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Walker A, Schwarz T, Brinkmann-Paulukat J, Wisskirchen K, Menne C, Alizei ES, Kefalakes H, Theissen M, Hoffmann D, Schulze zur Wiesch J, Maini MK, Cornberg M, Kraft ARM, Keitel V, Bock HH, Horn PA, Thimme R, Wedemeyer H, Heinemann FM, Luedde T, Neumann-Haefelin C, Protzer U, Timm J. Immune escape pathways from the HBV core 18-27 CD8 T cell response are driven by individual HLA class I alleles. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1045498. [PMID: 36439181 PMCID: PMC9686862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims There is growing interest in T cell-based immune therapies for a functional cure of chronic HBV infection including check-point inhibition, T cell-targeted vaccines or TCR-grafted effector cells. All these approaches depend on recognition of HLA class I-presented viral peptides. The HBV core region 18-27 is an immunodominant target of CD8+ T cells and represents the prime target for T cell-based therapies. Here, a high-resolution analysis of the core18-27 specific CD8+ T cell and the selected escape pathways was performed. Methods HLA class I typing and viral sequence analyses were performed for 464 patients with chronic HBV infection. HBV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses against the prototype and epitope variants were characterized by flow cytometry. Results Consistent with promiscuous presentation of the core18-27 epitope, antigen-specific T cells were detected in patients carrying HLA-A*02:01, HLA-B*35:01, HLA-B*35:03 or HLA-B*51:01. Sequence analysis confirmed reproducible selection pressure on the core18-27 epitope in the context of these alleles. Interestingly, the selected immune escape pathways depend on the presenting HLA-class I-molecule. Although cross-reactive T cells were observed, some epitope variants achieved functional escape by impaired TCR-interaction or disturbed antigen processing. Of note, selection of epitope variants was exclusively observed in HBeAg negative HBV infection and here, detection of variants associated with significantly greater magnitude of the CD8 T cell response compared to absence of variants. Conclusion The core18-27 epitope is highly variable and under heavy selection pressure in the context of different HLA class I-molecules. Some epitope variants showed evidence for impaired antigen processing and reduced presentation. Viruses carrying such escape substitutions will be less susceptible to CD8+ T cell responses and should be considered for T cell-based therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walker
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatjana Schwarz
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janine Brinkmann-Paulukat
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Menne
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elahe Salimi Alizei
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Helenie Kefalakes
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Theissen
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke RM Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Keitel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans H. Bock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Falko M. Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Neumann-Haefelin
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Human multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell expansion is neither supported in endothelial and endothelial/mesenchymal co-cultures nor in NSG mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12914. [PMID: 31501490 PMCID: PMC6733927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells (ECs/MSCs) are crucial components of hematopoietic bone marrow stem cell niches. Both cell types appear to be required to support the maintenance and expansion of multipotent hematopoietic cells, i.e. hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs). With the aim to exploit niche cell properties for experimental and potential clinical applications, we analyzed the potential of primary ECs alone and in combination with MSCs to support the ex vivo expansion/maintenance of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Even though a massive expansion of total CD34+ HSPCs was observed, none of the tested culture conditions supported the expansion or maintenance of multipotent HSPCs. Instead, mainly lympho-myeloid primed progenitors (LMPPs) were expanded. Similarly, following transplantation into immunocompromised mice the percentage of multipotent HSPCs within the engrafted HSPC population was significantly decreased compared to the original graft. Consistent with the in vitro findings, a bias towards lympho-myeloid lineage potentials was observed. In our conditions, neither classical co-cultures of HSPCs with primary ECs or MSCs, even in combination, nor the xenograft environment in immunocompromised mice efficiently support the expansion of multipotent HSPCs. Instead, enhanced expansion and a consistent bias towards lympho-myeloid committed LMPPs were observed.
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Functional distance between recipient and donor HLA-DPB1 determines nonpermissive mismatches in unrelated HCT. Blood 2016; 128:120-9. [PMID: 27162243 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-686238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of HLA amino acid (AA) polymorphism for the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is controversial, in particular for HLA class II. Here, we investigated this question in nonpermissive HLA-DPB1 T-cell epitope (TCE) mismatches reflected by numerical functional distance (FD) scores, assignable to all HLA-DPB1 alleles based on the combined impact of 12 polymorphic AAs. We calculated the difference in FD scores (ΔFD) of mismatched HLA-DPB1 alleles in patients and their 10/10 HLA-matched unrelated donors of 379 HCTs performed at our center for acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Receiver-operator curve-based stratification into 2 ΔFD subgroups showed a significantly higher percentage of nonpermissive TCE mismatches for ΔFD >2.665, compared with ΔFD ≤2.665 (88% vs 25%, P < .0001). In multivariate analysis, ΔFD >2.665 was significantly associated with overall survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.87; P < .021) and event-free survival (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05-1.82; P < .021), compared with ΔFD ≤2.665. These associations were stronger than those observed for TCE mismatches. There was a marked but not statistically significant increase in the hazards of relapse and nonrelapse mortality in the high ΔFD subgroup, whereas no differences were observed for acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Seven nonconservative AA substitutions in peptide-binding positions had a significantly stronger impact on ΔFD compared with 5 others (P = .0025), demonstrating qualitative differences in the relative impact of AA polymorphism in HLA-DPB1. The novel concept of ΔFD sheds new light onto nonpermissive HLA-DPB1 mismatches in unrelated HCT.
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Donor-Specific Anti-HLA Antibodies and Endothelial C4d Deposition-Association With Chronic Liver Allograft Failure. Transplantation 2015; 99:1869-75. [PMID: 25706274 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance of humoral immune response for allograft survival after liver transplantation (LT) is still a matter of debate. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess immunological and clinical factors associated with advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) and chronic graft failure in LT recipients. METHODS Serum samples from 174 patients prospectively enrolled and followed up for 12 months were tested for anti-HLA antibodies and compared against donor HLA types. Immunohistochemical C4d staining was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver tissue. RESULTS Mean time period from LT to enrollment was 66.9 ± 51.9 months. Independent predictive factors for graft failure included donor-positive cytomegalovirus serostatus (P = 0.02), donor-specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA class II (P = 0.03), donor age (P = 0.01), hepatitis C virus allograft reinfection (P = 0.0008), and biliary complications (P = 0.003). HLA class II DSA and HLA class I antibody positivity, hepatitis C virus reinfection, and mycophenolate mofetil-free regimens were significant risk factors for advanced fibrosis after LT. There was a significant association between C4d deposition on allograft endothelial cells and presence of class II DSA (P < 0.0001). Patients with C4d deposits had a 4.3 times higher risk of graft failure than those with negative staining and a significantly lower median time to graft failure (94.6 months [range, 3.6-158.9 months] vs 176.4 months [range, 9.4-217.8 months], P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Screening for HLA DSA might be useful for early identification of LT recipients at increased risk of graft failure who could benefit from closer surveillance and tailored immunosuppressive regimens.
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Jun JH, Hwang K, Kim SK, Oh HB, Cho MC, Lee KJ. Estimation of the 6-digit level allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA-A, -B, and -C in Koreans using ambiguity-solving DNA typing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:277-84. [PMID: 24851935 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Because Korean society is fast becoming multi-ethnic, the determination of ambiguous human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types using HLA allele frequencies is becoming less applicable. In this study, we focused on the development of new technical methods to directly resolve the ambiguities arising from HLA genotyping. One hundred and fifty unrelated healthy Korean adults were included in this study. All alleles from each HLA locus were first divided into 2-4 groups, with each group amplified in a single PCR tube (multi-group-specific amplification, MGSA). To resolve phase ambiguities, some allele groups were also amplified separately in small group-specific amplification (SGSA) tubes. In order to then resolve incomplete sequence ambiguities, primers for MGSA and SGSA were initially designed to cover additional exons. If needed, a heterozygous ambiguity resolving primer (HARP) or sequence specific primer (SSP) was also used. When MGSA and SGSA methods were applied, the rate of phase ambiguity was greatly reduced to an average of 6% (1.3% in HLA-A, 15.7% in -B, and 2.0% in -C). Additional HARP and SSP methods could resolve all the phase ambiguities. Using our proposed method, we also detected three alleles that have not been previously reported in Korea, C*04:82, C*07:18, and C*08:22, and report 6-digit level HLA allele and haplotype frequencies among Koreans. In conclusion, the use of MGSA/SGSA for the initial amplification step is a cost-effective method facilitating timely and accurate reporting, given the continuing increase in the ethnic diversity of the Korean population. The MGSA described here can be applicable to various populations and thus could be shared by the majority of HLA typing laboratories. However, efforts to solve HLA ambiguity should continue, because SGSA, HARPs and SSPs would be specific to a particular population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Jun
- Life Science Institute of Biowithus, Seoul, South Korea
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Ziegler S, Ruhl M, Tenckhoff H, Wiese M, Heinemann FM, Horn PA, Spengler U, Neumann-Haefelin C, Nattermann J, Timm J. Susceptibility to chronic hepatitis C virus infection is influenced by sequence differences in immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitopes. J Hepatol 2013; 58:24-30. [PMID: 22925811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The antiviral immune response against HCV by CD8+ T cells plays a central role in viral containment. In a large HCV genotype 1b outbreak in Ireland, HLA-B(∗)08 was identified as a risk allele for chronic infection and HLA-A(∗)03 and HLA-B(∗)27 were associated with higher clearance rates. Here we took advantage of a similar large common source HCV genotype 1b outbreak (East-German cohort) to determine the role of HLA class I alleles and the sequence of the infection source, in immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitopes for disease outcome. METHODS HLA-type and IL28B genotype were determined in 216 patients with chronic and 95 with spontaneously resolved HCV infection. The viral sequence in immunodominant epitopes was determined in the infection source and in patients with chronic infection. RESULTS In contrast to the Irish cohort, HLA-B(∗)08, HLA-A(∗)03 and HLA-B(∗)27 were neutral for disease outcome even when the cohort was stratified for the IL28B genotype. Sequence analysis of the immunodominant epitopes revealed that pre-existing substitutions in the infection source of both cohorts influenced the impact of the corresponding HLA-allele. The immunodominant epitopes presented by the "protective" alleles HLA-A(∗)03 and -B(∗)27 in the Irish cohort contained substitutions in the source virus of the East-German outbreak. Importantly, the pre-existing substitutions altered subsequent selection pressure and viral evolution in the East-German cohort. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights that subtle sequence differences in the infection source may have profound effects on the ability to clear HCV infection in the presence of particular HLA class I alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ziegler
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Iacob S, Cicinnati VR, Dechêne A, Lindemann M, Heinemann FM, Rebmann V, Ferencik S, Sotiropoulos GC, Popescu I, Horn PA, Gerken G, Paul A, Beckebaum S. Genetic, immunological and clinical risk factors for biliary strictures following liver transplantation. Liver Int 2012; 32:1253-61. [PMID: 22550960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary strictures after liver transplantation (LT) are a major cause of morbidity and reduced graft survival. AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate genetic, immunological and clinical risk factors for the occurrence of post-LT ischaemic type biliary lesions (ITBLs) and biliary anastomotic strictures (AS). METHODS Clinical and laboratory data, chemokine receptor (CCR) genotypes, chemotactic cytokines and anti-major-histocompatibility complex antibodies in serum were investigated in 162 LT patients. RESULTS In the univariate analysis, older donor and recipient age, partial LT, high peak aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) levels and CC chemokine receptor 5 delta32 loss-of-function mutation (CCR5Δ32) were associated with ITBL, whereas LT for acute liver failure (ALF), ABO-compatible non-identical LT, presence of donor-specific anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II antibodies and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)-249II allele were associated with AS. In the multivariate analysis, CCR5Δ32 was an independent risk factor for ITBL, whereas LT for ALF, ABO-compatible non-identical LT, and CX3CR1-249II allele remained predictive for AS. Serum levels of interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-6 as well as IL-10 were significantly increased in patients with biliary strictures. CONCLUSION Specific chemokine receptor polymorphisms of the recipient are associated with development of post-LT biliary strictures. Altered cytokine profile may contribute to enhanced fibrotic tissue remodelling and biliary stricture formation. Screening of anti-HLA antibodies might be useful for early identification of at-risk patients who could benefit from closer surveillance and tailored immunosuppressive regimen. Our findings may have relevance for prediction and management of post-LT biliary strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speranta Iacob
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Kraemer M, Horn PA, Roder C, Khan N, Diehl RR, Berlit P, Heinemann FM. Analysis of human leucocyte antigen genes in Caucasian patients with idiopathic moyamoya angiopathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2012; 154:445-54. [PMID: 22234791 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-011-1261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology and genetic susceptibility of Moyamoya angiopathy (MMA) (Moyamoya disease, Moyamoya syndrome and unilateral type of MMA) still remain unclear. In Asian patient cohorts several HLA markers were described to be associated with MMA, but in Caucasians very little is known about genetic susceptibility of this angiopathy. METHOD We analysed DNA of 33 Caucasian patients with MMA for HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, and HLA-DQB1 markers, respectively. HLA frequencies of all 33 patients with MMA were compared with HLA-frequencies of Caucasian controls. Additionally, subgroup analysis of 22 patients with Moyamoya disease (MMD) and 11 patients with unilateral type of MMA was performed. FINDINGS Significant association was observed for HLA-DRB1*03 and HLA-DRB1*13 in all 33 patients (P (c) < 0.001 and P (c) < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, HLA-A*02 (P (c) = 0.009); HLA-B*08 (P (c) = 0.009), and HLA-DQB1*03 (P (c) = 0.003) frequencies were higher in all patients with MMA when compared with the controls. In addition, in 22 patients with MMD a higher frequency of HLA-DRB1*03 (P (c) < 0.001) was observed when compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate a putative association of HLA markers with MMA in Caucasian patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of human MHC in the pathogenesis of this angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Alfried-Krupp-von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Alfried-Krupp-Straße 21, Essen, Germany.
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Escape from a dominant HLA-B*15-restricted CD8+ T cell response against hepatitis C virus requires compensatory mutations outside the epitope. J Virol 2011; 86:991-1000. [PMID: 22072759 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05603-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral CD8(+) T cells are a key component of the adaptive immune system against hepatitis C virus (HCV). For the development of immune therapies, it is essential to understand how CD8(+) T cells contribute to clearance of infection and why they fail so often. A mechanism for secondary failure is mutational escape of the virus. However, some substitutions in viral epitopes are associated with fitness costs and often require compensatory mutations. We hypothesized that compensatory mutations may point toward epitopes under particularly strong selection pressure that may be beneficial for vaccine design because of a higher genetic barrier to escape. We previously identified two HLA-B*15-restricted CD8(+) epitopes in NS5B (LLRHHNMVY(2450-2458) and SQRQKKVTF(2466-2474)), based on sequence analysis of a large HCV genotype 1b outbreak. Both epitopes are targeted in about 70% of HLA-B*15-positive individuals exposed to HCV. Reproducible selection of escape mutations was confirmed in an independent multicenter cohort in the present study. Interestingly, mutations were also selected in the epitope flanking region, suggesting that compensatory evolution may play a role. Covariation analysis of sequences from the database confirmed a significant association between escape mutations inside one of the epitopes (H2454R and M2456L) and substitutions in the epitope flanking region (S2439T and K2440Q). Functional analysis with the subgenomic replicon Con1 confirmed that the primary escape mutations impaired viral replication, while fitness was restored by the additional substitutions in the epitope flanking region. We concluded that selection of escape mutations inside an HLA-B*15 epitope requires secondary substitutions in the epitope flanking region that compensate for fitness costs.
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Kraemer M, Heinemann FM, Horn PA, Venker C, Berlit P, Krischek B, Khan N. Inheritance of moyamoya disease in a Caucasian family. Eur J Neurol 2011; 19:438-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Alfried‐Krupp‐von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Alfried‐Krupp‐Straße, Essen
| | - F. M. Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen, Virchowstraße, Essen
| | - P. A. Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐Essen, Virchowstraße, Essen
| | - C. Venker
- Department of Neurology, Alfried‐Krupp‐von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Alfried‐Krupp‐Straße, Essen
| | - P. Berlit
- Department of Neurology, Alfried‐Krupp‐von Bohlen und Halbach Hospital, Alfried‐Krupp‐Straße, Essen
| | - B. Krischek
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Clinic of Tübingen, Hoppe‐Seyler‐Straße, Tübingen, Germany
| | - N. Khan
- Moyamoya Clinic, Children′s University Hospital, Zurich, Steinwiesstraße, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ruhl M, Knuschke T, Schewior K, Glavinic L, Neumann-Haefelin C, Chang DI, Klein M, Heinemann FM, Tenckhoff H, Wiese M, Horn PA, Viazov S, Spengler U, Roggendorf M, Scherbaum N, Nattermann J, Hoffmann D, Timm J. CD8+ T-cell response promotes evolution of hepatitis C virus nonstructural proteins. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:2064-73. [PMID: 21376049 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) acquires mutations that allow it to escape the CD8+ T-cell response, although the extent to which this process contributes to viral evolution at the population level is not clear. We studied viral adaptation using data from a large outbreak of HCV genotype 1b infection that occurred among women immunized with contaminated immunoglobulin from 1977 to 1978. METHODS The HCV nonstructural protein coding regions NS3-NS5B were sequenced from 78 patients, and mutations were mapped according to their location inside or outside previously described CD8+ T-cell epitopes. A statistical approach was developed to identify sites/regions under reproducible selection pressure associated with HLA class I. RESULTS The frequency of nonsynonymous mutations was significantly higher inside previously described CD8+ T-cell epitopes than outside-particularly in NS3/4A and NS5B. We identified new regions that are under selection pressure, indicating that not all CD8+ T-cell epitopes have been identified; 6 new epitopes that interact with CD8+ T cells were identified and confirmed in vitro. In some CD8+ T-cell epitopes mutations were reproducibly identified in patients that shared the relevant HLA allele, indicating immune pressure at the population level. There was statistical support for selection of mutations in 18 individual epitopes. Interestingly, 14 of these were restricted by HLA-B allele. CONCLUSIONS HLA class I-associated selection pressure on the nonstructural proteins and here predominantly on NS3/4A and NS5B promotes evolution of HCV. HLA-B alleles have a dominant effect in this selection process. Adaptation of HCV to the CD8+ T-cell response at the population level creates challenges for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Ruhl
- Institute of Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, and Addiction Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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What are a patient's current chances of finding a matched unrelated donor? Twenty years' central search experience in a small country. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 47:172-80. [PMID: 21460872 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2011.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Between 1988 and 2007, international searches for matched unrelated donors (MUDs) were performed for 1586 Austrian patients. Between 2004 and 2007, a MUD was identified for 76.7% of the patients. Between 1996 and 2003, a donor was identified for 71.3% of the patients, and between 1988 and 1995, only for 53.4% of the patients. Search times of successful searches decreased from 7.7 months in the first period to 1.7 months in the period from 2004 to 2007. However, transplants were not performed in all cases in which a donor was found: only in 61.6% of the patients between 2004 and 2007, in 53.4% between 1996 and 2003 and in 29.6% between 1988 and 1995. Multivariate analysis determined that having a common HLA type was the most important variable impacting on finding a MUD for a patient. Factors that most strongly influence a patient's access to transplant were the patient's European origin and a short time between diagnosis and start of donor search. The strongest factor for both finding a donor and being transplanted was a search being performed during more recent years: patients' chances increased from year to year.
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Hinrichs J, Föll D, Bade-Döding C, Huyton T, Blasczyk R, Eiz-Vesper B. The nature of peptides presented by an HLA class I low expression allele. Haematologica 2010; 95:1373-80. [PMID: 20220067 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.016089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The functional integrity of human leukocyte antigen low expression variants is a prerequisite for considering them as essential in the matching process of hematopoietic stem cell donors and recipients to diminish the risk of serious complications such as graft-versus-host disease or graft rejection. The HLA-A*3014L variant has a disulfide bridge missing in the alpha2 domain which could affect peptide binding and presentation to T cells. DESIGN AND METHODS HLA-A*3014L and HLA-A*3001 were expressed as truncated variants and peptides were eluted and subjected to pool sequencing by Edman degradation as well as to single-peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis of binding peptides presented in vivo was performed by a flow cytometric peptide-binding assay using HLA-A*3001 and HLA-A*3014L-expressing B-LCLs. RESULTS The truncated HLA-A*3014L protein was secreted in the supernatant and it was possible to elute and sequence peptides. Sequence analysis of these eluted peptides revealed no relevant differences to the peptide motif of HLA-A*3001, indicating that the Cys164Ser substitution does not substantially alter the spectrum of presented peptides. Strong binding of one of the shared in vivo identified HLA-A*3001/3014L ligands was confirmed in the peptide-binding assay. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that HLA low expression variants are able to present peptides and, thus, can be considered as functionally active. When comparing peptide motifs, it is likely that HLA-A*3014L and HLA-A*3001 represent a permissive mismatch with low allogenicity in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These results indicate that surface expression, as well as peptide-binding data of HLA variants with similar disulfide bridge variations (e.g. HLA-A*3211Q) need to be considered as functionally active in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation setting as long as the opposite has not been shown. Otherwise a relevant but not considered HLA mismatch could result in a severe allogeneic T-cell response and graft-versus-host disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hinrichs
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Discrimination of HLA null and low expression alleles by cytokine-induced secretion of recombinant soluble HLA. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1451-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Horn PA, Albis-Camps M, Verboom M, Bunce M, Yousaf K, Williams S, Blasczyk R. The nature of diversity of HLA-DRB1 exon 3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:335-7. [PMID: 17767557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exon 3 of DRB1 is known to be polymorphic, but thought to be conserved within allelic groups. This implies that exon 3 polymorphisms would not need to be considered in evolutionary studies or clinical settings when assessing immunogenicity of allelic mismatches in stem cell transplantation. To further assess this, we determined the sequences of DRB1 exon 3 by hemizygote amplification and direct sequencing on 55 selected DNA samples containing 42 DRB1 alleles for which no exon 3 sequence data were previously available. The data confirmed the high degree of overall sequence conservation. The DRB4- and DRB5-associated alleles were completely conserved within their DRB1 groups. However, it could be shown that exon 3 is more diverse than previously expected. Multiple allelic differences within each group of DRB3-associated DRB1 alleles were found, without identifying unique group-related sequence motifs differentiating between these groups. For DRB1*1402 and DRB1*1406, it could be shown that they originated from DRB1*0302. In several samples previously typed as DRB1*1401, a novel DRB1 allele was identified: DRB1*1454. Thus, from a clinical viewpoint, the availability of exon 3 sequence information may be useful for optimizing typing as well as matching strategies. Additionally, it will allow for more detailed evolutionary studies, further elucidating the origin of alleles and the mechanisms driving sequence diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Emmerich F, Schönemann C, Diederich G, Horn PA, Salama A. Identification of a novel HLA-DQB1 allele, HLA-DQB1*0632. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 71:94-5. [PMID: 17999653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel human leukocyte antigen-DQ allele, DQB1*0632, was identified in a 68-year-old bone marrow transplantation candidate. DQB1*0632 differs from DQB1*0603 by one nucleotide change in exon 2 resulting in the amino acid exchange Gly --> Arg.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Emmerich
- Center for Tumor Medicine, Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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