1
|
Thapa HB, Ebenberger SP, Schild S. The Two Faces of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1045. [PMID: 37370364 PMCID: PMC10295235 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are nanosized lipid particles secreted by lysis or blebbing mechanisms from Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. It is becoming increasingly evident that MVs can promote antimicrobial resistance but also provide versatile opportunities for therapeutic exploitation. As non-living facsimiles of parent bacteria, MVs can carry multiple bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites, which enable them to participate in intra- and interspecific communication. Although energetically costly, the release of MVs seems beneficial for bacterial fitness, especially for pathogens. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of diverse MV biogenesis routes affecting MV cargo. We comprehensively highlight the physiological functions of MVs derived from human pathogens covering in vivo adaptation, colonization fitness, and effector delivery. Emphasis is given to recent findings suggesting a vicious cycle of MV biogenesis, pathophysiological function, and antibiotic therapy. We also summarize potential therapeutical applications, such as immunotherapy, vaccination, targeted delivery, and antimicrobial potency, including their experimental validation. This comparative overview identifies common and unique strategies for MV modification used along diverse applications. Thus, the review summarizes timely aspects of MV biology in a so far unprecedented combination ranging from beneficial function for bacterial pathogen survival to future medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himadri B. Thapa
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan P. Ebenberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Modulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Other Periodontal Pathobionts. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010015. [PMID: 36677306 PMCID: PMC9862357 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of periodontitis depends on a sustained feedback loop where bacterial virulence factors and immune responses both contribute to inflammation and tissue degradation. Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that is associated with a pathogenic shift in the oral microbiome. Within this shift, low-abundance Gram-negative anaerobic pathobionts transition from harmless colonisers of the subgingival environment to a virulent state that drives evasion and subversion of innate and adaptive immune responses. This, in turn, drives the progression of inflammatory disease and the destruction of tooth-supporting structures. From an evolutionary perspective, bacteria have developed this phenotypic plasticity in order to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli or external stressors. This review summarises the available knowledge of genetic, transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms which mediate the commensal-pathogen transition of periodontal bacteria. The review will focus primarily on Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Collapse
|
3
|
Okamura H, Hirota K, Yoshida K, Weng Y, He Y, Shiotsu N, Ikegame M, Uchida-Fukuhara Y, Tanai A, Guo J. Outer membrane vesicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Novel communication tool and strategy. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:138-146. [PMID: 34484474 PMCID: PMC8399048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as a universal method of cellular communications and are reportedly produced in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Bacterial EVs are often called “Outer Membrane Vesicles” (OMVs) as they were the result of a controlled blebbing of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Bacterial EVs are natural messengers, implicated in intra- and inter-species cell-to-cell communication among microorganism populations present in microbiota. Bacteria can incorporate their pathogens into OMVs; the content of OMVs differs, depending on the type of bacteria. The production of distinct types of OMVs can be mediated by different factors and routes. A recent study highlighted OMVs ability to carry crucial molecules implicated in immune modulation, and, nowadays, they are considered as a way to communicate and transfer messages from the bacteria to the host and vice versa. This review article focuses on the current understanding of OMVs produced from major oral bacteria, P. gingivalis: generation, characteristics, and contents as well as the involvement in signal transduction of host cells and systemic diseases. Our recent study regarding the action of P. gingivalis OMVs in the living body is also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hirota
- Department of Medical Hygiene, Dental Hygiene Course, Kochi Gakuen College, Kochi 780-0955, Japan
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral Healthcare Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yao Weng
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Yuhan He
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Noriko Shiotsu
- Comprehensive Dental Clinic, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Yoko Uchida-Fukuhara
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Airi Tanai
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan
| | - Jiajie Guo
- Department of Oral Morphology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata, Kitaku, Okayama 770-8525, Japan.,Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Nanjing North Street 117, Shenyang 110002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Liu D, Liu S, Zhang S, Pan Y. The Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles in Periodontal Disease and Related Systemic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:585917. [PMID: 33585266 PMCID: PMC7877337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease associated with a variety of bacteria, which can cause damage to the periodontal support structure and affect a variety of systemic system diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and Alzheimer's disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is the most important pathogenic bacteria for periodontal disease. It can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and release them into the environment, playing an important role in its pathogenesis. This article focuses on P. gingivalis OMVs, reviews its production and regulation, virulence components, mode of action and related diseases, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to P. gingivalis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sai Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a process conserved across the three domains of life. Amongst prokaryotes, EVs produced by Gram-negative bacteria, termed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), were identified more than 50 years ago and a wealth of literature exists regarding their biogenesis, composition and functions. OMVs have been implicated in benefiting numerous metabolic functions of their parent bacterium. Additionally, OMVs produced by pathogenic bacteria have been reported to contribute to pathology within the disease setting. By contrast, the release of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria, known as membrane vesicles (MVs), has only been widely accepted within the last decade. As such, there is a significant disproportion in knowledge regarding MVs compared to OMVs. Here we provide an overview of the literature regarding bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) produced by pathogenic and commensal bacteria. We highlight the mechanisms of BMV biogenesis and their roles in assisting bacterial survival, in addition to discussing their functions in promoting disease pathologies and their potential use as novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J Gilmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie J Bitto
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Murakami Y, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y. Separation of Glycosylated OmpA-Like Proteins from Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2210:143-155. [PMID: 32815135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0939-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OmpA-like proteins located in the outer bacterial membrane are potential virulence factors from the major periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. Our previous studies have shown that OmpA-like proteins are glycosylated by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and are strongly reactive to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin, which shows sugar specificity to GlcNAc. Utilizing this property, we have developed a separation method for OmpA-like proteins by affinity chromatography using WGA lectin-agarose. The purity of enriched native OmpA-like proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining. More importantly, the purified OmpA-like proteins formed a unique trimeric structure keeping their bioactivity intact. In this chapter, we describe a detailed procedure to separate OmpA-like proteins, which may be used to further progress the biological studies of OmpA-like proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukitaka Murakami
- Department of Dental Basic Education (Biology), Asahi University School of Dentistry, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan.
| | - Keiji Nagano
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hasegawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nisshin, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lindholm M, Min Aung K, Nyunt Wai S, Oscarsson J. Role of OmpA1 and OmpA2 in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus serum resistance. J Oral Microbiol 2018; 11:1536192. [PMID: 30598730 PMCID: PMC6225413 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2018.1536192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus belong to the HACEK group of fastidious Gram-negative organisms, a recognized cause of infective endocarditis. A. actinomycetemcomitans is also implicated in aggressive forms of periodontitis. We demonstrated that A. aphrophilus strains, as A. actinomycetemcomitans are ubiquitously serum resistant. Both species encode two Outer membrane protein A paralogues, here denoted OmpA1 and OmpA2. As their respective pangenomes contain several OmpA1 and OmpA2 alleles, they represent potential genotypic markers. A naturally competent strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans and A. aphrophilus, respectively were used to elucidate if OmpA1 and OmpA2 contribute to serum resistance. Whereas OmpA1 was critical for survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans D7SS in 50% normal human serum (NHS), serum resistant ompA1 mutants were fortuitously obtained, expressing enhanced levels of OmpA2. Similarly, OmpA1 rather than OmpA2 was a major contributor to serum resistance of A. aphrophilus HK83. Far-Western blot revealed that OmpA1AA, OmpA2AA, and OmpA1AP can bind to C4-binding protein, an inhibitor of classical and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) complement activation. Indeed, ompA1 mutants were susceptible to these pathways, but also to alternative complement activation. This may at least partly reflect a compromised outer membrane integrity but is also consistent with alternative mechanisms involved in OmpA-mediated serum resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lindholm
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
OmpA-like proteins of Porphyromonas gingivalis contribute to serum resistance and prevent Toll-like receptor 4-mediated host cell activation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202791. [PMID: 30153274 PMCID: PMC6112661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis possesses various abilities to evade and disrupt host immune responses, by which it acts as an important periodontal pathogen. P. gingivalis produces outer membrane protein A (OmpA)-like proteins (OmpALPs), Pgm6 and Pgm7, as major O-linked glycoproteins, but their pathological roles in P. gingivalis infection are largely unknown. Here, we report that OmpALP-deficient strains of P. gingivalis show an enhanced stimulatory activity in coculture with host cells. Such an altered ability of the OmpALP-deficient strains was found to be due to their impaired survival in coculture and the release of LPS from dead bacterial cells to stimulate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Further analyses revealed that the OmpALP-deficient strains were inviable in serum-containing media although they grew normally in the bacterial medium. The wild-type strain was able to grow in 90% normal human serum, while the OmpALP-deficient strains did not survive even at 5%. The OmpALP-deficient strains did not survive in heat-inactivated serum, but they gained the ability to survive and grow in proteinase K-treated serum. Of note, the sensitivity of the OmpALP-deficient strains to the bactericidal activity of human β-defensin 3 was increased as compared with the WT. Thus, this study suggests that OmpALPs Pgm6 and Pgm7 are important for serum resistance of P. gingivalis. These proteins prevent bacterial cell destruction by serum and innate immune recognition by TLR4; this way, P. gingivalis may adeptly colonize serum-containing gingival crevicular fluids and subgingival environments.
Collapse
|
9
|
PG1058 Is a Novel Multidomain Protein Component of the Bacterial Type IX Secretion System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164313. [PMID: 27711252 PMCID: PMC5053529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis utilises the Bacteroidetes-specific type IX secretion system (T9SS) to export proteins across the outer membrane (OM), including virulence factors such as the gingipains. The secreted proteins have a conserved carboxy-terminal domain essential for type IX secretion that is cleaved upon export. In P. gingivalis the T9SS substrates undergo glycosylation with anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS) and are attached to the OM. In this study, comparative analyses of 24 Bacteroidetes genomes identified ten putative novel components of the T9SS in P. gingivalis, one of which was PG1058. Computer modelling of the PG1058 structure predicted a novel N- to C-terminal architecture comprising a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, a β-propeller domain, a carboxypeptidase regulatory domain-like fold (CRD) and an OmpA_C-like putative peptidoglycan binding domain. Inactivation of pg1058 in P. gingivalis resulted in loss of both colonial pigmentation and surface-associated proteolytic activity; a phenotype common to T9SS mutants. Immunoblot and LC-MS/MS analyses of subcellular fractions revealed T9SS substrates accumulated within the pg1058 mutant periplasm whilst whole-cell ELISA showed the Kgp gingipain was absent from the cell surface, confirming perturbed T9SS function. Immunoblot, TEM and whole-cell ELISA analyses indicated A-LPS was produced and present on the pg1058 mutant cell surface although it was not linked to T9SS substrate proteins. This indicated that PG1058 is crucial for export of T9SS substrates but not for the translocation of A-LPS. PG1058 is a predicted lipoprotein and was localised to the periplasmic side of the OM using whole-cell ELISA, immunoblot and LC-MS/MS analyses of subcellular fractions. The structural prediction and localisation of PG1058 suggests that it may have a role as an essential scaffold linking the periplasmic and OM components of the T9SS.
Collapse
|
10
|
Naylor KL, Widziolek M, Hunt S, Conolly M, Hicks M, Stafford P, Potempa J, Murdoch C, Douglas CWI, Stafford GP. Role of OmpA2 surface regions of Porphyromonas gingivalis in host-pathogen interactions with oral epithelial cells. Microbiologyopen 2016; 6. [PMID: 27595778 PMCID: PMC5300881 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) is a key outer membrane protein found in Gram‐negative bacteria that contributes to several crucial processes in bacterial virulence. In Porphyromonas gingivalis, OmpA is predicted as a heterotrimer of OmpA1 and OmpA2 subunits encoded by adjacent genes. Here we describe the role of OmpA and its individual subunits in the interaction of P. gingivalis with oral cells. Using knockout mutagenesis, we show that OmpA2 plays a significant role in biofilm formation and interaction with human epithelial cells. We used protein structure prediction software to identify extracellular loops of OmpA2, and determined these are involved in interactions with epithelial cells as evidenced by inhibition of adherence and invasion of P. gingivalis by synthetic extracellular loop peptides and the ability of the peptides to mediate interaction of latex beads with human cells. In particular, we observe that OmpA2‐loop 4 plays an important role in the interaction with host cells. These data demonstrate for the first time the important role of P. gingivalis OmpA2 extracellular loops in interaction with epithelial cells, which may help design novel peptide‐based antimicrobial therapies for periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Naylor
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Widziolek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stuart Hunt
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Conolly
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hicks
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Prachi Stafford
- Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C W Ian Douglas
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Stafford
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Haurat MF, Elhenawy W, Feldman MF. Prokaryotic membrane vesicles: new insights on biogenesis and biological roles. Biol Chem 2015; 396:95-109. [PMID: 25178905 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biogenesis and trafficking of membrane vesicles are essential and well-studied processes in eukaryotes. In contrast, vesiculation in bacteria is not well understood. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are produced in Gram-negative bacteria by blebbing of the outer membrane. In addition to the roles in pathogenesis, cell-to-cell communication and stress response, recent work has suggested that OMVs play important roles in immunomodulation and the establishment and balance of the gut microbiota. In this review we discuss the known and novel roles of OMVs and the different biogenesis models proposed, and address the evidence for cargo selection into OMVs. We also discuss the growing evidence for the existence of membrane vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria and Archaea. Due to their biological importance and promising applications in vaccinology, the biogenesis of OMVs is an important topic in microbiology.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xie H. Biogenesis and function of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1517-27. [PMID: 26343879 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the keystone pathogens associated with chronic periodontitis. All P. gingivalis strains examined thus far produce outer membrane vesicles. Recent studies have found that vesicles possess some well-known virulence factors of P. gingivalis such as adhesins, toxins and proteolytic enzymes. Carrying most of the characteristic features of their parent P. gingivalis cells, vesicles communicate with host cells and other members of microbial biofilms, resulting in the transmission of virulence factors into these host cells and the formation of pathogenic bacteria-dominated microbial communities. An in-depth understanding of both the nature and role of vesicles in the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis is both important and timely, particularly when speaking of periodontitis and its related systemic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Xie
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr DB Todd, Nashville, Tennessee, TN 37208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Characterization of wheat germ agglutinin lectin-reactive glycosylated OmpA-like proteins derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4563-71. [PMID: 25135681 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02069-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the common posttranslational modifications in eukaryotes. Recently, glycosylated proteins have also been identified in prokaryotes. A few glycosylated proteins, including gingipains, have been identified in Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. However, no other glycosylated proteins have been found. The present study identified glycoproteins in P. gingivalis cell lysates by lectin blotting. Whole-cell lysates reacted with concanavalin A (ConA), Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E4), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), suggesting the presence of mannose-, N-acetylgalactosamine-, or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-modified proteins. Next, glycoproteins were isolated by ConA-, LCA-, PHA-E4-, or WGA-conjugated lectin affinity chromatography although specific proteins were enriched only by the WGA column. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that an OmpA-like, heterotrimeric complex formed by Pgm6 and Pgm7 (Pgm6/7) was the major glycoprotein isolated from P. gingivalis. Deglycosylation experiments and Western blotting with a specific antibody indicated that Pgm6/7 was modified with O-GlcNAc. When whole-cell lysates from P. gingivalis mutant strains with deletions of Pgm6 and Pgm7 were applied to a WGA column, homotrimeric Pgm7, but not Pgm6, was isolated. Heterotrimeric Pgm6/7 had the strongest affinity for fibronectin of all the extracellular proteins tested, whereas homotrimeric Pgm7 showed reduced binding activity. These findings suggest that the heterotrimeric structure is important for the biological activity of glycosylated WGA-binding OmpA-like proteins in P. gingivalis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hypothetical Proteins Present During Recovery Phase of Radiation Resistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans are Under Purifying Selection. J Mol Evol 2013; 77:31-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-013-9577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
15
|
Precipitation of iron on the surface of Leptospira interrogans is associated with mutation of the stress response metalloprotease HtpX. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4653-60. [PMID: 23709510 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01097-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of free metal ions in the environment can be detrimental to bacterial survival. However, bacteria utilize strategies, including the activation of stress response pathways and immobilizing chemical elements on their surface, to limit this toxicity. In this study, we characterized LA4131, the HtpX-like M48 metalloprotease from Leptospira interrogans, with a putative role in bacterial stress response and membrane homeostasis. Growth of the la4131 transposon mutant strain (L522) in 360 μM FeSO4 (10-fold the normal in vitro concentration) resulted in the production of an amorphous iron precipitate. Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the strain demonstrated that precipitate production was associated with the generation and release of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from the leptospiral surface. Transcriptional studies indicated that inactivation of la4131 resulted in altered expression of a subset of metal toxicity and stress response genes. Combining these findings, this report describes OMV production in response to environmental stressors and associates OMV production with the in vitro activity of an HtpX-like metalloprotease.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abe T, Murakami Y, Nagano K, Hasegawa Y, Moriguchi K, Ohno N, Shimozato K, Yoshimura F. OmpA-like protein influences cell shape and adhesive activity of Tannerella forsythia. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:374-87. [PMID: 22053965 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00625.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tannerella forsythia, a gram-negative fusiform rod, is implicated in several types of oral anaerobic infections. Most gram-negative bacteria have OmpA-like proteins that are homologous to the OmpA protein in Escherichia coli. We identified an OmpA-like protein in T. forsythia encoded by the tf1331 gene as one of the major proteins by mass spectrometric analysis. Two-dimensional, diagonal electrophoresis showed that the OmpA-like protein formed a dimeric or trimeric structure via intermolecular disulfide bonds. A biotin labeling experiment revealed that a portion of the protein was exposed on the cell surface, even though T. forsythia possesses an S-layer at the outermost cell surface. Using a tf1331-deletion mutant, we showed that the OmpA-like protein affected cell morphology. The length of the mutant cell was reduced almost by half. Cell swelling was observed in more than 40% of the mutant cells. Moreover, the mutant exhibited decreased adhesion to fibronectin, retarded autoaggregation, and reduced cell surface hydrophobicity. These results suggest that the OmpA-like protein in T. forsythia plays an important role in cellular integrity and adhesive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Abe
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Unal CM, Schaar V, Riesbeck K. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in disease and preventive medicine. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 33:395-408. [PMID: 21153593 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-010-0231-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria have the ability to produce outer membrane-derived vesicles (OMVs) that are released into the extracellular milieu. Even though this intriguing phenomenon is well-known since many years, various aspects of bacterial OMVs are not fully described and are still in the process of being characterized in detail. One major reason for this is that depending on the bacterial species and its respective ecological niche, OMVs exhibit an enormous functional diversity. Research of the past years has clearly shown that OMVs of many pathogenic bacteria contribute to the virulence potential by enriching virulence factors and delivering them over long distances, superseding direct bacterial contact with their host. The subsequent interaction of OMVs with the host can occur at different levels regarding the type of immune response or the target cell type and may lead to different outcomes ranging from non-immunogenic activation or a pro-inflammatory response to cytotoxicity. In contrast to being virulence factors, OMVs are used for vaccination purposes in the combat against bacterial pathogens, and recent research thus is focused on to indirectly aim these versatile bacterial weapons against themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can M Unal
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wexler HM, Tenorio E, Pumbwe L. Characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis lacking the major outer membrane protein, OmpA. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2694-2706. [PMID: 19497947 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.025858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OmpA1 is the major outer membrane protein of the Gram-negative anaerobic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis. We identified three additional conserved ompA homologues (ompA2-ompA4) and three less homologous ompA-like genes (ompAs 5, 6 and 7) in B. fragilis. We constructed an ompA1 disruption mutant in B. fragilis 638R (WAL6 OmegaompA1) using insertion-mediated mutagenesis. WAL6 OmegaompA1 formed much smaller colonies and had smaller, rounder forms on Gram stain analysis than the parental strain or other unrelated disruption mutants. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis (with anti-OmpA1 IgY) of the OMP patterns of WAL6 OmegaompA1 grown in both high- and low-salt media did not reveal any other OmpA proteins even under osmotic stress. An ompA1 deletant (WAL186DeltaompA1) was constructed using a two-step double-crossover technique, and an ompA 'reinsertant', WAL360+ompA1, was constructed by reinserting the ompA gene into WAL186DeltaompA1. WAL186DeltaompA1 was significantly more sensitive to exposure to SDS, high salt and oxygen than the parental (WAL108) or reinsertant (WAL360+ompA1) strain. No significant change was seen in MICs of a variety of antimicrobials for either WAL6 OmegaompA1 or WAL186DeltaompA1 compared to WAL108. RT-PCR revealed that all of the ompA genes are transcribed in the parental strain and in the disruption mutant, but, as expected, ompA1 is not transcribed in WAL186DeltaompA1. Unexpectedly, ompA4 is also not transcribed in WAL186DeltaompA1. A predicted structure indicated that among the four OmpA homologues, the barrel portion is more conserved than the loops, except for specific conserved patches on loop 1 and loop 3. The presence of multiple copies of such similar genes in one organism would suggest a critical role for this protein in B. fragilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Wexler
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare System, University of California, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tenorio
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare System, University of California, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Lilian Pumbwe
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare System, University of California, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yoshimura F, Murakami Y, Nishikawa K, Hasegawa Y, Kawaminami S. Surface components of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2008; 44:1-12. [PMID: 18973529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Research on Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathogen, has provided a tremendous amount of information over the last 20 years, which may exceed in part than that on other closely related members in terms of phylogenetic as well as proteomic criteria, including Bacteroides fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron as major anaerobic, opportunistic pathogens in the medical field. In this minireview, we focused on recent research findings concerning surface components such as outer membrane proteins and fimbriae, of P. gingivalis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Elucidation of the surface components in P. gingivalis was especially difficult because outer membrane proteins are tightly bound to lipopolysaccharide and they are resistant to dissociation and separation from each other, even during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, unless samples are appropriately heated. In addition, P. gingivalis is asaccharolytic and therefore a potent proteolytic bacterium, another factor causing difficulty in research. The study of the surface components was carefully carried out considering these unique features in P. gingivalis when compared with other gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. RESULTS Separation of outer membrane proteins, and characterization of OmpA-like proteins and RagAB as major proteins, is described herein. Our recent findings on FimA and Mfa1 fimbriae, two unique appendages in this organism, and on their regulation of expression are also described briefly. CONCLUSION Surface components of P. gingivalis somehow have contact with host tissues and cells because of the outermost cell elements. Therefore, such bacterial components are potentially important in the occurrence of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
An OmpA family protein, a target of the GinI/GinR quorum-sensing system in Gluconacetobacter intermedius, controls acetic acid fermentation. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:5009-19. [PMID: 18487322 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00378-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Via N-acylhomoserine lactones, the GinI/GinR quorum-sensing system in Gluconacetobacter intermedius NCI1051, a gram-negative acetic acid bacterium, represses acetic acid and gluconic acid fermentation. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of protein profiles of strain NCI1051 and ginI and ginR mutants identified a protein that was produced in response to the GinI/GinR regulatory system. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the gene encoding this protein revealed that it encoded an OmpA family protein, named GmpA. gmpA was a member of the gene cluster containing three adjacent homologous genes, gmpA to gmpC, the organization of which appeared to be unique to vinegar producers, including "Gluconacetobacter polyoxogenes." In addition, GmpA was unique among the OmpA family proteins in that its N-terminal membrane domain forming eight antiparallel transmembrane beta-strands contained an extra sequence in one of the surface-exposed loops. Transcriptional analysis showed that only gmpA of the three adjacent gmp genes was activated by the GinI/GinR quorum-sensing system. However, gmpA was not controlled directly by GinR but was controlled by an 89-amino-acid protein, GinA, a target of this quorum-sensing system. A gmpA mutant grew more rapidly in the presence of 2% (vol/vol) ethanol and accumulated acetic acid and gluconic acid in greater final yields than strain NCI1051. Thus, GmpA plays a role in repressing oxidative fermentation, including acetic acid fermentation, which is unique to acetic acid bacteria and allows ATP synthesis via ethanol oxidation. Consistent with the involvement of gmpA in oxidative fermentation, its transcription was also enhanced by ethanol and acetic acid.
Collapse
|