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Thakkar A, Cohen AS, Connolly MD, Zuckermann RN, Pei D. High-throughput sequencing of peptoids and peptide-peptoid hybrids by partial edman degradation and mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:294-302. [PMID: 19154119 DOI: 10.1021/cc8001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid sequence determination of peptoids [oligo(N-substituted glycines)] and peptide-peptoid hybrids selected from one-bead-one-compound combinatorial libraries has been developed. In this method, beads carrying unique peptoid (or peptide-peptoid) sequences were subjected to multiple cycles of partial Edman degradation (PED) by treatment with a 1:3 (mol/mol) mixture of phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) and 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (Fmoc-Cl) to generate a series of N-terminal truncation products for each resin-bound peptoid. After PED, the Fmoc group was removed from the N-terminus and any reacted side chains via piperidine treatment. The resulting mixture of the full-length peptoid and its truncation products was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, to reveal the sequence of the full-length peptoid. With a slight modification, the method was also effective in the sequence determination of peptide-peptoid hybrids. This rapid, high-throughput, sensitive, and inexpensive sequencing method should greatly expand the utility of combinatorial peptoid libraries in biomedical and materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Thakkar
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
Peptidomimetic oligomers and foldamers have received considerable attention for over a decade, with beta-peptides and the so-called peptoids (N-alkylglycine oligomers) representing prominent examples of such architectures. Lately, hybrid or mixed backbones consisting of both alpha- and beta-amino acids (alpha/beta-peptides) have been investigated in some detail as well. The present Minireview is a survey of the literature concerning hybrid structures of alpha-amino acids and peptoids, including beta-peptoids (N-alkyl-beta-alanine oligomers), and is intended to give an overview of this area of research within the field of peptidomimetic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Olsen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100 Denmark.
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Burkoth TS, Fafarman AT, Charych DH, Connolly MD, Zuckermann RN. Incorporation of unprotected heterocyclic side chains into peptoid oligomers via solid-phase submonomer synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:8841-5. [PMID: 12862480 DOI: 10.1021/ja0352101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptoids (N-substituted glycines) are an important class of biomimetic oligomers that have made a significant impact in the areas of combinatorial drug discovery, gene therapy, drug delivery, and biopolymer folding in recent years. Sequence-specific peptoid oligomers are easily assembled from primary amines by the solid-phase submonomer method. However, most amines that contain heterocyclic nitrogens in the side chain do not incorporate efficiently. We present here a straightforward revision of the submonomer method that allows efficient incorporation of unprotected imidazoles, pyridines, pyrazines, indoles, and quinolines into oligomers as long as 15 monomers in length. This improved method uses chloroacetic acid instead of bromoacetic acid in the acylation step of the monomer addition cycle, and allows for the incorporation of new side chains that should enable the synthesis of peptoids with entirely new properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Burkoth
- Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Burkoth TS, Beausoleil E, Kaur S, Tang D, Cohen FE, Zuckermann RN. Toward the synthesis of artificial proteins: the discovery of an amphiphilic helical peptoid assembly. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:647-54. [PMID: 12031671 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While nature exploits folded biopolymers to achieve molecular recognition and catalysis, comparable abiological heteropolymer systems have been difficult to create. We synthesized and identified abiological peptoid heteroploymers capable of binding a dye. Using combinatorial synthesis, we constructed a library of 3400 amphiphilic 15-mer peptoids on an ultra-high-capacity beaded support. Individual macrobeads, each containing a single peptoid sequence, were arrayed into plates, cleaved, and screened in aqueous solution to locate dye binding heteropolymer assemblies. Resynthesis and characterization demonstrated the formation of defined helical assemblies as judged by size-exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and analytical ultracentrifugation. Inspired by nature's process of sequence variation and natural selection, we identified rare abiological sequence-specific heteropolymers that begin to mimic the structure and functional properties of their biological counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Burkoth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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6
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Floyd CD, Leblanc C, Whittaker M. Combinatorial chemistry as a tool for drug discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2000; 36:91-168. [PMID: 10818672 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The question 'will combinatorial chemistry deliver real medicines' has been posed [96]. First it is important to realise that the chemical part of the drug discovery process cannot stand alone; the integration of synthesis and biological assays is fundamental to the combinatorial approach. The results presented in Tables 3.1 to 3.8 suggest that so far smaller directed combinatorial libraries have obtained equivalent results to those obtained previously from traditional medicinal chemistry analogue programs. Unfortunately, because of the long time it takes to develop pharmaceutical drugs there are no examples yet of marketed drugs discovered by combinatorial methods. There are interesting examples where active leads have been discovered from the screening of the same library against multiple targets (e.g. libraries 13, 39, 43, 66, 71 and 76). It is now possible to handle much larger libraries of non-oligomeric structures and the chemistry required for such applications is becoming available. Whether combinatorial approaches can also be adapted to deal with all the other requirements of a successful pharmaceutical (lack of toxicity, bioavailability etc.) is open to question but there are already examples such as cassette dosing [235-237]. However we can still be optimistic about the possibility of larger libraries producing avenues of investigation for the medicinal chemist to develop into real drugs. Combinatorial chemistry is an important tool for the medicinal chemist.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Floyd
- British Biotech Pharmaceuticals Limited, Oxford, U.K
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7
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Leznoff CC. 1999 Alfred Bader Award Lecture From early developments in multi-step organic synthesis on solid phases to multi-nuclear phthalocyanines. CAN J CHEM 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/v00-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Early developments in solid phase organic synthesis are traced. Particular emphasis is placed on the use of cross-linked polystyrene in the first general method of monoblocking symmetrical difunctional compounds. The monoprotected polymer-bound symmetrical starting materials were then used in multi-step syntheses of a variety of compounds, particularly insect pheromones. Asymmetric synthesis on polymer supports was demonstrated. Diels-Alder and 1,3-dipolar additions on polymer supports proceeded readily as did macrocyclic formation of porphyrins and phthalocyanines. All of these reactions clearly showed that most organic chemical reactions could be performed on solid phases and laid the basis for the development of combinatorial chemistry. The first unsymmetrical phthalocyanine was prepared using the solid phase method and this led eventually to solution phase methods of preparing bi-, tri-, tetra-, and even a dendritic-like pentanuclear phthalocyanine.Key Words: solid phase organic synthesis (SPOS), phthalocyanines.
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Ng S, Goodson B, Ehrhardt A, Moos WH, Siani M, Winter J. Combinatorial discovery process yields antimicrobial peptoids. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1781-5. [PMID: 10530925 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated glycine trimers are generically referred to as peptoids. The identification of antimicrobial peptoids from a statistically unbiased diverse combinatorial chemistry library led to the design of the optimization peptoid library that we describe in this manuscript. This optimization library was designed using structural information from the most active peptoids in the unbiased library. Screening of the optimization library for antimicrobial activity identified a single pool of peptoids with activity against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The active peptoids from this pool were active against drug sensitive and drug resistant organisms and represent novel antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ng
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608-2916, USA
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9
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Abstract
Routine automation of organic chemistry had proved an elusive goal until the arrival of combinatorial chemistry and the economic pressures of increased drug discovery throughput. Now, several approaches have been used to automate chemical synthesis, resulting in a range of new tools, both large and small, to support the process of compound production. The availability of these tools to the organic chemist heralds the change from the traditional 'hand-crafted' philosophy to a more mechanized view of compound synthesis in drug discovery groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- NW Hird
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, New Frontiers Science Park - North, Third Avenue, Harlow, UK CM19 5AW
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Kaul PN. Drug discovery: past, present and future. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1998; 50:9-105. [PMID: 9670776 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8833-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New drug discovery from early on involved a trial-and-error approach on naturally derived materials and substances until the end of the nineteenth century. The first half of the twentieth century witnessed systematic pharmacological evaluations of both natural and synthetic compounds. However, most new drugs until the 1970s were discovered by serendipity. With the exponential development of molecular biology on one hand and computer technology on the other, it became possible from 1980 onwards to place drug discovery on a rational basis. Cloning of genes has led to the development of methodologies for specific receptor-directed and enzyme-directed drug discoveries. Advances in recombinant DNA and transgenic technologies have enabled the production of human hormonal and other endogenous biomolecules as new drugs. As we understand more about the co-ordinating and regulating powers of the cerebral cortex during the next century, especially of the frontal lobe, man may be able to use bio-feedback training to voluntarily regulate the release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and other molecules involved in the regulation of various physiological processes in health as well as in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Kaul
- Clark Atlanta University, GA 30314, USA
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Huang CY, Uno T, Murphy JE, Lee S, Hamer JD, Escobedo JA, Cohen FE, Radhakrishnan R, Dwarki V, Zuckermann RN. Lipitoids--novel cationic lipids for cellular delivery of plasmid DNA in vitro. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 1998; 5:345-54. [PMID: 9653553 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although synthetic nonviral vectors hold promise for the delivery of plasmid DNA, their gene-transfer efficiencies are far from matching those of viruses. To systematically investigate the structure-activity relationship of cationic lipids, a small library of cationic lipid-peptoid conjugates (lipitoids) was synthesized. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to form complexes with plasmid DNA and to mediate DNA transfer in vitro. RESULTS Lipid-peptoid conjugates were conveniently prepared in high yield using solid-phase synthesis. Several lipitoids condensed plasmid DNA into 100 nm spherical particles and protected the DNA and DNase digestion. A subset of lipitoids with a repeated (aminoethyl, neutral, neutral) sidechain trimer motif conjugated with dimyristoyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DMPE) mediated DNA transfer with high efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Automated solid-phase synthesis of cationic lipids allowed the rapid synthesis of a diverse set of transfection reagents. The most active compound DMPE-(Nae-Nmpe-Nmpe)3 (Nae, N-aminoethyl glycine; Nmpe, N-p-methoxyphenethyl-glycine) is more efficient than lipofectin or DMRIE-C (two commercial cationic lipid transfection reagents) and is active in the presence and absence of serum. The activity in the presence of serum suggests potential for applications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Huang
- Chiron Technologies, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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12
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Robinson GM, Manica DP, Taylor EW, Smyth MR, Lunte CE. Development of a capillary electrophoretic separation of an N-(substituted)-glycine-peptoid combinatorial mixture. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 707:247-55. [PMID: 9613957 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis was used for the separation of a combinatorially synthesized N-(substituted)-glycine (NSG) peptoid mixture. This mixture consisted of 24 trimeric compounds sharing a common backbone structure but differing in the side chain attached at the N-terminal residue. Standards of the individual components were unavailable so that development of the separation was based on the mixture. A variety of buffer additives were investigated to enhance the CE resolution of this diverse mixture. Ion-pairing agents, cyclodextrins and organic modifiers were all evaluated as buffer additives. The best separations were achieved using a combination of buffer additives, each serving a different purpose in the separation. Heptane sulphonic acid (HSA) was used to reduce hydrophobic intramolecular interactions. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin was used to provide host-guest interactions in order to resolve the very hydrophobic components of the NSG-peptoid mixture. The optimized run buffer consisted of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.0, with 25 mM HSA and 40 mg/ml BCD and resulted in the resolution of 21 peaks for the 24 peptoids in the combinatorial mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Robinson
- Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Boutin JA, Gesson I, Henlin JM, Bertin S, Lambert PH, Volland JP, Fauchère JL. Limitations of the coupling of amino acid mixtures for the preparation of equimolar peptide libraries. Mol Divers 1998; 3:43-60. [PMID: 9527476 DOI: 10.1023/a:1009602707067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The standard method of peptide library synthesis involves coupling steps in which a single amino acid is reacted with a mixture of resin-bound amino acids. The more recently described positional scanning strategy (in which each position in the peptide sequence is occupied in turn by a single residue) is different since it involves the coupling of mixtures of amino acids to mixtures of resin-bound amino acids. In the present study, we analyze the compounds produced under these conditions measuring coupling rates and amounts of formed products, using mainly UV, HPLC, LC/MS and MS/MS techniques. Our data do not permit to conclude that the resulting libraries are complete. Indeed, our analytical data indicate that a large part of the di-, tri- and tetrapeptides synthesized with this method are not present in the final mixture. Although chemical compensation (in which poor coupling kinetics is compensated by a larger excess of the incoming amino acid) has been thought to counterbalance these biases, our experiments show that the compensation method does not take into account the crucial influence of the resin-bound amino acid and that even the dipeptide libraries obtained in this way are far from completeness. The present work provides strong evidence that the coupling of mixtures of amino acids to resin-bound residues, which is required by the positional scanning strategy, results in incomplete and/or non-equimolar libraries. It also clearly confirms that coupling rates in solid-phase peptide synthesis are dependent on the nature of both the incoming and the immobilized amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Boutin
- Department of Peptide and Combinatorial Chemistry, Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Suresnes, France
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Murphy JE, Uno T, Hamer JD, Cohen FE, Dwarki V, Zuckermann RN. A combinatorial approach to the discovery of efficient cationic peptoid reagents for gene delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:1517-22. [PMID: 9465047 PMCID: PMC19070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of N-substituted glycine oligomers (peptoids) of defined length and sequence are shown to condense plasmid DNA into small particles, protect it from nuclease degradation, and efficiently mediate the transfection of several cell lines. The oligomers were discovered by screening a combinatorial library of cationic peptoids that varied in length, density of charge, side-chain shape, and hydrophobicity. Transfection activity and peptoid-DNA complex formation are shown to be highly dependent on the peptoid structure. The most active peptoid is a 36-mer that contains 12 cationic aminoethyl side chains. This molecule can be synthesized efficiently from readily available building blocks. The peptoid condenses plasmid DNA into uniform particles 50-100 nm in diameter and mediates the transfection of a number of cell lines with efficiencies greater than or comparable to DMRIE-C, Lipofectin, and Lipofectamine. Unlike many cationic lipids, peptoids are capable of working in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Murphy
- Chiron Technologies, Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebl
- Trega Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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Taylor EW, Gibbons JA, Braeckman RA. Intestinal absorption screening of mixtures from combinatorial libraries in the Caco-2 model. Pharm Res 1997; 14:572-7. [PMID: 9165526 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012140709158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding how chemical structures influence transport across the intestinal mucosa will greatly enhance the discovery of orally available drugs. In an attempt to accelerate defining such relationships between structure and transport, six arbitrary mixtures of N-substituted glycine (NSG) peptoids containing 24 physicochemically diverse compounds were evaluated in the Caco-2 model of intestinal absorption. METHODS Samples were analyzed by HPLC and the areas of the peaks representing the components of each mixture were summed to measure "aggregate" apparent permeability coefficients (Papp), a score of the influence of the common structural element within each mixture towards absorption. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the chemical structure of Caco-2 permeable compounds. RESULTS Three linear trimeric mixtures were examined and, for each mixture, none of the components was detected in receiver chambers. It was concluded that the components of these mixtures each had a Papp value less than 0.8 x 10(-6) cm/sec, a permeability less than mannitol. Three dimeric mixtures were examined and they exhibited aggregate P(app) values of 9.2 x 10(-6), 14 x 10(-6) and 6.9 x 10(-6) cm/sec. These transport rates reflected the transport of most of the components of each mixture. Furthermore, the components of the dimeric mixtures which were transported at a rate greater than mannitol were apparently transported by passive mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that mixtures can be used to study structure-transport relationships in the Caco-2 model. The information obtained from this type of study will be integrated into the design of future chemical libraries. Other potential uses of chemical mixtures with the Caco-2 model are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Taylor
- Pharmacokinetics Department, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA.
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Lam KS, Lebl M, Krchnák V. The "One-Bead-One-Compound" Combinatorial Library Method. Chem Rev 1997; 97:411-448. [PMID: 11848877 DOI: 10.1021/cr9600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 507] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kit S. Lam
- Arizona Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, and Houghten Pharmaceuticals Inc., 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121
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Scott BO, Siegmund AC, Marlowe CK, Pei Y, Spear KL. Solid phase organic synthesis (SPOS): a novel route to diketopiperazines and diketomorpholines. Mol Divers 1996; 1:125-34. [PMID: 9237202 DOI: 10.1007/bf01721328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The solid phase synthesis of libraries containing a 1,3,4,6-tetrasubstituted-2,5-diketo-1,4-piperazine scaffold (DKP) or a 3,4,6-trisubstituted-2,5-diketo-1,4-morpholine scaffold (DKM) from alpha-bromocarboxylic acids and amines is described. Using a design strategy which we refer to as divergent library design, both templates were prepared from a common intermediate. The general utility of this synthetic route in creating novel, non-peptidyl chemical libraries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Scott
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94806, USA
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Chen CL, Strop P, Lebl M, Lam KS. One bead-one compound combinatorial peptide library: different types of screening. Methods Enzymol 1996; 267:211-9. [PMID: 8743318 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)67014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Hoechst Marion Roussel, Tucson, Arizona 85737, USA
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Figliozzi GM, Goldsmith R, Ng SC, Banville SC, Zuckermann RN. Synthesis of N-substituted glycine peptoid libraries. Methods Enzymol 1996; 267:437-47. [PMID: 8743331 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(96)67027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Figliozzi
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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Abstract
The advent of combinatorial chemistry for the high-throughput synthesis of compounds has driven the advancement of new and emerging technologies for synthetic chemistry laboratories. Automated methods for reaction design, information management, chemical synthesis, compound analysis, and biological testing are necessary to realize the full potential of combinatorial chemistry efforts.
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Computational combinatorial chemistry for de novo ligand design: Review and assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02174467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lebl M, Krchnák V, Sepetov NF, Seligmann B, Strop P, Felder S, Lam KS. One-bead-one-structure combinatorial libraries. Biopolymers 1995; 37:177-98. [PMID: 7718741 DOI: 10.1002/bip.360370303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Combinatorial libraries employing the one-bead-one-compound technique are reviewed. Two distinguishing features characterize this technique. First, each compound is identified with a unique solid support, enabling facile segregation of active compounds. Second, the identity of a compound on a positively reacting bead is elucidated only after its biological relevance is established. Direct methods of structure identification (Edman degradation and mass spectroscopy) as well as indirect "coding" methods facilitating the synthesis and screening of nonpeptide libraries are discussed. Nonpeptide and "scaffold" libraries, together with a new approach for the discovery of a peptide binding motif using a "library of libraries," are also discussed. In addition, the ability to use combinatorial libraries to optimize initially discovered leads is illustrated with examples using peptide libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebl
- Selectide Corporation, Tucson, AZ 85737
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Dewitt SH, Schroeder MC, Stankovic CJ, Strode JE, Czarnik AW. DIVERSOMERTM technology: Solid phase synthesis, automation, and integration for the generation of chemical diversity. Drug Dev Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430330208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Desai MC, Zuckermann RN, Moos WH. Recent advances in the generation of chemical diversity libraries. Drug Dev Res 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.430330214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pei Y, Moos WH. Post-modification of peptoid side chains: [3+2] cycloaddition of nitrile oxides with alkenes and alkynes on the solid-phase. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)78194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Moos WH, Green GD, Pavia MR. Chapter 33. Recent Advances in the Generation of Molecular Diversity. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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