be unilateral or bilateral and symmetrical or asymmetrical. At least nine non-syndromic syndactylies with additional sub-types have been characterized. Most of the syndactyly types are inherited as autosomal dominant but two autosomal recessive and an X-linked recessive entity have also been described. Whereas the underlying genes/mutations for types II-1, III, IV, V, and VII have been worked out, the etiology and molecular basis of the other syndactyly types remain unknown. In this communication, based on an overview of well-characterized isolated syndactylies, their cardinal phenotypes, inheritance patterns, and clinical and genetic heterogeneities, a 'current classification scheme' is presented. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of syndactyly at clinical and molecular levels, fundamental questions regarding the disturbed developmental mechanisms leading to fused digits, remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Malik
- Human Genetics Program, Department of Animal Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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13
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Wang S, Guo X, Wang W, Wang S. Genome-wide study identifies the regulatory gene networks and signaling pathways from chondrocyte and peripheral blood monocyte of Kashin-Beck disease. Genes Cells 2012; 17:619-32. [PMID: 22776318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was designed to unravel gene networks in Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) and better identify target genes of KBD for gene therapy development. RNA was isolated separately from cartilage and peripheral blood samples of patients with KBD and healthy controls. Agilent 44K human whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays were used to detect differentially expressed genes. Three significant canonical pathways and nine chondrocyte networks from chondrocytic gene expression profiles were screened using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), but only one network and no canonical pathways from peripheral blood monocytic gene profile were identified. Bak1, APAF-1, CASP6, IGFBP2, Col5a2 and TGFBI extracted from significant genes that involved in chondrocytic canonical pathways and networks may have closer relationship with the etiopathogenesis of KBD. Those genes may be potential targets for gene diagnosis and treatment. Six physiological functions were predominant and unique to the chondrocytic genes, whereas two were unique to peripheral blood monocytic genes. The identified genes may represent a source of potentially novel molecular targets, which may provide a better understanding of the molecular details in KBD pathogenesis and also provide useful pathways and network maps for the future research in osteochondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Wang
- Medicine College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases, Ministry of Health, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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14
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Jordan D, Hindocha S, Dhital M, Saleh M, Khan W. The epidemiology, genetics and future management of syndactyly. Open Orthop J 2012; 6:14-27. [PMID: 22448207 PMCID: PMC3308320 DOI: 10.2174/1874325001206010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndactyly is a condition well documented in current literature due to it being the most common congenital hand defect, with a large aesthetic and functional significance.There are currently nine types of phenotypically diverse non-syndromic syndactyly, an increase since the original classification by Temtamy and McKusick(1978). Non-syndromic syndactyly is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, although the more severe presenting types and sub types appear to have autosomal recessive and in some cases X-linked hereditary.Gene research has found that these phenotypes appear to not only be one gene specific, although having individual localised loci, but dependant on a wide range of genes and subsequent signalling pathways involved in limb formation. The principal genes so far defined to be involved in congenital syndactyly concern mainly the Zone of Polarizing Activity and Shh pathway.Research into the individual phenotypes appears to complicate classification as new genes are found both linked, and not linked, to each malformation. Consequently anatomical, phenotypical and genotypical classifications can be used, but are variable in significance, depending on the audience.Currently, management is surgical, with a technique unchanged for several decades, although future development will hopefully bring alternatives in both earlier diagnosis and gene manipulation for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jordan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road Chester, CH21UL, UK
| | - S Hindocha
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road Chester, CH21UL, UK
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Whiston Hospital, Warrington Road, L35 5DR, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Dhital
- University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - M Saleh
- Ain Shams University, Khalifa El-Maamon St, Abbasiya Sq, Cairo. 11566, Egypt
| | - W Khan
- University College London Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK
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Malik S, Afzal M, Gul S, Wahab A, Ahmad M. Autosomal dominant syndrome of camptodactyly, clinodactyly, syndactyly, and bifid toes. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2313-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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17
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Malik S, Girisha KM, Wajid M, Roy AK, Phadke SR, Haque S, Ahmad W, Koch MC, Grzeschik KH. Synpolydactyly and HOXD13 polyalanine repeat: addition of 2 alanine residues is without clinical consequences. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2007; 8:78. [PMID: 18072967 PMCID: PMC2222244 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type II syndactyly or synpolydactyly (SPD) is clinically very heterogeneous, and genetically three distinct SPD conditions are known and have been designated as SPD1, SPD2 and SPD3, respectively. SPD1 type is associated with expansion mutations in HOXD13, resulting in an addition of > or = 7 alanine residues to the polyalanine repeat. It has been suggested that expansions < or = 6 alanine residues go without medical attention, as no such expansion has ever been reported with the SPD1 phenotype. METHODS We describe a large Pakistani and an Indian family with SPD. We perform detailed clinical and molecular analyses to identify the genetic basis of this malformation. RESULTS We have identified four distinct clinical categories for the SPD1 phenotype observed in the affected subjects in both families. Next, we show that a milder foot phenotype, previously described as a separate entity, is in fact a part of the SPD1 phenotypic spectrum. Then, we demonstrate that the phenotype in both families segregates with an identical expansion mutation of 21 bp in HOXD13. Finally, we show that the HOXD13 polyalanine repeat is polymorphic, and the expansion of 2 alanine residues, evident in unaffected subjects of both families, is without clinical consequences. CONCLUSION It is the first molecular evidence supporting the hypothesis that expansion of < or = 6 alanine residues in the HOXD13 polyalanine repeat is not associated with the SPD1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Malik
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Bahnhofstr. 7, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - KM Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Muhammad Wajid
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Akhilesh K Roy
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Era's Lucknow Medical College, Hardoi Road, Sarfarazganj, Lucknow-226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sayedul Haque
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Manuela C Koch
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Bahnhofstr. 7, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Grzeschik
- Zentrum für Humangenetik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Bahnhofstr. 7, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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