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Patruno A, Fornasari E, Di Stefano A, Cerasa LS, Marinelli L, Baldassarre L, Sozio P, Turkez H, Franceschelli S, Ferrone A, Di Giacomo V, Speranza L, Felaco M, Cacciatore I. Synthesis of a Novel Cyclic Prodrug of S-Allyl-glutathione Able To Attenuate LPS-Induced ROS Production through the Inhibition of MAPK Pathways in U937 Cells. Mol Pharm 2014; 12:66-74. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500431r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hasan Turkez
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
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2
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García-Giménez JL, Pallardó FV. Maintenance of glutathione levels and its importance in epigenetic regulation. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:88. [PMID: 24847264 PMCID: PMC4017153 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- José L García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases Valencia, Spain ; INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute Valencia, Spain ; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de Valencia Valencia, Spain
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3
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) and related enzymes are critical to cell protection from toxins, both endogenous and environmental, including a number of anti-cancer cytotoxic agents. SCOPE OF REVIEW Enhancing GSH and associated enzymes represents a longtime and persistent aim in the search for cytoprotective strategies against cancer, neurologic degeneration, pulmonary and inflammatory conditions, as well as cardiovascular ailments. The challenge is to identify effective GSH analogues or precursors that generate mimic molecules with glutathione's cellular protective effects. This review will provide an update on these efforts. Much effort has also been directed at depleting cellular GSH and related cytoprotective effects, in order to sensitize established tumors to the cytotoxic effects of anti-cancer agents. Efforts to deplete GSH have been limited by the challenge of selectivity doing so in tumor and not in normal tissue so as to avoid enhancing the toxicity of anti-cancer drugs. This review will also provide an update of efforts at overcoming the challenge of targeting the desired GSH depletion to tumor cells. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS This chapter provides a brief background and update of progress in the development and use of GSH analogues in the therapeutic setting, including the pharmacological aspects of these compounds. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This is an area of enormous research activity, and major advances promise the advent of novel therapeutic opportunities in the near future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Ehrlich K, Viirlaid S, Mahlapuu R, Saar K, Kullisaar T, Zilmer M, Langel U, Soomets U. Design, synthesis and properties of novel powerful antioxidants, glutathione analogues. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:779-87. [PMID: 17577738 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701348611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major low-molecular weight antioxidant in mammalian cells. Thus, its analogues carrying similar and/or additional positive properties might have clinical perspectives. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a library of tetrapeptidic GSH analogues called UPF peptides. Compared to cellular GSH our designed peptidic analogues showed remarkably higher hydroxyl radical scavenging ability (EC(50) of GSH: 1,231.0 +/- 311.8 microM; EC(50) of UPF peptides: from 0.03 to 35 microM) and improved antiradical efficiency towards a stable alpha,alpha-diphenyl-beta-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. The best of UPF peptides was 370-fold effective hydroxyl radical scavengers than melatonin (EC(50): 11.4 +/- 1.0 microM). We also found that UPF peptides do not influence the viability and membrane integrity of K562 human erythroleukemia cells even at 200 microM concentration. Dimerization of GSH and UPF peptides was compared in water and in 0.9% saline solutions. The results, together with an earlier finding that UPF1 showed protective effects in global cerebral ischemia model in rats, suggest that UPF peptides might serve both as potent antioxidants as well as leads for design of powerful non-peptidic antioxidants that correct oxidative stress-driven events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kersti Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry, National and European Centre of Excellence of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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6
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Bhadbhade MM, Kishore R. An observation of non-superimposable stereogeometrical features in a non-chiral one-component β-Ala model peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:1029-36. [PMID: 15044088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the chemical synthesis and crystal molecular conformation of a non-chiral beta-Ala containing model peptide Boc-beta-Ala-Acc5-OCH3. The analysis revealed the existence of two crystallographically independent molecules A and B, in the asymmetric unit. Unexpectedly, while the magnitudes of the backbone torsion angles in both molecules are remarkably similar, the signs of the corresponding torsion angles are reverse therefore, inclining us to suggest the existence of non-superimposable stereogeometrical features in a non-chiral one-component beta-Ala model system. The critical mu torsion angle around CbetaH2-CalphaH2 bond of the beta-Ala residue represents a typical gauche orientation i.e., mu = 67.7 degrees in A and mu = -61.2 degrees in B, providing the molecule an overall crescent shaped topology. The observed conformation contrasts markedly to those determined for the correlated non-chiral model peptides: Boc-beta-Ala-Acc6-OCH3 and Boc-beta-Ala-Aib-OCH3 signifying the role of stereocontrolling elements since the stereochemically constrained Calpha, alpha-disubstituted glycyl residues (e.g., Acc5, Acc6, and the prototype Aib) are known to strongly restrict the peptide backbone conformations in the 3(10)/alpha-helical-regions ( phi approximately +/-60+/-20 degrees, psi approximately +/-30+/-20 degrees) of the Ramachandran map. Unpredictably, the preferred, phi, psi torsion angles of the Acc5 residue fall outside the helical regions of the Ramachandran map and exhibit opposite-handed twists for A and B. The implications of the semi-extended conformation of the Acc5 residue in the construction of backbone-modified novel scaffolds and peptides of biological relevance are highlighted. Taken together, the results indicate that in short linear beta-Ala containing peptides specific structural changes can be induced by selective substitution of non-coded linear- or cyclic symmetrically Calpha,alpha-disubstituted glycines, reinstating the hypothesis that in addition to conformational restrictions, the chemical nature of the neighboring side-chain substituents and local environments collectively influences the stabilization of folding-unfolding behavior of the two methylene units of a beta-Ala residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohan Bhadbhade
- Center for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune - 411 008, India
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7
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Yang P, Song Y. A novel cyclic octapeptide as an analogue of cyclic peptide in triostin A. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2002; 32:381-91. [PMID: 12455830 DOI: 10.1081/pb-120015468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This paper reported an ongoing study of cyclic peptides as carriers of potential anti-tumor agents. In an effort to carry out anti-cancer drug design, we synthesized another novel cyclic peptide as the analogue of the cyclic peptide in Triostin A. The linear peptide chains were synthesized by coupling protected amino acid residues according to Pfp/DCC methods (Pfp: Pentafluorophenol, DCC: N,N'-Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide) in solution. After deblocking the Boc- group of the linear octapeptide chain, the cyclic product was achieved by employing diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) as cyclic agent at low temperature in DMF. Further study on cyclic octapeptide-drug conjugates is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Yang
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
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Cheng CT, Lo V, Chen J, Chen WC, Lin CY, Lin HC, Yang CH, Sheh L. Synthesis and DNA nicking studies of a novel cyclic peptide: cyclo[Lys-Trp-Lys-Ahx-]. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:1493-8. [PMID: 11408167 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two novel cyclic tetrapeptides: cyclo[Lys-Tyr-Lys-Ahx-] 7a and cyclo[Lys-Trp-Lys-Ahx-] 7b were synthesized by coupling protected amino acid in solution and the subsequent cyclization effected by the pentafluorophenyl ester method as described in previous papers. These cyclic peptides were designed and synthesized to study their interaction with DNA, based on previous reports that linear peptides Lys-Tyr-Lys and Lys-Trp-Lys could bind to various forms of DNA and cleaved supercoiled DNA at apurinic sites. Ethidium bromide displacement assay showed that the apparent DNA binding constant of linear Lys-Tyr-Lys and cyclic peptide 7a are far below 1 x 10(3) M(-1), whereas those of cyclic peptide 7b and linear Lys-Trp-Lys are 1.9 x 10(4) M(-1) and 9.5 x 10(3) M(-1), respectively. Kinetic studies using agarose gel electrophoresis showed that cyclic peptide 7b and Lys-Trp-Lys possessed DNA nicking activity on natural supercoiled phi X174 DNA with nicking rate of 50.7 and 75.6 pM min(-1) at 65 degrees C, respectively, whereas cyclic peptide 7a and linear Lys-Tyr-Lys were devoid of the corresponding activity. The DNA nicking rate increased significantly with increase in reaction temperature. At reaction temperatures lower than 65 degrees C, the DNA nicking rate of cyclic peptide 7b exceeded that of linear Lys-Trp-Lys. The addition of 1 microM ferrous ion did not give significant enhancement effect on the DNA nicking rate by the peptides. UV irradiation gave a marked rate enhancement on the DNA nicking rate of linear Lys-Trp-Lys and a moderate enhancement on the DNA nicking rate of cyclic peptide 7b.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai Christian University, Taichung, Taiwan 407 ROC
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9
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Kumar Thakur A, Venugopalan P, Kishore R. Collateral existence of folded and extended conformations of the beta-Ala moiety in a model peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273:492-8. [PMID: 10873633 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of a nonchiral beta-Ala-containing model peptide, Boc-beta-Ala-Aib-OCH(3) 1 (beta-Ala, 3-aminopropionic acid; Aib, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid), establishes the coexistence of distinctly different backbone conformations in two crystallographically independent molecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit. Interestingly, the central mu torsion angle around the -C(beta)-C(alpha)- bond of the conformationally flexible beta-Ala residue appears to be critical in dictating the overall distinct structural features, i.e., in molecule A it adopts a folded gauche conformation: mu = -71.0 degrees, whereas it favors an extended trans conformation, mu = 161.2 degrees, in molecule B. As expected, the stereochemically constrained Aib residue preferred an energetically favorable folded backbone conformation, the torsion angles being phi = 46.2 degrees and psi = 48.3 degrees for molecule A and phi = -43.6 degrees and psi = -45.5 degrees for molecule B, lying in the left-handed and right-handed helical regions of the Ramachandran map, respectively. Considering the signs as well as the magnitudes of the backbone torsional angles, molecule A typically folds into a pseudo type III' beta-turn-like structure while molecule B prefers an overall extended conformation. Entrapping the two dramatically distinct conformational characteristics in the crystalline state clearly suggests that the gauche and the trans effects of the beta-Ala moieties are indeed energetically accessible to a short linear peptide and receive strong experimental support. The analyses permitted us to emphasize that in addition to conformational constraints of the neighboring residue, the chemical nature of the side-chain acyclic substituents and the "local environments" collectively seem to influence the stabilization of the folding-unfolding behavior of the two methylene units (-CONH-CH(2)-CH(2)-CONH-) in 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar Thakur
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh-, 160 036, India
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Malmstrom J. Unguisins A and B: new cyclic peptides from the marine-derived fungus emericella unguis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1999; 62:787-789. [PMID: 10346973 DOI: 10.1021/np980539z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unguisin A (1) and B (2), the first cyclic heptapeptides containing GABA in the ring, were isolated from a marine-derived strain of Emericella unguis. The chemical structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by extensive 2D NMR techniques, and the stereochemistry of the individual amino acids was determined using Marfey's method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malmstrom
- Marine Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Lucente G, Luisi G, Pinnen F. Design and synthesis of glutathione analogues. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 1998; 53:721-35. [PMID: 10230053 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(98)00098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review reports recent structural modifications (since 1989) performed on the glutathione molecular both in the oxidized and reduced form. Relevant chemical aspects, biochemical consequences and therapeutical implications are illustrated. Natural thiols related to glutathione are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lucente
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Italy
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Calcagni A, Duprè S, Lucente G, Luisi G, Pinnen F, Rossi D, Spirito A. Synthesis and activity of the glutathione analogue gamma-(L-gamma-oxaglutamyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1996; 329:498-502. [PMID: 8997899 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19963291105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of the backbone modified glutathione analogue gamma-(L-gamma-oxaglutamyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine (7), characterized by the presence of an urethane O-CO-NH linkage replacing the gamma-glutamylic CH2CO-NH fragment is described. The new analogue has been fully characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR, and FAB-MS. Compound 7 was tested for inhibition of gamma-glutamyl-transferase activity and was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor of hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagni
- Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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Sheh L, Jeng KCG, Chen BL, Lin HH. Novel cyclic peptides containing a γ-glutamyl residue induce IL-1 secretion from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00500-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Calcagni A, Dupré S, Lucente G, Luisi G, Pinnen F, Rossi D. Synthesis and activity of the glutathione analogue gamma-(L-gamma-azaglutamyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1995; 46:434-9. [PMID: 8567188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The backbone-modified glutathione analogue gamma-(L-gamma-azaglutamyl)-L-cysteinyl-glycine 7, characterized by the presence of a NHCONH urea linkage deriving from the replacement of the native Glu gamma-CH2 with the aza (NH) group, was synthesized and fully characterized by FAB-MS, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Potential of 7 and its oxidized form 6 as gamma-glutamyltransferase inhibitors was investigated. Both compounds 7 and 6 were found to be competitive inhibitors of hog kidney gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.2.) by binding at the donor site: the reduced analogue is a more efficient inhibitor than glutathione of the gamma-glutamyl transfer reaction. Inhibition at the acceptor site, which is also present, appears to be more complex. In particular, un-competitive inhibition is observed for compound 7. The results indicate that gamma-azapeptides of type 7 may represent interesting targets in the search for stable inhibitors of gamma-glutamyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Luisi G, Calcagni A, Pinnen F. ψ(SO2-NH) transition state isosteres of peptides. Synthesis of the glutathione disulfide analogue. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)77622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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