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Wu E, Cheng M, Yang S, Yuan W, Gu M, Lu D, Zhang L, Wang Q, Sun X, Shao W. Causal relationships of infection with Helicobacter pylori and herpesvirus on periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35904. [PMID: 39220896 PMCID: PMC11365429 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the causal association between Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, herpesvirus infection and periodontitis (PD) from a genetic perspective using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods The PD data were derived from genome-wide association study (GWAS) from the Dental Endpoints (GLIDE) consortium, and the FinnGen Biobank provided data on H. pylori and herpesvirus infections. In addition, we examined GWAS data for subtypes of H. pylori and herpesvirus infection. Inverse variance weighting (IVW) was selected as a major analysis technique, and weighted median (WM), weighted model, simple model, and MR-Egger regression were added as supplementary methods. To verify the findings, the effects of pleiotropy and heterogeneity were assessed. Results Genetically predicted H. pylori infection (OR = 0.914, 95%CI = 0.693-1.205, P = 0.523), anti-H. pylori VacA (OR = 0.973, 95%CI = 0.895-1.057, P = 0.515), anti-H. pylori CagA (OR = 1.072, 95%CI = 0.986-1.164; P = 0.102), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (OR = 1.026, 95%CI = 0.940-1.120, P = 0.567), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection (OR = 0.962, 95%CI = 0.883-1.048, P = 0.372), cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (OR = 1.025, 95%CI = 0.967-1.088, P = 0.415), EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) (OR = 1.061, 95%CI = 0.930-1.209, P = 0.378), EBV virus capsid antigen (VCA) (OR = 1.043, 95CI% = 0.890-1.222, P = 0.603), HSV-1 (OR = 1.251, 95%CI = 0.782-2.001, P = 0.351), HSV-2 (OR = 1.020, 95%CI = 0.950-1.096, P = 0.585), CMV IgG (OR = 0.990, 95CI% = 0.882-1.111, P = 0.861) were not associated with PD, indicated that H. pylori and herpesvirus infection had no causal relationship to PD. Reverse studies also found no cause effect of PD on H. pylori or herpesvirus infection. The results of the sensitivity analysis suggested the robustness of the MR results. Conclusion This study offered preliminary proof that H. pylori and herpesvirus infections were not causally linked to PD, and vice versa. However, more robust instrumental variables (IVs) and larger samples of GWAS data were necessary for further MR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Wu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shouxiang Yang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wanting Yuan
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mengyun Gu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
- Arrail Dental Group, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Periodontology, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Periodontology, Anhui Stomatology Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wei Shao
- Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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The circular RNA circ_0099630/miR-940/receptor-associated factor 6 regulation cascade modulates the pathogenesis of periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:1566-1576. [PMID: 36299308 PMCID: PMC9588814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Materials and methods Results Conclusion
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3
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Kamer AR, Craig RG, Niederman R, Fortea J, de Leon MJ. Periodontal disease as a possible cause for Alzheimer's disease. Periodontol 2000 2020; 83:242-271. [PMID: 32385876 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 47 million people worldwide have been diagnosed with dementia, 60%-80% of whom have dementia of the Alzheimer's disease type. Unfortunately, there is no cure in sight. Defining modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer's disease may have a significant impact on its prevalence. An increasing body of evidence suggests that chronic inflammation and microbial dysbiosis are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that develops in response to response to microbial dysbiosis. Many studies have shown an association between periodontal disease and Alzheimer's disease. The intent of this paper was to review the existing literature and determine, using the Bradford Hill criteria, whether periodontal disease is causally related to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald G Craig
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Niederman
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA
| | - Juan Fortea
- Alzheimer Down Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Barcelona Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.,Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mony J de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Brain Health Imaging Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Emecen-Huja P, Danaher RJ, Dawson DR, Wang C, Kryscio RJ, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Relationship between herpesviruses and periodontal disease progression. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:442-450. [PMID: 31860742 PMCID: PMC7096277 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and anaerobic bacteria in the progression of periodontitis. METHODS Eighty-one adults with generalized moderate to severe periodontitis were randomly assigned to: oral hygiene or scaling and root planning ± placebo or polyunsaturated fatty acids fish oil. Subgingival plaque samples collected from three healthy and three disease sites at weeks 0, 16, and 28 and from sites demonstrating disease progression were analysed for EBV, CMV, P. gingivalis (Pg), T. forsythia (Tf), and T. denticola (Td) DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cytomegalovirus was detected in 0.3% (4/1454) sites. EBV was present in 12.2% of healthy sites (89/728) and 27.6% disease sites (201/726; p < .0001), but was in low copy number. Disease progression occurred in 28.4% of participants (23/81) and developed predominantly at sites identified as diseased (75/78; 96.2%). CMV and EBV were not associated with disease progression (p = .13) regardless of treatment. In contrast, disease sites were associated with higher levels of Pg, Td, Tf, and total bacteria, and sites that exhibited disease progression were associated with an abundance of Td and Tf (p < .04). CONCLUSION Disease progression was associated with Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria; not EBV or CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunmei Wang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Richard J. Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
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Abstract
Four billion individuals worldwide have a history of periodontitis, with the poorest people in society most affected. Periodontitis can lead to unsightly drifting of teeth and tooth loss that may interfere with the wellbeing of daily living and has also been linked to at least 57 medical diseases and disabilities. The etiology of severe periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and destructive immune responses, but herpesviruses seem to be the major pathogenic determinant. Periodontal herpesviruses that disseminate via the systemic circulation to nonoral sites may represent a major link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Current treatment of periodontitis focuses almost exclusively on bacterial biofilm and will require revision. Periodontal therapy that targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can provide long-term clinical improvement and potentially reduces the risk of systemic diseases. Molecular diagnostic tests for periodontal pathogens may enable early microbial identification and preemptive therapy. This review details an efficient and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis that can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henrik Slots
- University of Nevada at Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.,St. George's School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada.,Renown Medical Center, Reno, Nevada
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Abstract
Periodontology has evolved from a predominantly mechanical to a sophisticated infectious disease-based discipline. Research has paved the way for a greater understanding of the periodontal microbiome, improvement in periodontal diagnostics and therapies, and the recognition of periodontitis being associated with more than 50 systemic diseases. The etiopathology of progressive periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and proinflammatory immune responses. This article points to a role of periodontal herpesviruses in the development of systemic diseases and proposes treatment of severe periodontitis not only to avoid tooth loss, but also to reduce the risk for systemic diseases. An efficient, safe, and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis is presented, which targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens and which can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Abstract
This volume of Periodontology 2000 represents the 25th anniversary of the Journal, and uses the occasion to assess important advancements in periodontology over the past quarter-century as well as the hurdles that remain. Periodontitis is defined by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The disease involves complex dynamic interactions among active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens and destructive immune responses. Periodontal diagnostics is currently based on clinical rather than etiologic criteria, and provides limited therapeutic guidance. Periodontal causative treatment consists of scaling, antiseptic rinses and occasionally systemic antibiotics, and surgical intervention has been de-emphasized, except perhaps for the most advanced types of periodontitis. Plastic surgical therapy includes soft-tissue grafting to cover exposed root surfaces and bone grafting to provide support for implants. Dental implants are used to replace severely diseased or missing teeth, but implant overuse is of concern. The utility of laser treatment for periodontitis remains unresolved. Host modulation and risk-factor modification therapies may benefit select patient groups. Patient self-care is a critical part of periodontal health care, and twice-weekly oral rinsing with 0.10-0.25% sodium hypochlorite constitutes a valuable adjunct to conventional anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis treatments. A link between periodontal herpesviruses and systemic diseases is a strong biological plausibility. In summary, research during the past 25 years has significantly changed our concepts of periodontitis pathobiology and has produced more-effective and less-costly therapeutic options.
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Jakovljevic A, Knezevic A, Nikolic N, Soldatovic I, Jovanovic T, Milasin J, Andric M. Herpesviruses viral loads and levels of proinflammatory cytokines in apical periodontitis. Oral Dis 2018; 24:840-846. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Jakovljevic
- Department of Pathophysiology; School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - A Knezevic
- Department of Virology; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - N Nikolic
- Department of Human Genetics; School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - I Soldatovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - T Jovanovic
- Department of Virology; Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - J Milasin
- Department of Human Genetics; School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - M Andric
- Clinic of Oral Surgery; School of Dental Medicine; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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9
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Alzahrani AA. Association between human herpes virus and aggressive periodontitis: A systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjdr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Kajiura Y, Lew JH, Ikuta T, Nishikawa Y, Kido JI, Nagata T, Naruishi K. Clinical significance of GCF sIL-6R and calprotectin to evaluate the periodontal inflammation. Ann Clin Biochem 2016; 54:664-670. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563216680232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the soluble form of interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and calprotectin concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid are useful biomarkers in the evaluation of periodontitis. Methods First, a cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 34 periodontitis patients were enrolled and the gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from the healthy and inflamed sites of periodontal pockets in each patient. The relationship between periodontal condition and gingival crevicular fluid sIL-6R and calprotectin concentrations was analysed statistically. The cut-off values of gingival crevicular fluid sIL-6R and calprotectin concentrations for the evaluation of periodontitis were determined using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Next, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, it was examined whether calprotectin induces sIL-6R production in THP-1 macrophages. Results Both gingival crevicular fluid sIL-6R and calprotectin concentrations were significantly higher in the inflamed sites than in the healthy sites ( P < 0.0001). The cut-off values of gingival crevicular fluid sIL-6R and calprotectin concentrations for the evaluation of periodontal inflammation were as follows: sIL-6R: 43.5 pg/site; calprotectin: 134.3 ng/site. In the in vitro study, calprotectin significantly induced sIL-6R production in THP-1 macrophages ( P < 0.01). Conclusions Both gingival crevicular fluid sIL-6R and calprotectin concentrations are significant biomarkers in the evaluation of periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kajiura
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jung-Hwan Lew
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikuta
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Nishikawa
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koji Naruishi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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11
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Shah R, Mehta DS. Prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:279-85. [PMID: 27563201 PMCID: PMC4976548 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.179896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-I therapy on the level of viral detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred patients consisting of 20 healthy subjects, 40 gingivitis, and 40 chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Clinical parameters recorded included plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. The gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients received phase-I periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions, full mouth scaling for gingivitis patients and scaling and root planing for chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected, and the presence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Recording of periodontal parameters as well as GCF collection was performed at baseline and 6 weeks postphase-I therapy. RESULTS At baseline, the levels of HSV-1 and EBV detection were lower in healthy controls as compared to gingivitis (P < 0.05) and chronic periodontitis cases (P < 0.001). Phase-I therapy led to reduction in the amount of HSV-1 and EBV in gingivitis patients (P < 0.05) and for HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus and EBV in chronic periodontitis patients (P < 0.05) in comparison to baseline. The prevalence of EBV in chronic periodontitis patients was positively associated with increased gingival index, probing depth and loss of clinical attachment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of HSV-1 and EBV viruses in GCF of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis suggests a strong association between these viruses and periodontal diseases and periodontal therapy can lead to a reduction in herpesviruses at infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Lu H, Zhu C, Li F, Xu W, Tao D, Feng X. Putative periodontopathic bacteria and herpesviruses in pregnant women: a case-control study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27796. [PMID: 27301874 PMCID: PMC4908451 DOI: 10.1038/srep27796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about herpesvirus and putative periodontopathic bacteria in maternal chronic periodontitis. The present case-control study aimed to explore the potential relationship between putative periodontopathic bacteria and herpesviruses in maternal chronic periodontitis.Saliva samples were collected from 36 pregnant women with chronic periodontitis (cases) and 36 pregnant women with healthy periodontal status (controls). Six putative periodontopathic bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis [Pg], Aggregatibacer actinomycetemcomitans [Aa], Fusobacterium nucleatum [Fn], Prevotella intermedia [Pi], Tannerella forsythia [Tf], and Treponema denticola [Td]) and three herpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], human cytomegalovirus [HCMV], and herpes simplex virus [HSV]) were detected. Socio-demographic data and oral health related behaviors, and salivary estradiol and progesterone levels were also collected. The results showed no significant differences in socio-demographic background, oral health related behaviors, and salivary estradiol and progesterone levels between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The detection rates of included periodontopathic microorganisms were not significantly different between the two groups (all P > 0.05), but the coinfection rate of EBV and Pg was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P = 0.028). EBV and Pg coinfection may promote the development of chronic periodontitis among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Danying Tao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiping Feng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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A novel species of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in gingival tissue from chronic periodontitis patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26739. [PMID: 27221159 PMCID: PMC4879676 DOI: 10.1038/srep26739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of torque teno mini virus, named TTMV-222, was detected in gingival tissue from periodontitis patients using a viral metagenomics method. The 2803-nucleotide genome of TTMV-222 is closely related to TTMV1-CBD279, with 62.6% overall nucleotide similarity. Genetic analyses of the new virus genome revealed a classic genomic organization but a weak identity with known sequences. The prevalence of TTMV-222 in the periodontitis group (n = 150) was significantly higher than that in the healthy group (n = 150) (p = 0.032), suggesting that the new virus may be associated with inflammation in chronic periodontitis patients. However, this finding requires further investigation.
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14
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Huang W, Xiang G, Jiang D, Liu L, Liu C, Liu F, Pu X. Electrochemical Immunoassay forCytomegalovirusAntigen Detection with Multiple Signal Amplification Using HRP and Pt-Pd Nanoparticles Functionalized Single-walled Carbon Nanohorns. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Rodrigues PMDS, Teixeira AL, Kustner EC, Medeiros R. Are herpes virus associated to aggressive periodontitis? A review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:348-55. [PMID: 26980964 PMCID: PMC4774289 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.174621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal Disease includes a wide variety of infectious entities with various clinical manifestations in the oral cavity and responses to treatment. The determinants of clinical manifestations of periodontal disease include the type of infectious agent, the host immune response and environmental factors. Aggressive periodontitis (AP) is defined as a type of inflammation with specific clinical and laboratory features, which distinguish it from other types of periodontitis, with high incidence rates in a sub-group of individuals. Bacteria have been frequently mentioned as the agent inciting gingival inflammation and tissue destruction that underlies the pathogenesis of periodontitis. However, recent studies, with some controversial results, have suggested that the herpes family of viruses, including CMV and EBV-1 as well as papillomaviruses, HIV, Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, Torquetenovirus and hepatitis B and C occur with high frequency in active periodontal lesions. There is a lack of information about this disease and the role of herpesviruses in its pathophysiology. This review provides a critical analysis of the scientific evidence linking bacteria and viruses with AP and their potential impact on clinical characteristics, prognosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rui Medeiros
- Department of Virology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Oporto, Portugal
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16
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Slots J. Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:28-45. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Contreras A, Moreno SM, Jaramillo A, Pelaez M, Duque A, Botero JE, Slots J. Periodontal microbiology in Latin America. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:58-86. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Ambili R, Preeja C, Archana V, Nisha KJ, Seba A, Reejamol MK. Viruses: are they really culprits for periodontal disease? A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:179-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ambili
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Chandran Preeja
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Vilasan Archana
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | | | - Abraham Seba
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
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Stein JM, Said Yekta S, Kleines M, Ok D, Kasaj A, Reichert S, Schulz S, Scheithauer S. Failure to detect an association between aggressive periodontitis and the prevalence of herpesviruses. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 40:1-7. [PMID: 23163882 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been suspected to play a causal role in periodontitis pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these viruses in subgingival plaque samples of Caucasian patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy controls. METHODS A total of 65 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 65 unmatched controls from Germany were investigated in the study. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed for the presence of HSV-1, EBV and HCMV by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Viral antibody titres were determined quantitatively by immunosorbent assays. RESULTS DNA of HSV-1 and HCMV were detected in 1.5% of the patients and controls, whereas EBV DNA was present in 10.8% and 13.9% respectively. Detection rates of serum IgG against HSV-1 (76.1% versus 73.9%), EBV (98.5% versus 96.9%), HCMV (47.7% versus 46.2%) and IgM levels against HSV-1 (6.2% versus 1.5%), EBV (0% versus 0%), HCMV (0% versus 1.5%) did not significantly differ between patients and controls. CONCLUSION The data of our study do not suggest any contribution of HSV-1, EBV or HCMV to aggressive periodontitis in a German population. Ethnic and methodological aspects might have caused conflicting results of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal M Stein
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Prevalence of human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus in subgingival plaque at peri-implantitis, mucositis and healthy sites. A pilot study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011; 40:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhou YH, Li L, Hu Y. Monitoring human cytomegalovirus infection with nested PCR: comparison of positive rates in plasma and leukocytes and with quantitative PCR. Virol J 2010; 7:73. [PMID: 20398295 PMCID: PMC2859376 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection poses a significant health threat to immunocompromised individuals. Here we performed this study to set up a highly sensitive nested PCR method applicable for detecting HCMV infection in high-risk individuals. In this work, 106 blood specimens from 66 patients with potential HCMV infection were obtained. Total DNA was extracted separately from plasma and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) of each sample. HCMV DNA was detected in parallel by nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and the results were compared. RESULTS Serial dilution test revealed that the detection limit of nested PCR was 180 copies/ml. The nested PCR showed a higher positive rate than qRT-PCR (34.9% vs. 12.3%, p < 0.001). The positive rate of nested PCR based on PBL DNA was significantly higher than that based on plasma DNA (34.9% vs. 18.9%, p = 0.002). Of the 14 patients with serial samples, 11 were positive for HCMV DNA in PBL while only 7 were positive in plasma. Moreover, for each patient, nested PCR using PBL DNA also detected more positive samples than that using plasma DNA. CONCLUSION Combined use of nested PCR with PBL DNA is highly sensitive in defining HCMV infection. This assay is particularly useful in the case of quantification not essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Donia D, Bonanni E, Diaco L, Divizia M. Statistical correlation between enterovirus genome copy numbers and infectious viral particles in wastewater samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 50:237-40. [PMID: 19943888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Classic virological tests are time consuming and labour-intensive; real-time RT-PCR has proven to be a fast method to detect and quantify enterovirus genomes in clinical and environmental samples. This method is unable to discriminate between infective and noninfective enterovirus particles; few clinical studies have compared real-time RT-PCR and viral culture. We wondered if the enterovirus genome quantification could be correlated to the infectivity. METHODS AND RESULTS We used the statistical approach to verify our hypotheses to correlate data, obtained by the standard method (most probable number of cytopathic units-MPNCU) and molecular test (real-time RT-PCR), on wastewater treatment plant samples. Chi-squared test was used, considering several cut-off values ('50'-'100'-'200' genome copy numbers), to determine statistical significance in comparison of the two methods. Chi-square value was not significant when cut-off of 50 (P = 0.103) and 100 (P = 0.178) was assumed but was significant with cut-off of 200 (P = 0.044). CONCLUSION This limit, 200 genome copy, could be used as cut-off value to indicate enterovirus survival in environmental monitoring. SIGNIFICANT AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To introduce a fast procedure that is able to compensate for disadvantages of cell culture method for viral environmental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Donia
- Department of Public Health, Hygiene Chair, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, 00133Rome, Italy.
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Nibali L, Atkinson C, Griffiths P, Darbar U, Rakmanee T, Suvan J, Donos N. Low prevalence of subgingival viruses in periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:928-32. [PMID: 19811582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses such as Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been proposed to be periodontal pathogens. The aim of this study was to analyse the presence of herpesvirus DNA in subgingival plaque samples of patients with different forms of periodontitis and in healthy periodontia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 140 ethnically mixed (prevalently Caucasian) subjects took part in the study. Sixteen were affected by localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP), 64 by generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), 20 by chronic periodontitis (CP) and 40 were periodontally healthy. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to detect HCMV and EBV. Sera were tested for anti-HCMV and EBV IgG antibodies. PCRs for herpes simplex (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were performed in subgingival samples from a subset of 20 AgP subjects. RESULTS HCMV DNA was not detected in any plaque samples. EBV DNA was detected in four LAgP (25%), two GAgP (3%) subjects and four healthy individuals (10%). HSV DNA and VZV DNA were not detected in the subset of studied individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study challenges the previously reported high prevalence of herpesvirus DNA in subgingival samples from periodontitis patients and so questions whether they act as pathogens in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Eastman Dental Institute, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Dawson DR, Wang C, Danaher RJ, Lin Y, Kryscio RJ, Jacob RJ, Miller CS. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction to Determine the Prevalence and Copy Number of Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalovirus DNA in Subgingival Plaque at Individual Healthy and Periodontal Disease Sites. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen V, Chen Y, Li H, Kent K, Baumgartner JC, Machida CA. Herpesviruses in abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin. J Endod 2009; 35:182-8. [PMID: 19166769 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2008.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute apical abscesses and cellulitis are severe endodontic diseases caused by opportunistic bacteria with possible coinfection with latent herpesviruses. The objectives of this study are to identify herpesviruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients (n = 31) presenting with acute apical abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin. Primary and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted using virus-specific primers and DNA isolated from cell-free abscess fluid. From patients exhibiting concurrent spontaneous pain (n = 28), nine abscesses contained HCMV, two abscesses contained EBV, one abscess contained HSV-1, and no abscesses contained VZV. Control PCR using genomic or recombinant templates showed detection limits to a single genomic copy of HCMV, 100 genomic copies for EBV, and 1 to 10 copies for HSV-1 with no cross-amplification between herpesviral DNA targets. Nested PCR was required for detection of herpesviral DNA in the abscess specimens, indicating that these viruses were present in low copy number. Filtration of abscess specimens and virus transfer experiments using human fibroblastic MRC-5 cells confirmed the presence of HCMV particles in several abscess specimens. We conclude that herpesviruses are present but not required for the development of acute apical abscesses and cellulitis of endodontic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Chen
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Imbronito AV, Okuda OS, Maria de Freitas N, Moreira Lotufo RF, Nunes FD. Detection of herpesviruses and periodontal pathogens in subgingival plaque of patients with chronic periodontitis, generalized aggressive periodontitis, or gingivitis. J Periodontol 2009; 79:2313-21. [PMID: 19053922 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses may be related to the etiology of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) by triggering periodontal destruction or by increasing the risk for bacterial infection. This case-control study evaluated the presence of herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus type I (EBV-1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis) in patients with generalized AgP (AgP group), CP (CP group), or gingivitis (G group) and in healthy individuals (C group). METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were collected with paper points from 30 patients in each group. The nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to detect HSV-1, EBV-1, and HCMV. Bacteria were identified by 16S rRNA-based PCR. RESULTS HSV-1, HCMV, and EBV-1 were detected in 86.7%, 46.7%, and 33.3% of the AgP group, respectively; in 40.0%, 50.0%, and 46.7% of the CP group, respectively; in 53.3%, 40.0%, and 20.0% of the G group, respectively; and in 20.0%, 56.7%, and 0.0% of the C group, respectively. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected significantly more often in the AgP group compared to the other groups (P <0.005). P. gingivalis and T. forsythia were identified more frequently in AgP and CP groups, and AgP, CP, and G groups had higher frequencies of P. intermedia compared to the C group. CONCLUSION In Brazilian patients, HSV-1 and EBV-1, rather than HCMV, were more frequently associated with CP and AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vitória Imbronito
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Kumar S, Jadi RS, Anakkathil SB, Tandale BV, Mishra AC, Arankalle VA. Development and evaluation of a real-time one step reverse-transcriptase PCR for quantitation of Chandipura virus. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:168. [PMID: 19091082 PMCID: PMC2629476 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chandipura virus (CHPV), a member of family Rhabdoviridae was attributed to an explosive outbreak of acute encephalitis in children in Andhra Pradesh, India in 2003 and a small outbreak among tribal children from Gujarat, Western India in 2004. The case-fatality rate ranged from 55–75%. Considering the rapid progression of the disease and high mortality, a highly sensitive method for quantifying CHPV RNA by real-time one step reverse transcriptase PCR (real-time one step RT-PCR) using TaqMan technology was developed for rapid diagnosis. Methods Primers and probe for P gene were designed and used to standardize real-time one step RT-PCR assay for CHPV RNA quantitation. Standard RNA was prepared by PCR amplification, TA cloning and run off transcription. The optimized real-time one step RT-PCR assay was compared with the diagnostic nested RT-PCR and different virus isolation systems [in vivo (mice) in ovo (eggs), in vitro (Vero E6, PS, RD and Sand fly cell line)] for the detection of CHPV. Sensitivity and specificity of real-time one step RT-PCR assay was evaluated with diagnostic nested RT-PCR, which is considered as a gold standard. Results Real-time one step RT-PCR was optimized using in vitro transcribed (IVT) RNA. Standard curve showed linear relationship for wide range of 102-1010 (r2 = 0.99) with maximum Coefficient of variation (CV = 5.91%) for IVT RNA. The newly developed real-time RT-PCR was at par with nested RT-PCR in sensitivity and superior to cell lines and other living systems (embryonated eggs and infant mice) used for the isolation of the virus. Detection limit of real-time one step RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR was found to be 1.2 × 100 PFU/ml. RD cells, sand fly cells, infant mice, and embryonated eggs showed almost equal sensitivity (1.2 × 102 PFU/ml). Vero and PS cell-lines (1.2 × 103 PFU/ml) were least sensitive to CHPV infection. Specificity of the assay was found to be 100% when RNA from other viruses or healthy individual was used. Conclusion On account of the high sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity, the assay can be used for the rapid detection and quantitation of CHPV RNA from clinical samples during epidemics and from endemic areas. The assay may also find application in screening of antiviral compounds, understanding of pathogenesis as well as evaluation of vaccine.
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Rotola A, Cassai E, Farina R, Caselli E, Gentili V, Lazzarotto T, Trombelli L. Human herpesvirus 7, Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus in periodontal tissues of periodontally diseased and healthy subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:831-7. [PMID: 18691217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate (i) the presence of human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and (ii) the transcription pattern of HHV-7 in gingival biopsies from patients affected by periodontitis (P) and periodontally healthy subjects (H). MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-seven subjects (P: n=24; H: n=13) were included. Each P patient contributed two gingival biopsies (representative of a clinically affected and non-affected site) and each H subject contributed one gingival biopsy. After DNA extraction, nested polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the viruses. RESULTS HHV-7 was detected in 91.7% of P patients and in 61.5% of H subjects (p=0.02), EBV in 50.0% samples of P patients and 7.7% of H subjects (p=0.005) and HCMV only in one sample from H group. EBV was more frequently detected in biopsies from affected sites (50.0%) than from non-affected sites (16.7%) (p=0.008). HHV-7 transcription was detected in 15.4% of affected and 15.4% of non-affected sites. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that (i) gingival tissues can be considered a potential reservoir for HHV-7; (ii) when present, HHV-7 persists in a latent state in the majority of cases; (iii) the presence of EBV seems to be associated with the diseased state of the patient and site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Rotola
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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