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Meriem H, Bouhairi MEL, Ben Yahya I. Non HIV oral Kaposi Sarcoma: Rare case report literature review. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Intra-host changes in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes in Ugandan adults with Kaposi sarcoma. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008594. [PMID: 33465147 PMCID: PMC7845968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intra-host tumor virus variants may influence the pathogenesis and treatment responses of some virally-associated cancers. However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing technologies that possibly introduce more errors than that which occurs in the viral population, and these studies have only studied variable regions. Here, full-length KSHV genomes in tumors and/or oral swabs from 9 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated KS were characterized. Furthermore, we used deep, short-read sequencing using duplex unique molecular identifiers (dUMI)–random double-stranded oligonucleotides that barcode individual DNA molecules before library amplification. This allowed suppression of PCR and sequencing errors to ~10−9/base as well as afforded accurate determination of KSHV genome numbers sequenced in each sample. KSHV genomes were assembled de novo, and rearrangements observed were confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. 131-kb KSHV genome sequences, excluding major repeat regions, were successfully obtained from 23 clinical specimens, averaging 2.3x104 reads/base. Strikingly, KSHV genomes were virtually identical within individuals at the point mutational level. The intra-host heterogeneity that was observed was confined to tumor-associated KSHV mutations and genome rearrangements, all impacting protein-coding sequences. Although it is unclear whether these changes were important to tumorigenesis or occurred as a result of genomic instability in tumors, similar changes were observed across individuals. These included inactivation of the K8.1 gene in tumors of 3 individuals and retention of a region around the first major internal repeat (IR1) in all instances of genomic deletions and rearrangements. Notably, the same breakpoint junctions were found in distinct tumors within single individuals, suggesting metastatic spread of rearranged KSHV genomes. These findings define KSHV intra-host heterogeneity in vivo with greater precision than has been possible in the past and suggest the possibility that aberrant KSHV genomes may contribute to aspects of KS tumorigenesis. Furthermore, study of KSHV with use of dUMI provides a proof of concept for utilizing this technique for detailed study of other virus populations in vivo. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a leading cancer in sub-Saharan Africa and in persons with HIV co-infection. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also referred to as human herpesvirus-8, or HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of KS, but the factors that contribute to the development of KS, which occurs in only a small subset of infected individuals, remain largely unknown. While strain differences or mutations in other tumor viruses are known to affect the risk and progression of their associated cancers, whether genetic variation in KSHV is important to the natural history of KS is unclear. Most studies of KSHV diversity have only characterized ~4% of its 165-kb genome, and the observed variation in some studies is likely to have been impacted by PCR or cloning artifacts. To precisely define genomic diversity of KSHV in vivo, we evaluated full-length viral genomes (except the internal repeat regions) using a technique that greatly lowers sequencing error rates and thus measures genomic diversity much more accurately than previous studies. In addition, we extended our analyses to look for potential tumor-specific changes in the KSHV genomes by examining viruses in both tumor and non-tumor tissues. To these ends, we performed highly sensitive, single-molecule sequencing of whole KSHV genomes in paired KS tumors and oral swabs from 9 individuals with KS. We found that KSHV genomes were virtually identical within the 9 individuals, with no evidence of quasispecies formation or multi-strain infection. However, KSHV genome aberrations and gene-inactivating mutations were found to be common in KS tumors, often impacting the same genes and genomic regions across individuals. Whether theses mutations influence KS tumorigenesis or result from genomic instability commonly found in tumors warrants further study. Lastly, aberrant KSHV genomes were found to be shared by distinct tumors within individuals, suggesting the capacity of KS tumor cells to metastasize and seed new lesions.
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Sarmento DJDS, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, de Souza ACMF, Maciel R, Paiao H, Lima SH, Cristelli M, Pestana JOMDA, Braz-Silva PH, Gallottini M. Herpesviruses oral shedding and viremia in renal transplant recipients: A longitudinal study. Transpl Infect Dis 2020; 22:e13330. [PMID: 32418331 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective was to assess the oral shedding and viremia of human herpesviruses in renal transplant recipients. METHODS This is a cohort study in which the participants were examined in three different periods: the first within 24 hours before renal transplantation and the second and third ones 15-20 and 45-60 days after the transplantation. Mouthwash and blood samples were collected in each period and then submitted to screening for the presence of eight types of human herpesviruses by using multiplex PCR. RESULTS HSV-1 and EBV were more frequent in the saliva after renal transplantation, 15- to 20-day period after the transplant. EBV was found in the saliva of 26 (35.6%) patients before renal transplantation and in 56.2% and 46.6% of them, in the 15- to 20-day and 45- to 60-day periods after the transplant, respectively. High detection rates (75.3%-78.1%) were found for HHV-7 despite the lack of significant variations between the study periods. There was no concordance between herpesviruses oral shedding and viremia. CONCLUSION We concluded that the pattern of excretion of HSV-1 and EBV in saliva is changed immediately after renal transplantation, increasing in the 15- to 20-day period after the transplant surgery. No concordance between herpesviruses oral shedding and viremia was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Maciel
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Social Institute of Healthcare, Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Heuder Paiao
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Lima
- Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Cristelli
- Division of Renal Transplantation, Kidney and Hypertension Hospital, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Virology, School of Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pallos D, Ruivo GF, Ferrari-Junior SH, Pannuti CS, Perozini C, Sarmento DJS, Palmieri M, Souza ACMF, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Doglio A, Braz-Silva PH. Periodontal disease and detection of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of chronic kidney disease patients. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1139-1147. [PMID: 32012280 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have inability to maintain the normal levels of protein metabolism products, blood pressure and hematocrit. Periodontal disease involves an inflammatory destructive process. Identification of opportunistic viruses is extremely important as they are associated with co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to analyse the presence of human herpesviruses in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with CKD. METHODS One hundred and thirty one individuals were divided depending on the stage of CKD: Group 1 (clearance of creatinine > 75 mL/min) patients with no renal disease (n = 24); Group 2 (clearance of creatinine of 11-75 mL/min) patients with renal disease (n = 67); Group 3 (clearance of creatinine < 10 mL/min) patients on hemodialysis (n = 40). The parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated. The viral detection was assessed by PCR. RESULTS considering the three groups, the prevalence of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) were 9% in saliva and 5% in GCF; Epstein-Barr virus 36% in saliva and 39% in GCF; human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) 11% in GCF; varicella zoster virus 6% in saliva and 3% in GCF; of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) 6% in saliva and 2% in GCF; and HHV-7 44% in saliva and 8% in GCF. Of these patients, 46.48% presented with severe periodontitis. A statistically significant association between HSV-1 and HCMV was found in hemodialysis patients and severe periodontitis was also more frequent among them. CONCLUSION These findings show the importance of evaluating the periodontal disease and detecting herpesviruses in patients with CKD as the inflammatory process observed in these clinical conditions may worsen the course of both periodontal disease and CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Pallos
- Department of Dentistry, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson F Ruivo
- Department of Medicine, University of Taubate, Taubate, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Claudio S Pannuti
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline Perozini
- Department of Medicine, University of Taubate, Taubate, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dmitry J S Sarmento
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C M F Souza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania R Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alain Doglio
- Laboratory MICORALIS (Microbiologie Orale, Immunité et Santé) School of Dentistry, University of Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Paulo H Braz-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Sarmento DJDS, Caliento R, Souza AOD, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Palmieri M, Martins VADO, Braz-Silva PH, Gallottini M. Salivary shedding of herpesviruses in renal transplant recipients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12356. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubens Caliento
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Michelle Palmieri
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo; Univerity of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Department of Stomatology; School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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de Santana Sarmento DJ, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Masami Sumita L, Pierroti LC, Pallos D, Caliento R, Palmieri M, de Oliveira Martins VA, Gallottini M, Pannuti CS, Braz-Silva PH. Oral shedding of human herpesviruses in renal transplant recipients. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:885-891. [PMID: 28669106 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the shedding profile of human herpesviruses in the saliva of renal transplant recipients. METHODS This is a prospective case-control study of 50 renal transplant recipients and control group of 50 individuals (non-transplanted and immunocompetent). Mouthwash samples were collected via oral rinse and then submitted to screening for the presence of eight types of herpesviruses by using multiplex PCR. Fisher's exact, chi-square, and Student t tests were used for statistical analysis, and the significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS The mean age of the study group was 49.42 ± 12.94 years, 28/50 (56%) were female, and the time elapsed after transplantation was 68.20 ± 67.19 months. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) (P = 0.025) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (P = 0.024) were, statistically, more excreted in the saliva of renal transplant recipients compared to control group. Gender (P = 1.00) and age (P = 0.563) did not influence the salivary shedding of herpesviruses in renal transplant recipients. Individuals who excreted varicella-zoster virus in saliva had a shorter mean time of transplantation (22:00 + 2.82 months) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Renal transplant recipients excreted herpesviruses more often than controls, especially HSV-1 and EBV, with salivary shedding of herpesviruses being more frequent in patients with recent kidney transplantation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present findings support other longitudinal studies evaluating the relationship between oral shedding of human herpesviruses and clinical presence of active infection and renal transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry José de Santana Sarmento
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Jd. América, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Masami Sumita
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Jd. América, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Camara Pierroti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Pallos
- Department of Dentistry, University of Santo Amaro, Rua Professor Enéas de Siqueira Neto, 340 - Santo Amaro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rubens Caliento
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Adriano de Oliveira Martins
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Sergio Pannuti
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Jd. América, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Division of Pathology, Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 - Jd. América, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Oral Kaposi Sarcoma in HIV-seronegative Saudi patient: Literature review and case report. Saudi Dent J 2017; 29:129-134. [PMID: 28725131 PMCID: PMC5502912 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is an intermediate neoplasm affecting the endothelial cells of mucous membranes and skin. It arises most commonly among HIV-infected individuals. We present an intra-oral KS in an 80-year-old Saudi male patient, who is HIV-seronegative, non-immunosuppressed, and with no history of organ transplantation. The patient was treated with fractionated radiation therapy, and had no recurrence in the 48 months of follow-up. The clinical disease, histologic features, and treatment modality used, as well as the relative literature are presented in this paper.
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Speicher DJ, Ramirez-Amador V, Dittmer DP, Webster-Cyriaque J, Goodman MT, Moscicki AB. Viral infections associated with oral cancers and diseases in the context of HIV: a workshop report. Oral Dis 2016; 22 Suppl 1:181-92. [PMID: 27109286 PMCID: PMC5590239 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesviruses (HHVs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common in the general population and, in immunocompetent people, are mostly carried asymptomatically. However, once an individual becomes immunocompromised by age, illness or HIV infection these dormant viruses can manifest and produce disease. In HIV-positive patients, there is an increased risk of disease caused by HHVs and HPV infections and cancers caused by the oncoviruses Epstein-Barr Virus, HHV-8 and HPV. This workshop examined four questions regarding the viruses associated with oral cancers and disease in the HIV-positive and -negative populations, the immune response, and biomarkers useful for accurate diagnostics of these infections and their sequalae. Each presenter identified a number of key areas where further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Speicher
- Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - V Ramirez-Amador
- Health Care Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, México City, Mexico
| | - D P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Webster-Cyriaque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - A-B Moscicki
- David Geffen, School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Speicher DJ, Wanzala P, D'Lima M, Johnson KE, Johnson NW. Detecting DNA viruses in oral fluids: evaluation of collection and storage methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 82:120-7. [PMID: 25801777 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Storing saliva for nucleic acid diagnostics is problematic in resource-constrained settings. DNA Genotek's OMNIgene™·DISCOVER kit aims to stabilise microbial DNA at room temperature. We evaluate this for long-term storage, determining DNA quantity/purity and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) load as indicator. Viral loads and DNA degradation were assayed over 14months in HHV-8-negative saliva spiked with cell-associated and cell-free virus and saliva collected fresh frozen and into kits from 10 HIV-positive patients. Viral loads remained constant for 6-9months, yielding high quantities of DNA: subsequent losses were ≤48%. Patient samples, frozen or kit stored, produced pure DNA of comparable concentration. Higher HHV-8 detection in frozen saliva resulted from losses during ethanol precipitation using kits. After 14months, DNA degradation was significant in frozen saliva, but that in kits had integrity similar to fresh samples. Storing frozen saliva is detrimental. This kit is well suited for collection, long-term storage, and assay of viral DNA in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Speicher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Population & Social Health Research Program (Population Oral Health), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Peter Wanzala
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melvin D'Lima
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Karen E Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Newell W Johnson
- Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia; Population & Social Health Research Program (Population Oral Health), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Speicher DJ, Johnson NW. Comparison of salivary collection and processing methods for quantitative HHV-8 detection. Oral Dis 2013; 20:720-8. [PMID: 24134156 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva is a proved diagnostic fluid for the qualitative detection of infectious agents, but the accuracy of viral load determinations is unknown. Stabilising fluids impede nucleic acid degradation, compared with collection onto ice and then freezing, and we have shown that the DNA Genotek P-021 prototype kit (P-021) can produce high-quality DNA after 14 months of storage at room temperature. Here we evaluate the quantitative capability of 10 collection/processing methods. METHODS Unstimulated whole mouth fluid was spiked with a mixture of HHV-8 cloned constructs, 10-fold serial dilutions were produced, and samples were extracted and then examined with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Calibration curves were compared by linear regression and qPCR dynamics. RESULTS All methods extracted with commercial spin columns produced linear calibration curves with large dynamic range and gave accurate viral loads. Ethanol precipitation of the P-021 does not produce a linear standard curve, and virus is lost in the cell pellet. DNA extractions from the P-021 using commercial spin columns produced linear standard curves with wide dynamic range and excellent limit of detection. CONCLUSION When extracted with spin columns, the P-021 enables accurate viral loads down to 23 copies μl(-1) DNA. The quantitative and long-term storage capability of this system makes it ideal for study of salivary DNA viruses in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Speicher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia; Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia; Population & Social Health Research Program (Population Oral Health), Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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Olp LN, Shea DM, White MK, Gondwe C, Kankasa C, Wood C. Early childhood infection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in Zambian households: a molecular analysis. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:1182-90. [PMID: 22815207 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is endemic for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and there is a high rate of early childhood infection; however, the transmission sources are not well characterized. We examined household members as potential KSHV transmission sources to young children in the KSHV-endemic country of Zambia. To this end, we enrolled and followed Zambian households with at least one KSHV-seropositive child and collected longitudinal buccal swab samples. KSHV burden was evaluated and K1 sequences from the children were determined and analyzed for differences to K1 sequences from household members. The K1 sequences were also analyzed for evolution over time. We generated K1 sequences from 31 individuals across 16 households. Nine households contained multiple KSHV-positive members, including at least one child. In six out of the nine households, the child had 100% sequence identity to all household members. However, in two households the child and mother had distinct K1 sequences. In the remaining household, the children were the only KSHV-infected individuals. Furthermore, we report that 1 out of 18 individuals had K1 sequence variation within the timespan analyzed. In our study, we provide evidence that (i) early childhood KSHV transmission occurs from both within and outside the household, (ii) intrahousehold transmission can occur via nonmaternal sources, (iii) viral shedding in the buccal cavity is highly variable and (iv) the dominant K1 sequence within an individual did not rapidly evolve over time. These results are important for developing KSHV intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon N Olp
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Al-Otaibi LM, Moles DR, Porter SR, Teo CG. Human herpesvirus 8 shedding in the mouth and blood of hemodialysis patients. J Med Virol 2012; 84:792-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hosseini-Moghaddam S, Soleimanirahbar A, Mazzulli T, Rotstein C, Husain S. Post renal transplantation Kaposi's sarcoma: a review of its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical aspects, and therapy. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14:338-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Soleimanirahbar
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center (UNRC); Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science; Tehran; Iran
| | - T. Mazzulli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University of Toronto; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - C. Rotstein
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University of Toronto; University Health Network; Transplant Infectious Diseases; Toronto General Hospital; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
| | - S. Husain
- Division of Infectious Diseases; University of Toronto; University Health Network; Transplant Infectious Diseases; Toronto General Hospital; Toronto; Ontario; Canada
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Carvalho KSS, Silvestre EDA, Maciel SDS, Lira HIG, Galvão RADS, Soares MJDS, Costa CHN, Malaquias LCC, Coelho LFL. PCR detection of multiple human herpesvirus DNA in saliva from HIV-infected individuals in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:620-3. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000600003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Human herpesviruses are frequently associated with orofacial diseases in humans (HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8), some can also cause systemic disease (CMV and HHV-8). The transmission of these viruses occurs by contact with infected secretions, especially saliva. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with an increased risk of HHVs and related diseases. METHODS: This work aimed to detect HSV-1, EBV, CMV and HHV-8 DNA in saliva of HIV-infected patients from Teresina, northeast Brazil, by PCR and compare these findings with age and sex matched HIV-seronegative individuals. RESULTS: No difference in prevalence was verified between HHV detection in the saliva of HIV-seropositive individuals and controls. The individual frequencies of these viruses in these two populations were different. HIV seropositivity correlated positively with the presence of CMV (OR: 18.2, p= 0.00032) and EBV (OR: 3.44, p= 0.0081). No association between CD4 counts and the prevalence of HHVs in the saliva was observed; however, a strong association was determined between seropositivity and the presence of multiple HHV DNAs in saliva (OR: 4.83, p = 0.0028). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the asymptomatic salivary shedding of HHVs is a common event between HIV-seropositive and seronegative individuals from Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, and, especially for HIV-seropositive patients, saliva is a risk factor for the acquisition/transmission of multiple HHVs.
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The lytic activation of KSHV during keratinocyte differentiation is dependent upon a suprabasal position, the loss of integrin engagement, and calcium, but not the interaction of cadherins. Virology 2010; 410:17-29. [PMID: 21084105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that KSHV (HHV-8) lytic activation occurs during differentiation of oral keratinocytes in organotypic raft cultures. To further investigate the spatial and temporal aspects of KSHV lytic activation and the roles of integrins, cadherins, and calcium, we used rKSHV.219-infected primary oral keratinocytes in submerged, suspension, and direct suprabasal plating, models of differentiation. We found that early keratinocyte differentiation did not activate lytic KSHV in cells attached to a substratum, with activation only occurring in suprabasal cells. Temporally, KSHV lytic expression occurred between the expression of early and late differentiation markers. Keratinocytes differentiated in suspension culture, which mimics substratum loss that occurs with stratification, activated lytic KSHV. This lytic activation was inhibited by integrin engagement, showing that integrins are a control point for KSHV reactivation. A role for cadherins was not found. Elevated extracellular calcium was necessary, but not sufficient, for lytic activation.
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Kaposi’s sarcoma of the head and neck: A review. Oral Oncol 2010; 46:135-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sahin S, Saygun I, Kubar A, Slots J. Periodontitis lesions are the main source of salivary cytomegalovirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:340-2. [PMID: 19572898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses play causal or cooperative roles in childhood infections, tumorigenesis, ulcerogenesis, and periodontitis. Saliva is a common vehicle of herpesvirus horizontal transmission, but the source of salivary herpesviruses remains obscure. To evaluate the significance of periodontal disease in shedding of oral herpesviruses, this study determined the genome-copy counts of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in whole saliva of subjects with periodontitis, gingivitis, or no natural teeth. METHODS Whole saliva was collected from 14 periodontitis patients, 15 gingivitis patients and 13 complete denture wearers. The study subjects were systemically healthy and had not received periodontal treatment in the past 3 months. Real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the salivary load of HCMV and EBV. RESULTS Salivary HCMV was detected in seven (50%) periodontitis patients, but not in any gingivitis or edentulous subjects (P < 0.001). Salivary EBV was detected in 11 (79%) periodontitis patients, in five (33%) gingivitis patients, and in seven (54%) edentulous subjects (P = 0.076). Salivary samples showed copy counts of HCMV in the range of 3.3 x 10(3)-4.2 x 10(4)/ml and of EBV in the range of 3.6 x 10(2)-1.6 x 10(9)/ml. CONCLUSIONS HCMV and EBV are commonly present in the saliva of periodontitis patients. Periodontitis lesions of systemically healthy subjects seem to constitute the main origin of salivary HCMV, but do not comprise the sole source of salivary EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sahin
- Department of Periodontology, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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