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Mao M, Zhang W, Huang Z, Huang J, Wang J, Li W, Gu S. Graphene Oxide-Copper Nanocomposites Suppress Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7727-7739. [PMID: 34824531 PMCID: PMC8610231 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s303521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental caries is a biofilm-dependent disease that largely relies on the ability of Streptococcus mutans to synthesize exopolysaccharide matrix. Graphene oxide-based metal nanomaterials, as the derivatives of graphene, are potent agents against pathogens by their impressive antibacterial and anti-biofilm biofunctions. Previously, we fabricated the novel graphene oxide-copper nanocomposites (GO-Cu), maintaining a long-term release of copper nanoparticles. Here, the biofunctionalization of GO-Cu nanocomposites against cariogenic S. mutans is investigated. Methods Growth curve observation and colony forming units counting were applied to detect the antibacterial effect of GO-Cu nanocomposites on S. mutans. Scanning electron microscopy and the crystal violet assay were used to detect nanocomposite effects on biofilm forming ability. The production and distribution of exopolysaccharides within biofilm was analyzed and the expression of genes required for biofilm formation was explored. Moreover, the regulatory landscape of GO-Cu nanocomposites on S. mutans pathogenicity was probed. Results It has been found that GO-Gu nanocomposites were antibacterial to S. mutans and 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites could inhibit the bacteria bioactivity instead of killing them. The biomass of S. mutans biofilm was significantly reduced when treated with 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites. Also, 10 μg/mL GO-Cu nanocomposites could alter the biofilm architecture and impair exopolysaccharides production and distribution, and dysregulated the expression of exopolysaccharide-associated genes. Conclusion In all, we found low-dose GO-Cu nanocomposites could disrupt exopolysaccharide matrix assembly and further impair optimal biofilm development with minimal cytotoxicity. Therefore, GO-Cu nanocomposites can open up a new avenue for the development of alternative anti-caries biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Mao
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Oral Bioengineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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2
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Pereira D, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY, Samaranayake LP. Is the oral fungal pathogen Candida albicans a cariogen? Oral Dis 2017; 24:518-526. [PMID: 28513096 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathobiology of dental caries is complex. Data from recent molecular microbiologic studies have further redefined the role of the oral microbiome in the etiology of dental caries. This new information challenges the conventional view on the hegemony of classic cariogenic prokaryotes such as Streptococcus mutans in caries etiology, and raises the intriguing possibility of the participation of the eukaryotic oral fungal pathogen Candida in the caries process. The virulence attributes of Candida species such as their acidogenicity and aciduric nature, the ability to develop profuse biofilms, ferment and assimilate dietary sugars, and produce collagenolytic proteinases are all indicative of their latent cariogenic potential. Based on the above, oral candidal counts have been used by some as a caries risk indicator. On the contrary, other studies suggest that Candida is merely a passenger extant in an acidic cariogenic milieu, and not a true pathogen. In this review, we critically examine the varying roles of Candida, and traditionally accepted cariogens such as the mutans group of streptococci in the pathobiology of dental caries. The weight of available data tends to imply that Candida may play a pivotal role as a secondary agent perpetuating the carious process, especially in dentinal caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dfa Pereira
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - C J Seneviratne
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - C Y Koga-Ito
- São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - L P Samaranayake
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait.,School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Australia
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Sadeghinejad L, Cvitkovitch DG, Siqueira WL, Merritt J, Santerre JP, Finer Y. Mechanistic, genomic and proteomic study on the effects of BisGMA-derived biodegradation product on cariogenic bacteria. Dent Mater 2016; 33:175-190. [PMID: 27919444 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate the effects of a Bis-phenyl-glycidyl-dimethacrylate (BisGMA) biodegradation product, bishydroxypropoxyphenyl-propane (BisHPPP), on gene expression and protein synthesis of cariogenic bacteria. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the effects of BisHPPP on the expression of specific virulence-associated genes, i.e. gtfB, gtfC, gbpB, comC, comD, comE and atpH in Streptococcus mutans UA159. Possible mechanisms for bacterial response to BisHPPP were explored using gene knock-out and associated complemented strains of the signal peptide encoding gene, comC. The effects of BisHPPP on global gene and protein expression was analyzed using microarray and quantitative proteomics. The role of BisHPPP in glucosyltransferase (GTF) enzyme activity of S. mutans biofilms was also measured. RESULTS BisHPPP (0.01, 0.1mM) up-regulated gtfB/C, gbpB, comCDE, and atpH most pronounced in biofilms at cariogenic pH (5.5). The effects of BisHPPP on the constructed knock-out and complemented strains of comC from quorum-sensing system, implicated this signaling pathway in up-regulation of the virulence-associated genes. Microarray and proteomics identified BisHPPP-regulated genes and proteins involved in biofilm formation, carbohydrate transport, acid tolerance and stress-response. GTF activity was higher in BisHPPP-exposed biofilms when compared to no-BisHPPP conditions. SIGNIFICANCE These findings provide insight into the genetic and physiological pathways and mechanisms that help explain S. mutans adaptation to restorative conditions that are conducive to increased secondary caries around resin composite restorations and may provide guidance to clinicians' decision on the selection of dental materials when considering the long term oral health of patients and the interactions of composite resins with oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Sadeghinejad
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis G Cvitkovitch
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Merritt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoav Finer
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sadeghinejad L, Cvitkovitch DG, Siqueira WL, Santerre JP, Finer Y. Triethylene Glycol Up-Regulates Virulence-Associated Genes and Proteins in Streptococcus mutans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165760. [PMID: 27820867 PMCID: PMC5098727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) is a diluent monomer used pervasively in dental composite resins. Through hydrolytic degradation of the composites in the oral cavity it yields a hydrophilic biodegradation product, triethylene glycol (TEG), which has been shown to promote the growth of Streptococcus mutans, a dominant cariogenic bacterium. Previously it was shown that TEG up-regulated gtfB, an important gene contributing to polysaccharide synthesis function in biofilms. However, molecular mechanisms related to TEG’s effect on bacterial function remained poorly understood. In the present study, S. mutans UA159 was incubated with clinically relevant concentrations of TEG at pH 5.5 and 7.0. Quantitative real-time PCR, proteomics analysis, and glucosyltransferase enzyme (GTF) activity measurements were employed to identify the bacterial phenotypic response to TEG. A S. mutans vicK isogenic mutant (SMΔvicK1) and its associated complemented strain (SMΔvicK1C), an important regulatory gene for biofilm-associated genes, were used to determine if this signaling pathway was involved in modulation of the S. mutans virulence-associated genes. Extracted proteins from S. mutans biofilms grown in the presence and absence of TEG were subjected to mass spectrometry for protein identification, characterization and quantification. TEG up-regulated gtfB/C, gbpB, comC, comD and comE more significantly in biofilms at cariogenic pH (5.5) and defined concentrations. Differential response of the vicK knock-out (SMΔvicK1) and complemented strains (SMΔvicK1C) implicated this signalling pathway in TEG-modulated cellular responses. TEG resulted in increased GTF enzyme activity, responsible for synthesizing insoluble glucans involved in the formation of cariogenic biofilms. As well, TEG increased protein abundance related to biofilm formation, carbohydrate transport, acid tolerance, and stress-response. Proteomics data was consistent with gene expression findings for the selected genes. These findings demonstrate a mechanistic pathway by which TEG derived from commercial resin materials in the oral cavity promote S. mutans pathogenicity, which is typically associated with secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Sadeghinejad
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis G. Cvitkovitch
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter L. Siqueira
- Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Paul Santerre
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoav Finer
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Soejoedono RD, Wibawan IW, Afdhal A. Biological and Immunogenicity Property of IgY Anti S. mutans ComD. Open Dent J 2016; 10:308-14. [PMID: 27386013 PMCID: PMC4911422 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to elucidate the effect of IgY anti ComD on the biological properties of Streptococcus mutans. (S. mutans) ComD is an interspecies quorum-sensing signaling receptor that plays an important role in biofilm formation by S. mutans. Materials and Methodology: Egg yolk IgY was produced by the immunization of chickens with a DNA vaccine containing the ComD DNA coding region. We evaluated the effect of the antibody on biofilm formation by S. mutans isolated from subjects with or without dental caries. We also assessed the immunoreactivity of the antibody against all isolates, and analyzed the protein profile of S. mutans by SDS-PAGE. Results: The ComD antibody was successfully induced in the hens’ eggs. It inhibited biofilm formation by all S. mutans isolates. In addition, the expression of some protein bands was affected after exposure to the antibody. Conclusion: IgY anti-S. mutans ComD reduces biofilm formation by this bacterium and alters the protein profile of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Bachtiar
- Department of of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - B M Bachtiar
- Department of of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - R D Soejoedono
- Faculty of Veterinary Bogor, Institute of Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - I W Wibawan
- Faculty of Veterinary Bogor, Institute of Agriculture, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - A Afdhal
- Department of of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Sciences Research Center, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Polyphenol-Rich Extract from Propolis Reduces the Expression and Activity of Streptococcus mutans Glucosyltransferases at Subinhibitory Concentrations. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4302706. [PMID: 27110563 PMCID: PMC4821976 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4302706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tooth decay is an infectious disease, whose main causative agent identified is Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Diverse treatments have been used to eradicate this microorganism, including propolis. To date, it has been shown that polyphenols from Chilean propolis inhibit S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are unclear. In the present study, we assessed the effect of Chilean propolis on the expression and activity of the glycosyltransferases enzymes and their related genes. Polyphenol-rich extract from propolis inhibited gene expression of glycosyltransferases (GtfB, GtfC, and GtfD) and their related regulatory genes, for example, VicK, VicR, and CcpA. Moreover, the treatment inhibited glucosyltransferases activity measured by the formation of sucrose-derived glucans. Additionally, an inhibitory effect was observed in the expression of SpaP involved in sucrose-independent virulence of S. mutans. In summary, our results suggest that Chilean propolis has a dose-dependent effect on the inhibition of genes involved in S. mutans virulence and adherence through the inhibition of glucosyltransferases, showing an anticariogenic potential of polyphenols from propolis beyond S. mutans growth inhibition.
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7
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Suyotha W, Yano S, Wakayama M. α-1,3-Glucanase: present situation and prospect of research. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:30. [PMID: 26748807 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-1,3-Glucanases hydrolyze α-1,3-glucan which is an insoluble linear α-1,3-linked homopolymer of glucose and these enzymes are classified into two families of glycoside hydrolases on the basis of amino acid sequence similarity; type-71 α-1,3-glucanases found in fungi and type-87 enzymes in bacteria. α-1,3-Glucan (also called 'mutan') is a major component of dental plaque formed by oral Streptococci and has important physiological roles in various fungal species, including as a component of cell walls, an endogenous carbon source for sexual development, and a virulent factor. Considering these backgrounds, α-1,3-glucanases have been investigated from the perspectives of applications to dental care and development of cell-wall lytic enzymes. Compared with information regarding other glycoside hydrolases such as amylases, cellulases, chitinases, and β-glucanases, there is limited biochemical and structural information available regarding α-1,3-glucanase. Further research on α-1,3-glucanases on enzyme application to dental care and biological control of pathogenic fungi is expected. In this mini-review, we briefly describe how α-1,3-glucanases are categorized and characterized and present our study findings regarding α-1,3-glucanase from Bacillus circulans KA-304. Furthermore, we briefly discuss potential future applications of α-1,3-glucanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Yamagata University, Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Chen L, Ren Z, Zhou X, Zeng J, Zou J, Li Y. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production, and virulence by an oxazole derivative. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:857-67. [PMID: 26526453 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries, a biofilm-related oral disease, is a result of disruption of the microbial ecological balance in the oral environment. Streptococcus mutans, which is one of the primary cariogenic bacteria, produces glucosyltransferases (Gtfs) that synthesize extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs). The EPSs, especially water-insoluble glucans, contribute to the formation of dental plaque, biofilm stability, and structural integrity, by allowing bacteria to adhere to tooth surfaces and supplying the bacteria with protection against noxious stimuli and other environmental attacks. The identification of novel alternatives that selectively inhibit cariogenic organisms without suppressing oral microbial residents is required. The goal of the current study is to investigate the influence of an oxazole derivative on S. mutans biofilm formation and the development of dental caries in rats, given that oxazole and its derivatives often exhibit extensive and pharmacologically important biological activities. Our data shows that one particular oxazole derivative, named 5H6, inhibited the formation of S. mutans biofilms and prevented synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides by antagonizing Gtfs in vitro, without affecting the growth of the bacteria. In addition, topical applications with the inhibitor resulted in diminished incidence and severity of both smooth and sulcal surface caries in vivo with a lower percentage of S. mutans in the animals' dental plaque compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Our results showed that this oxazole derivative has the capacity to inhibit biofilm formation and cariogenicity of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endodontics Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jumei Zeng
- Department of Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Ohsumi T, Takenaka S, Wakamatsu R, Sakaue Y, Narisawa N, Senpuku H, Ohshima H, Terao Y, Okiji T. Residual structure of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following complete disinfection favors secondary bacterial adhesion and biofilm re-development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116647. [PMID: 25635770 PMCID: PMC4312048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical disinfection of oral biofilms often leaves biofilm structures intact. This study aimed to examine whether the residual structure promotes secondary bacterial adhesion. Streptococcus mutans biofilms generated on resin-composite disks in a rotating disc reactor were disinfected completely with 70% isopropyl alcohol, and were again cultured in the same reactor after resupplying with the same bacterial solution. Specimens were subjected to fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy, viable cell counts and PCR-Invader assay in order to observe and quantify secondarily adhered cells. Fluorescence microscopic analysis, particularly after longitudinal cryosectioning, demonstrated stratified patterns of viable cells on the disinfected biofilm structure. Viable cell counts of test specimens were significantly higher than those of controls, and increased according to the amount of residual structure and culture period. Linear regression analysis exhibited a high correlation between viable and total cell counts. It was concluded that disinfected biofilm structures favored secondary bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ohsumi
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shoji Takenaka
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Rika Wakamatsu
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuuki Sakaue
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Narisawa
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Ohshima
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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