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An T, Chen Y, Li M, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang Q. Inhibition of experimental periodontitis by a monoclonal antibody against Porphyromonas gingivalis HA2. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104633. [PMID: 33667618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is known that complexes of the multi-protein, gingipain, possess heme binding domains (hemagglutinin 2, HA2) that bind hemoglobin to provide heme and iron to the bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The DHYAVMISK peptide sequence was proposed to act as an inhibitor of hemin binding, and thus, it might be used to control or prevent periodontal disease. In this study, we created a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targeted the DHYAVMISK peptide, aimed to determine whether it could inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis in vitro, and block its induction of experimental periodontitis and subsequent bone loss. Peptide DGFPG-DHYAVMISK conjugated to KLH (DK-KLH) was synthetic, and injected subcutaneously into BALB/c mice to generate specific mAbs with the hybridoma technique. We isolated mAb 1H11, which showed specific binding to DK. When we incubated these mAbs with P. gingivalis in vitro for 18 h, bacterial growth was significantly lower in cultures treated with mAb 1H11 compared to those treated with control (PBS; P < 0.05). Next, we induced experimental periodontitis in mouse models with a silk ligature and a P. gingivalis infection. When we injected the mAbs into the gingival sulcus, the group treated with mAb 1H11 displayed a reduction in bone loss compared to the other treatment groups. Thus, mAb 1H11 might provide protection against a P. gingivalis infection. Accordingly, this antibody could serve as a candidate therapy for periodontitis or other infections caused by P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting An
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Mingxia Li
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China
| | - Qiubo Yang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, China.
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2
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Periodontal treatment prevents arthritis in mice and methotrexate ameliorates periodontal bone loss. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8128. [PMID: 31148565 PMCID: PMC6544621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate a causal relationship between the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis and rheumatoid arthritis involving the production of autoantibodies against citrullinated peptides. We therefore postulated that therapeutic eradication P. gingivalis may ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis development and here turned to a mouse model in order to challenge our hypothesis. F1 (DBA/1 x B10.Q) mice were orally inoculated with P. gingivalis before collagen-induced arthritis was provoked. Chlorhexidine or metronidazole were orally administered either before or during the induction phase of arthritis and their effects on arthritis progression and alveolar bone loss were compared to intraperitoneally injected methotrexate. Arthritis incidence and severity were macroscopically scored and alveolar bone loss was evaluated via microcomputed tomography. Serum antibody titres against P. gingivalis were quantified by ELISA and microbial dysbiosis following oral inoculation was monitored in stool samples via microbiome analyses. Both, oral chlorhexidine and metronidazole reduced the incidence and ameliorated the severity of collagen-induced arthritis comparable to methotrexate. Likewise, all three therapies attenuated alveolar bone loss. Relative abundance of Porphyromonadaceae was increased after oral inoculation with P. gingivalis and decreased after treatment. This is the first study to describe beneficial effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and suggests that mouthwash with chlorhexidine or metronidazole may also be beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a coexisting periodontitis. Methotrexate ameliorated periodontitis in mice, further raising the possibility that methotrexate may also positively impact on the tooth supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Interplay between P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans in murine alveolar bone loss, arthritis onset and progression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15129. [PMID: 30310087 PMCID: PMC6181973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis. Even though a prominent role has been postulated for Porphyromonas gingivalis, many bacterial species contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. We therefore investigated the impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as other major pathobionts on the development of both, periodontitis and arthritis in the mouse. Pathobionts used - either alone or in combination - were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomintans. Periodontitis was induced via oral gavage in SKG, DBA/1 and F1 (DBA/1 × B10.Q) mice and collagen-induced arthritis was provoked via immunization and boost with bovine collagen type II. Alveolar bone loss was quantified via micro computed tomography, arthritis was evaluated macroscopically and histologically and serum antibodies were assessed. Among the strains tested, only F1 mice were susceptible to P. gingivalis induced periodontitis and showed significant alveolar bone loss. Bone loss was paralleled by antibody titers against P. gingivalis. Of note, mice inoculated with the mix of all three pathobionts showed less alveolar bone loss than mice inoculated with P. gingivalis alone. However, oral inoculation with either F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomintans alone accelerated subsequent arthritis onset and progression. This is the first report of a triple oral inoculation of pathobionts combined with collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse. In this interplay and this particular genetic setting, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans exerted a protective impact on P. gingivalis induced alveolar bone loss. By themselves they did not induce periodontitis yet accelerated arthritis onset and progression.
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Zhu Y, An T, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Yang Q. Immunoprotective effects of a hemin-binding peptide derived from hemagglutinin-2 against infection withPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 33:81-88. [PMID: 28984085 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y.C. Zhu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - T. An
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Y. Liu
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Z.L. Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Q.B. Yang
- Beijing Institute for Dental Research; Beijing Stomatological Hospital and School of Stomatology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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5
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Okada A, Sogabe K, Takeuchi H, Okamoto M, Nomura Y, Hanada N. Characterization of specimens obtained by different sampling methods for evaluation of periodontal bacteria. J Oral Sci 2017; 59:491-498. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Okada
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Kaoru Sogabe
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Masaaki Okamoto
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Antiabong JF, Boardman W, Ball AS. What can we learn from the microbial ecological interactions associated with polymicrobial diseases? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:30-6. [PMID: 23570991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases in humans and animals are model polymicrobial diseases which are associated with a shift in the microbial community structure and function; there is therefore a need to investigate these diseases from a microbial ecological perspective. This review highlights three important areas of microbial ecological investigation of polymicrobial diseases and the lessons that could be learnt: (1) identification of disease-associated microbes and the implications for choice of anti-infective treatment; (2) the implications associated with vaccine design and development and (3) application of the dynamics of microbial interaction in the discovery of novel anti-infective agents. This review emphasises the need to invigorate microbial ecological approaches to the study of periodontal diseases and other polymicrobial diseases for greater understanding of the ecological interactions between and within the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Antiabong
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - W Boardman
- Zoos SA, Monarto Zoo, Princes Hwy, Monarto, SA 5254, Australia; School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - A S Ball
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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Polak D, Benzki-Namdar E, Houri-Haddad Y, Shapira L. Mucosal vaccination shapes the expression of salivary antibodies and establishment of CD8+ T-cells. J Periodontol 2013; 85:991-7. [PMID: 24359165 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal vaccination for preventing periodontitis shows promising results. However, various administration routes and adjuvants may have a substantial role in the efficacy of the vaccination. The aim of the study is to compare different modes of mucosal vaccination with whole-cell Porphyromonas gingivalis and to test the role of various adjuvants as potential modifiers of this process. METHODS Mucosal vaccine was administered through oral or nasal routes to BALB/C mice. The tested adjuvants included Escherichia coli cholera toxin, E. coli labile toxin (LT), and unmethylated CpG dinucleotide (CpG). Control mice were vaccinated subcutaneously. Saliva and serum were collected; anti-P. gingivalis salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG were quantified. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure anti-P. gingivalis IgA levels was established. In addition, cells were extracted from head and neck lymph nodes, and the relative CD8(+) cells were quantified using flow cytometry. RESULTS All mucosal vaccination modes induced anti-P. gingivalis salivary IgA but not anti-P. gingivalis serum IgG. Subcutaneous vaccination induced both salivary IgA and serum IgG against P. gingivalis. Mucosal vaccination also induced greater establishment of CD8(+) cells compared to the subcutaneous vaccination. Oral mucosal vaccinations with LT or CpG were the most efficient for salivary IgA expression and CD8 cell establishment in lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Oral and nasal mucosal vaccination induced a local host response with little systemic effect. The use of CpG or LT as adjuvants with the oral mucosal vaccination was the most efficient vaccination mode in the present mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Polak
- Department of Periodontology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Choi JI, Seymour GJ. Vaccines against periodontitis: a forward-looking review. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010; 40:153-63. [PMID: 20827324 PMCID: PMC2931303 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2010.40.4.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease, as a polymicrobial disease, is globally endemic as well as being a global epidemic. It is the leading cause for tooth loss in the adult population and has been positively related to life-threatening systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. As a result, it is clear that more sophisticated therapeutic modalities need to be developed, which may include vaccines. Up to now, however, no periodontal vaccine trial has been successful in satisfying all the requirements; to prevent the colonization of a multiple pathogenic biofilm in the subgingival area, to elicit a high level of effector molecules such as immunoglobulin sufficient to opsonize and phagocytose the invading organisms, to suppress the induced alveolar bone loss, or to stimulate helper T-cell polarization that exerts cytokine functions optimal for protection against bacteria and tissue destruction. This article reviews all the vaccine trials so as to construct a more sophisticated strategy which may be relevant in the future. As an innovative strategy to circumvent these barriers, vaccine trials to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells polarized toward helper T-cells with a regulatory phenotype (Tregs, CD4+, CD25+, FoxP3+) have also been introduced. Targeting not only a single pathogen, but polymicrobial organisms, and targeting not only periodontal disease, but also periodontal disease-triggered systemic disease could be a feasible goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeom-Il Choi
- Department of Periodontology, Pusan National University School of Dentistry, Yangsan, Korea
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Polak D, Wilensky A, Shapira L, Weiss EI, Houri-Haddad Y. Vaccination of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis or Fusobacterium nucleatum modulates the inflammatory response, but fails to prevent experimental periodontitis*. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:812-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Masunaga H, Tsutae W, Oh H, Shinozuka N, Kishimoto N, Ogata Y. Use of quantitative PCR to evaluate methods of bacteria sampling in periodontal patients. J Oral Sci 2010; 52:615-21. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.52.615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Ohlrich EJ, Cullinan MP, Seymour GJ. The immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Aust Dent J 2009; 54 Suppl 1:S2-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2009.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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A novel vaccine targeting Fusobacterium nucleatum against abscesses and halitosis. Vaccine 2009; 27:1589-95. [PMID: 19162109 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An abscess in a gum pocket, resulting from bacterial infection, is a common source of chronic halitosis. Although antibiotics are generally prescribed for abscesses, they require multiple treatments with risks of creating resistant bacterial strains. Here we develop a novel vaccine using ultraviolet-inactivated Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum), a representative oral bacterium for halitosis. A gum pocket model, established by continuous inoculation of F. nucleatum, was employed to validate the vaccine potency. Mice immunized with inactivated F. nucleatum effectively minimized the progression of abscesses, measured by swollen tissues of gum pockets. Most notably, the immunized mice were capable of eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the production of volatile sulfur compounds of F. nucleatum. The novel vaccine inducing protective immunity provides an alternative option to conventional antibiotic treatments for chronic halitosis associated with abscesses.
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Sosroseno W, Bird PS, Seymour GJ. Effect of exogenous nitric oxide on murine immune response induced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:529-36. [PMID: 18973550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Elevated nitric oxide (NO) has been associated with destructive periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that exogenous NO may inhibit a protective immune response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a murine model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice of the BALB/c strain were sham immunized, immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS, treated with S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP; a NO donor) and immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS or treated with SNAP plus 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO) and immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. All animals were then challenged subcutaneously with viable A. actinomycetemcomitans. The serum-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses and both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) as well as splenic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity before and after bacterial challenge were assessed. The diameter of skin lesions was determined. Groups of mice were treated with l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (l-NIL), an iNOS inhibitor, or 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, prior to injections with SNAP and/or A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS, and the skin lesions were assessed. RESULTS Treatment with SNAP increased the iNOS activity, suppressed both serum-specific IgG2a and IFN-gamma levels, and delayed the healing of the lesions. These SNAP-induced immune alterations were restored by treatment with carboxy-PTIO. Pretreatment with l-NIL resulted in partial healing, whereas pretreatment with ODQ induced a delayed healing of the lesions. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that exogenous NO may suppress a protective T helper 1-like murine immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS by an endogenous NO-independent but a cyclic GMP-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sosroseno
- School of Dentistry, AIMST University, Semeling, Bedong, Kedah, Darul Aman, Malaysia.
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Sosroseno W, Musa M, Ravichandran M, Ibrahim MF, Bird PS, Seymour GJ. Effect of inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on the murine splenic immune response induced by Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Oral Sci 2008; 116:31-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2007.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharma DCG, Prasad SBM, Karthikeyan BV. Vaccination against periodontitis: the saga continues. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:579-90. [PMID: 17669011 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease can be considered to be one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases inflicting humans. With the advent of advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, a better understanding of the role of specific pathogens and the contributory role of the host immune response in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease has been possible - although not completely. However, successful vaccine development that fully utilizes the current level of understanding has not yet occurred for human use. This paper reviews various in vitro, animal studies and human trials undertaken to develop a vaccine against periodontal disease, with emphases on the shortfalls of these efforts and future prospects of developing a successful vaccine against periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep C G Sharma
- Department of Periodontics, KGF College of Dental Sciences, Kolar Gold Fields, Karnataka, India.
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Sosroseno W, Musa M, Ravichandran M, Fikri Ibrahim M, Bird PS, Seymour GJ. Effect of l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on murine immune response induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:124-30. [PMID: 17305870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity is known to regulate the immune response. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL), an iNOS inhibitor, on the induction of immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS BALB/c mice were sham-immunized (group I), immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (group II) or treated with L-NIL and immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide (group III). All animals were then challenged with viable A. actinomycetemcomitans. The levels of serum nitric oxide (NO), specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes and both interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, as well as spleen cell-derived iNOS activity, before and after bacterial challenge, were assessed. The diameter of skin lesions was also determined. Serum and spleen cells from the above groups were adoptively transferred to the recipients that were then subsequently challenged with live bacteria. RESULTS Treatment with L-NIL suppressed serum NO and splenic iNOS activity, but enhanced serum-specific IgG2a antibody and interferon-gamma levels. The lesions in L-NIL-treated mice healed much more rapidly. Transfer with serum and cells from L-NIL-treated and A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide-immunized donors resulted in rapid healing of the lesions in the recipients. CONCLUSION It is suggested that treatment with L-NIL in mice immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide may shift the immune response towards a protective T helper 1-like immunity against A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sosroseno
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
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Ford PJ, Gemmell E, Timms P, Chan A, Preston FM, Seymour GJ. Anti-P. gingivalis response correlates with atherosclerosis. J Dent Res 2007; 86:35-40. [PMID: 17189460 DOI: 10.1177/154405910708600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant associations between atherosclerosis and both Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathogen, and the respiratory pathogen, Chlamydia pneumoniae, have been shown. Many individuals with evidence of atherosclerosis demonstrate seropositivity to these pathogens. The aim of the present study was to examine the atherogenic effect of repeated immunizations with either or both of these agents, and to determine if molecular mimicry of bacterial heat-shock protein (HSP), termed GroEL, and host (h) HSP60 was involved. Atherogenesis was examined in apolipoprotein-E-deficient (-/-) mice following intraperitoneal immunizations with P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, P. gingivalis, and C. pneumoniae or vehicle. Lesion area in the proximal aorta and levels of serum antibodies to P. gingivalis, C. pneumoniae, and GroEL were measured. The increased pathogen burden of P. gingivalis, but not of C. pneumoniae, enhanced atherosclerosis. hHSP60 was detected in lesions, and in P. gingivalis-immunized mice, lesion development was correlated with anti-GroEL antibody levels, supporting the involvement of molecular mimicry between GroEL and hHSP60.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Ford
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Gemmell E, Yamazaki K, Seymour GJ. The role of T cells in periodontal disease: homeostasis and autoimmunity. Periodontol 2000 2007; 43:14-40. [PMID: 17214833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Gemmell
- Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Rams TE, Listgarten MA, Slots J. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis subgingival presence, species-specific serum immunoglobulin G antibody levels, and periodontitis disease recurrence. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:228-34. [PMID: 16677293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The biological and clinical effects of antibody against periodontal pathogenic bacteria are incompletely understood. This study evaluated the inter-relationships among periodontal levels of cultivable Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, species-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels, and periodontitis disease activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-three adults who had previously been treated for periodontitis and who also harbored cultivable A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis were evaluated semiannually for clinical disease recurrence over a 36-month period. Each patient provided subgingival microbial samples, for the recovery of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, from the two deepest pockets in each dentition sextant. A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis serum IgG antibody levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), together with whole-cell sonicate extracts from A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a-c and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. Data were analyzed using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square and Fisher exact two-tailed tests. RESULTS Eighteen (60.0%) of 30 A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive subjects, and 10 (76.9%) of 13 P. gingivalis-positive subjects, exhibited recurrent periodontal breakdown within 36 months of periodontal therapy. Nineteen (67.9%) of the 28 patients with active periodontitis had A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis serum antibody levels below designated threshold values. In comparison, 10 (66.7%) of 15 culture-positive clinically stable subjects showed A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis serum antibody levels above threshold values. The difference between specific antibody levels in periodontitis-active and periodontitis-stable patients was statistically significant (p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS Serum levels of IgG antibodies against A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis in periodontitis-stable patients were higher than those in patients with active periodontitis. The results suggest that elevated levels of IgG antibody against A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis have a detectable protective effect against periodontal infections with these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Rams
- Temple University School of Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The infectious aetiology of periodontitis is complex and no curative treatment modality exists. Palliative therapy is available. AIMS To review the evidence that active or passive immunization against periodontitis provides immune protection. MATERIAL AND METHODS PubMed (Medline), the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Center for Disease Control electronic databases were searched to extrapolate information on immune responses to immunization against periodontitis. RESULTS Studies in non-human primate models using ligature-induced experimental periodontitis suggest that antibody responses by active immunization against Porphyromonas gingivalis can safely be induced, enhanced, and obtained over time. Immune responses to whole bacterial cell and purified protein preparations considered as vaccine candidates have been evaluated in different animal models demonstrating that there are several valid vaccine candidates. Data suggest that immunization reduces the rate and severity of bone loss. It is also, temporarily, possible to alter the composition of the subgingival microflora. Natural active immunization by therapeutic interventions results in antibody titre enhancement and potentially improves treatment outcomes. Passive immunization of humans using P. gingivalis monoclonal antibodies temporarily prevents colonization of P. gingivalis. Probiotic therapy may be an alternative approach. Regulatory and safety issues for human periodontal vaccine trials must be considered. Shared infectious aetiology between periodontitis and systemic diseases may enhance vaccine effort developments. CONCLUSIONS Proof of principle that active and passive immunization can induce protective antibody responses is given. The impact of natural immunization and passive immunization in humans should be explored and may, presently, be more feasible than active immunization studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rutger Persson
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Microbiology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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Desvaux M, Khan A, Beatson SA, Scott-Tucker A, Henderson IR. Protein secretion systems in Fusobacterium nucleatum: Genomic identification of Type 4 piliation and complete Type V pathways brings new insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2005; 1713:92-112. [PMID: 15993836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent genomic analyses of the two sequenced strains F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and F. nucleatum subsp. vincentii ATCC 49256 suggested that the major protein secretion systems were absent. However, such a paucity of protein secretion systems is incongruous with F. nucleatum pathogenesis. Moreover, the presence of one or more such systems has been described for every other Gram-negative organism sequenced to date. In this investigation, the question of protein secretion in F. nucleatum was revisited. In the current study, the absence in F. nucleatum of a twin-arginine translocation system (TC #2.A.64.), a Type III secretion system (TC #3.A.6.), a Type IV secretion system (TC #3.A.7.) and a chaperone/usher pathway (TC #1.B.11.) was confirmed. However, contrary to previous findings, our investigations indicated that a Type I protein secretion system was also absent from F. nucleatum. In contrast, members of the holin family (TC #1.E) and the machinery required for a Type 4 piliation/fimbriation system (TC #3.A.15.2.) were identified using a variety of bioinformatic tools. Furthermore, a complete range of proteins resembling members of the Type V secretion pathway, i.e., the Type Va (autotransporter; TC #1.B.12.), Type Vb (two-partner secretion system; TC #1.B.20.) and Type Vc (YadA-like trimeric autotransporter; TC #1.B.42.), was found. This work provides new insight into the protein secretion and virulence mechanisms of F. nucleatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Desvaux
- The Institute for Biomedical Research (IBR), The University of Birmingham-The Medical School, Division of Immunity and Infection, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Genomics Unit, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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