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Praveen T, Kotrashetti VS, Nayak RS, Naik SS, Bhat K, Kugaji MS. Polymerase chain reaction-based identification of various serotypes of Streptococcus mutans in adults with and without dental caries. JOURNAL OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY AND ENDODONTICS 2024; 27:315-320. [PMID: 38634021 PMCID: PMC11019802 DOI: 10.4103/jcde.jcde_312_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a multistep process which initiates the development of plaque' defined as a structured biofilm containing microbial communities. Teeth provide unique surfaces for bacterial colonization. Serotypes of Streptococcus mutans implicate the development of dental caries. Aim The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and association of serotypes of S. mutans in groups with and without dental caries. Materials and Methods One hundred and fifty adults aged between 18 and 35 years were included in the study. Supragingival plaque samples were collected, followed by deoxyribonucleic acid extraction. Polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify S. mutans and its serotypes. Proportions of S. mutans and its serotypes were correlated with caries-active (CA) and caries-free (CF) groups. Results CA group showed 66.7% positivity for S. mutans and CF group showed only 42.7% of positivity. Serotype C showed a higher proportion followed by E' F, and K in the CA group, whereas in the CF group, higher proportion was observed with K followed by C' E, and F. 70.8% cases showed single serotype in the CA group and 83.3% in CF group. Multiple serotypes were seen in 29.2% in the CA group and 16.7% in the CF group. Conclusions The study clearly established variation in proportions of S. mutans and its serotypes between CA and CF groups. Positive correlation was observed in the CA group for S. mutans and its serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanakanti Praveen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi S. Kotrashetti
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramakant S. Nayak
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Sachita Shrikant Naik
- Department of Periodontology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
| | - Manohar Suresh Kugaji
- Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal’s NGH Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, India
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Naka S, Matsuoka D, Goto K, Misaki T, Nagasawa Y, Ito S, Nomura R, Nakano K, Matsumoto-Nakano M. Cnm of Streptococcus mutans is important for cell surface structure and membrane permeability. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:994014. [PMID: 36176579 PMCID: PMC9513430 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.994014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacterium, is a major pathogen of dental caries. The protein Cnm of S. mutans is involved in collagen binding, but its other biological functions are unknown. In this study, a Cnm-deficient isogenic mutant and a complementation strain were generated from a Cnm-positive S. mutans strain to help determine the properties of Cnm. Initially, comparison of the cell surface structure was performed by electron microscopy, which demonstrated that Cnm appears to be localized on the cell surface and associated with a protruding cell surface structure. Deep RNA sequencing of the strains revealed that the defect in Cnm caused upregulated expression of many genes related to ABC transporters and cell-surface proteins, while a few genes were downregulated. The amount of biofilm formed by the Cnm-defective strain increased compared with the parental and complemented strains, but the biofilm structure was thinner because of elevated expression of genes encoding glucan synthesis enzymes, leading to increased production of extracellular polysaccharides. Particular antibiotics, including bacitracin and chloramphenicol, had a lower minimum inhibitory concentration for the Cnm-defective strain than particular antibiotics, including bacitracin and chloramphenicol, compared with the parental and complemented strains. Our results suggest that S. mutans Cnm is located on the cell surface, gives rise to the observed protruding cell surface, and is associated with several biological properties related to membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Naka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daiki Matsuoka
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kana Goto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taro Misaki
- Division of Nephrology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Seirei Christopher University, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagasawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Seigo Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, Japan Self-Defense Iruma Hospital, Iruma, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Michiyo Matsumoto-Nakano,
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3
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Kovacs CJ, Faustoferri RC, Bischer AP, Quivey RG. Streptococcus mutans requires mature rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides for proper pathophysiology, morphogenesis and cellular division. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:944-959. [PMID: 31210392 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria has been shown to mediate environmental stress tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, host immune evasion and overall virulence. The majority of these traits have been demonstrated for the well-studied system of wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis, a common cell wall polysaccharide among Gram-positive organisms. Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive odontopathogen that contributes to the enamel-destructive disease dental caries, lacks the capabilities to generate WTA. Instead, the cell wall of S. mutans is highly decorated with rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides (RGP), for which functional roles are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the RGP has a distinct role in protecting S. mutans from a variety of stress conditions pertinent to pathogenic capability. Mutant strains with disrupted RGP synthesis failed to properly localize cell division complexes, suffered from aberrant septum formation and exhibited enhanced cellular autolysis. Surprisingly, mutant strains of S. mutans with impairment in RGP side chain modification grew into elongated chains and also failed to properly localize the presumed cell wall hydrolase, GbpB. Our results indicate that fully mature RGP has distinct protective and morphogenic roles for S. mutans, and these structures are functionally homologous to the WTA of other Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kovacs
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Roberta C Faustoferri
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrew P Bischer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Robert G Quivey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 672, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.,Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Box 611, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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4
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Thevenard B, Besset C, Choinard S, Fourcassié P, Boyaval P, Monnet V, Rul F. Response of S. thermophilus LMD-9 to bacitracin: involvement of a BceRS/AB-like module and of the rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide synthesis pathway. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 177:89-97. [PMID: 24607862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus thermophilus is a lactic acid bacterium of major importance to the dairy industry as it is found in numerous cheeses and is one of the two bacterial species involved in the fermentation of yogurt. Bacterial two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) play important roles in the process of bacterial environmental adaptation. S. thermophilus LMD-9 possesses eight such TCS systems; however, their functions have thus far been only poorly investigated. Here, we focused on two of the TCSs in LMD-9, TCS06 and TCS07, whose encoding genes are located close to each other on the chromosome, and are associated with those of ABC transporters. TCS06 homologs are frequently found in Lactobacillales, but their function has not yet been determined, while TCS07 and its upstream potential ABC transporter are homologous to the BceRS/AB system, which is involved in bacitracin resistance in Bacillus and Streptococcus species. To investigate the function(s) of TCS06 and TCS07, we constructed and characterized deletion mutants and performed transcriptional analysis in the presence and absence of bacitracin. We show here that both TCS06 and TCS07 regulate the genes in their close vicinity, in particular those encoding ABC transporters. We propose that the response of S. thermophilus to bacitracin includes i) a bacitracin export system, regulated by TCS07 and constituting a BceRS/AB-like detoxification module, and ii) the modification of cell-envelope properties via modulation of rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide synthesis, at least partially regulated by TCS06.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Thevenard
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Besset
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Choinard
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - P Fourcassié
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Danisco France, BP10, 386220 Dangé-Saint-Romain, France
| | - P Boyaval
- DuPont Nutrition and Health, Danisco France, BP10, 386220 Dangé-Saint-Romain, France
| | - V Monnet
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F Rul
- INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParisTech, UMR1319 Micalis, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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5
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Nomura R, Nakano K, Naka S, Nemoto H, Masuda K, Lapirattanakul J, Alaluusua S, Matsumoto M, Kawabata S, Ooshima T. Identification and characterization of a collagen-binding protein, Cbm, in Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2012; 27:308-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2012.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Nakano K, Nomura R, Matsumoto M, Ooshima T. Roles of oral bacteria in cardiovascular diseases--from molecular mechanisms to clinical cases: Cell-surface structures of novel serotype k Streptococcus mutans strains and their correlation to virulence. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 113:120-5. [PMID: 20501965 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r24fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is generally known as a pathogen of dental caries, and it is also considered to cause bacteremia and infective endocarditis (IE). S. mutans was previously classified into 3 serotypes, c, e, and f, due to the different chemical compositions of the serotype-specific polysaccharides, which are composed of a rhamnose backbone and glucose side chains. We recently designated non-c/e/f serotype S. mutans strains as novel serotype k, which is characterized by a drastic reduction in the amount of the glucose side chain. A common biological feature of novel serotype-k strains is a lower level of cariogenicity due to alterations of several major cell surface protein antigens. As for virulence in blood, these strains survive in blood for a longer duration due to lower antigenicity, while the detection rate of all strains carrying the gene encoding collagen-binding adhesin has been shown to be high. Furthermore, molecular biological analyses of infected heart valve specimens obtained from IE patients revealed a high detection rate of serotype-k S. mutans. Together, these findings suggest that serotype-k S. mutans strains show low cariogenicity but high virulence in blood as compared to the other serotypes, due to alterations of several cell surface structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Nakano K, Ooshima T. Serotype classification of Streptococcus mutans and its detection outside the oral cavity. Future Microbiol 2009; 4:891-902. [PMID: 19722842 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, generally known as a major pathogen of dental caries, is also a possible causative agent of bacteremia and infective endocarditis. S. mutans is classified into serotypes c, e, f and k based on the chemical composition of serotype-specific polysaccharides, with approximately 70-80% of strains found in the oral cavity classified as serotype c, followed by e (approximately 20%), and f and k (less than 5% each). Serotype k was recently designated as a novel serotype and shown to possess unique features, the most prominent being a defect of the glucose side chain in serotype-specific rhamnose-glucose polymers, which is related to a higher incidence of detection in cardiovascular specimens, owing to phagocytosis resistance. Molecular analyses of cardiovascular specimens showed a high detection frequency for S. mutans DNA, among which the detection rate for serotype k was quite high. These findings suggest that serotype k S. mutans possibly has a high level of virulence for systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Division of Oral Infections & Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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8
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Lapirattanakul J, Nakano K, Nomura R, Nemoto H, Kojima A, Senawongse P, Srisatjaluk R, Ooshima T. Detection of serotypek Streptococcus mutansin Thai subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:431-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Nomura R, Nakano K, Taniguchi N, Lapirattanakul J, Nemoto H, Grönroos L, Alaluusua S, Ooshima T. Molecular and clinical analyses of the gene encoding the collagen-binding adhesin of Streptococcus mutans. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:469-475. [PMID: 19273643 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.007559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a known pathogen of dental caries and its major cell surface antigens have been widely investigated. Recently, an approximately 120 kDa Cnm protein with binding properties to type I collagen was identified, and its encoding gene (cnm) cloned and sequenced. In the present study, we sequenced cnm from 47 different clinical S. mutans strains and found that the nucleotide alignment of the collagen-binding domain was well conserved. We devised a PCR method for identifying the cnm gene, examined the prevalence of cnm-positive S. mutans strains in various mother-child groups, and assessed the significance of such strains for transmission and dental caries. The detection rate of cnm-positive strains was significantly lower in strains isolated from Japanese children in the 2000s (8.0 %) as compared to those isolated in the 1980s (15.8 %) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the presence of S. mutans possessing cnm in salivary specimens collected from 55 S. mutans-positive mother-child pairs was 40 and 32.7 % in the mothers and children, respectively. The frequency of cnm-positive children whose mothers were also positive was 72 %, which was significantly higher than that of cnm-positive children with negative mothers (P<0.0001, odds ratio 17.5). In addition, clinical parameters indicating dental caries were significantly increased in children with cnm-positive S. mutans in saliva (n=13), as compared to those with cnm-negative S. mutans (n=15) and S. mutans-negative children (n=20) (P<0.01). These results indicate that cnm-positive S. mutans strains are closely correlated with dental caries, while vertical transmission in cnm-positive mother-child pairs was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naho Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jinthana Lapirattanakul
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Nemoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lisa Grönroos
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Alaluusua
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takashi Ooshima
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Shibata Y, Yamashita Y, van der Ploeg JR. The serotype-specific glucose side chain of rhamnose-glucose polysaccharides is essential for adsorption of bacteriophage M102 to Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 294:68-73. [PMID: 19493010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage M102 is a virulent siphophage that propagates in some serotype c Streptococcus mutans strains, but not in S. mutans of serotype e, f or k. The serotype of S. mutans is determined by the glucose side chain of rhamnose-glucose polysaccharide (RGP). Because the first step in the bacteriophage infection process is adsorption of the phage, it was investigated whether the serotype specificity of phage M102 was determined by adsorption. M102 adsorbed to all tested serotype c strains, but not to strains of different serotypes. Streptococcus mutans serotype c mutants defective in the synthesis of the glucose side chain of RGP failed to adsorb phage M102. These results suggest that the glucose side chain of RGP acts as a receptor for phage M102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Shibata
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Nakano K, Nomura R, Nemoto H, Lapirattanakul J, Taniguchi N, Grönroos L, Alaluusua S, Ooshima T. Protein antigen in serotype k Streptococcus mutans clinical isolates. J Dent Res 2008; 87:964-8. [PMID: 18809752 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808701001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a major pathogen of dental caries and infective endocarditis, is classified into serotypes c, e, f, and k, with serotype k strains recently reported to be frequently detected in persons with infective endocarditis. Thus, we hypothesized that common properties associated with infective endocarditis are present in those strains. Fifty-six oral S. mutans strains, including 11 serotype k strains, were analyzed. Western blotting analysis revealed expression of the 3 types of glucosyltransferases in all strains, while expression of the approximately 190-kDa cell-surface protein (PA) was absent in 12 strains, among which the prevalence of serotype k (7/12) was significantly high. Furthermore, cellular hydrophobicity and phagocytosis susceptibility were lower in the group of serotype k strains. These results indicate that the absence of PA expression, low cellular hydrophobicity, and phagocytosis susceptibility are common bacterial properties associated with serotype k strains, which may be associated with virulence for infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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13
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Huang WC, Chen YYM, Teng LJ, Lien HT, Chen JY, Chia JS. Chromosomal inversion between rrn operons among Streptococcus mutans serotype c oral and blood isolates. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:198-206. [PMID: 18201986 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans causes dental caries and infective endocarditis. The aim of this study was to determine genomic diversity among serotype c S. mutans laboratory and clinical strains and to characterize the genetic events involved. A genome-based approach using PFGE coupled with Southern hybridization was employed to examine a total of 58 serotype c oral and blood isolates and seven laboratory strains and to compare them with S. mutans UA159. No significant differences were found in the phenotypic characteristics of the strains tested, except that some of the strains exhibited smooth rather than rough colony morphology. In contrast, PFGE profiles of clinical isolates, from either diseased or healthy subjects, exhibited diverse patterns, suggesting that recombination or point mutations occurred frequently in vivo. Diverse PFGE patterns, with various lengths of insertions and deletions, could be detected even within a localized chromosomal region between rRNA operons. Comparative analysis using Southern hybridization with specific markers revealed that a large chromosomal inversion had also occurred between rrn operons in 25 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ywan M Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lee-Jene Teng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Huwei-Ting Lien
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jean-San Chia
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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14
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Nakano K, Lapirattanakul J, Nomura R, Nemoto H, Alaluusua S, Grönroos L, Vaara M, Hamada S, Ooshima T, Nakagawa I. Streptococcus mutans clonal variation revealed by multilocus sequence typing. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2616-25. [PMID: 17567784 PMCID: PMC1951271 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02343-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is the major pathogen of dental caries, a biofilm-dependent infectious disease, and occasionally causes infective endocarditis. S. mutans strains have been classified into four serotypes (c, e, f, and k). However, little is known about the S. mutans population, including the clonal relationships among strains of S. mutans, in relation to the particular clones that cause systemic diseases. To address this issue, we have developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for S. mutans. Eight housekeeping gene fragments were sequenced from each of 102 S. mutans isolates collected from the four serotypes in Japan and Finland. Between 14 and 23 alleles per locus were identified, allowing us theoretically to distinguish more than 1.2 x 10(10) sequence types. We identified 92 sequence types in these 102 isolates, indicating that S. mutans contains a diverse population. Whereas serotype c strains were widely distributed in the dendrogram, serotype e, f, and k strains were differentiated into clonal complexes. Therefore, we conclude that the ancestral strain of S. mutans was serotype c. No geographic specificity was identified. However, the distribution of the collagen-binding protein gene (cnm) and direct evidence of mother-to-child transmission were clearly evident. In conclusion, the superior discriminatory capacity of this MLST scheme for S. mutans may have important practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Nakano
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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