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da Costa ALA, Soares MA, Lourenço TGB, Guimarães-Pinto K, Filardy AD, de Oliveira AM, de Luca BG, Magliano DAC, Araujo OMO, Moura L, Lopes RT, Palhares de Miranda AL, Tributino JLM, Vieira Colombo AP. Periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2 correlates with colonic leukocytes decrease and gut microbiome imbalance in mice. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38757372 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM Evidence suggests that translocation of oral pathogens through the oral-gut axis may induce intestinal dysbiosis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a highly leukotoxic Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) strain on the gut microbiota, intestinal mucosal integrity and immune system in healthy mice. METHODS Eight-week-old male C57BL6 mice were divided into control (n = 16) and JP2 groups (n = 19), which received intragastric gavage with PBS and with a suspension of Aa JP2 (HK921), respectively, twice a week for 4 weeks. Colonic lamina propria, fecal material, serum, gingival tissues, and mandibles were obtained for analyses of leukocyte populations, inflammatory mediators, mucosal integrity, alveolar bone loss, and gut microbiota. Differences between groups for these parameters were examined by non-parametric tests. RESULTS The gut microbial richness and the number of colonic macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes were significantly lower in Aa JP2-infected mice than in controls (p < .05). In contrast, infected animals showed higher abundance of Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Helicobacter rodentium, higher levels of IL-6 expression in colonic tissues, and higher splenic MPO activity than controls (p < .05). No differences in tight junction expression, serum endotoxin levels, and colonic inflammatory cytokines were observed between groups. Infected animals presented also slightly more alveolar bone loss and gingival IL-6 levels than controls (p < .05). CONCLUSION Based on this model, intragastric administration of Aa JP2 is associated with changes in the gut ecosystem of healthy hosts, characterized by less live/recruited myeloid cells, enrichment of the gut microbiota with pathobionts and decrease in commensals. Negligible levels of colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines, and no signs of mucosal barrier disruption were related to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L A da Costa
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Soares
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Laboratory of Studies in Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Talita G B Lourenço
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamila Guimarães-Pinto
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra D Filardy
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Miranda de Oliveira
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olga M O Araujo
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Nuclear Engineering Program, Institute Alberto Luiz de Coimbra of Graduate and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Larissa Moura
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Nuclear Engineering Program, Institute Alberto Luiz de Coimbra of Graduate and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
- Laboratory of Nuclear Instrumentation, Nuclear Engineering Program, Institute Alberto Luiz de Coimbra of Graduate and Research in Engineering, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa Palhares de Miranda
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge L M Tributino
- Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Fu Y, Maaβ S, Cavallo FM, de Jong A, Raangs E, Westra J, Buist G, Becher D, van Dijl JM. Differential Virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotypes Explained by Exoproteome Heterogeneity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0329822. [PMID: 36541765 PMCID: PMC9927298 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03298-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen associated with periodontitis and nonoral diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer´s disease. Aa isolates with the serotypes a, b, and c are globally most prevalent. Importantly, isolates displaying these serotypes have different clinical presentations. While serotype b isolates are predominant in severe periodontitis, serotypes a and c are generally encountered in mild periodontitis or healthy individuals. It is currently unknown how these differences are reflected in the overall secretion of virulence factors. Therefore, this study was aimed at a comparative analysis of exoproteomes from different clinical Aa isolates with serotypes a, b, or c by mass spectrometry, and a subsequent correlation of the recorded exoproteome profiles with virulence. Overall, we identified 425 extracellular proteins. Significant differences in the exoproteome composition of isolates with different serotypes were observed in terms of protein identification and abundance. In particular, serotype a isolates presented more extracellular proteins than serotype b or c isolates. These differences are mirrored in their virulence in infection models based on human salivary gland epithelial cells and neutrophils. Remarkably, serotype a isolates displayed stronger adhesive capabilities and induced more lysis of epithelial cells and neutrophils than serotype b or c isolates. Conversely, serotype c isolates showed relatively low leukotoxicity, while provoking NETosis to similar extents as serotype a and b isolates. Altogether, we conclude that the differential virulence presentation by Aa isolates with the dominant serotypes a, b, or c can be explained by their exoproteome heterogeneity. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes progressive destruction of alveolar bone and supporting tissues around the teeth, ultimately resulting in tooth loss. The bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is a prevalent causative agent of periodontitis, but this oral pathogen is also associated with serious extraoral diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Aa isolates are usually distinguished by serotyping, because of known serotype-specific differences in virulence. Aa with serotype b is associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, while isolates with serotypes a or c are usually encountered in cases of mild periodontitis or healthy individuals. The molecular basis for these differences in virulence was so far unknown. In the present study, we pinpoint serotype-specific differences in virulence factor production by clinical Aa isolates. We consider these findings important, because they provide new leads for future preventive or therapeutic approaches to fight periodontitis and associated morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Maaβ
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Francis M. Cavallo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- University of Groningen, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin Raangs
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Girbe Buist
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dörte Becher
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Microbial Proteomics, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Connections between Exoproteome Heterogeneity and Virulence in the Oral Pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. mSystems 2022; 7:e0025422. [PMID: 35695491 PMCID: PMC9239275 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00254-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen associated with severe periodontitis and nonoral diseases. Clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans display a rough (R) colony phenotype with strong adherent properties. Upon prolonged culturing, nonadherent strains with a smooth (S) colony phenotype emerge. To date, most virulence studies on A. actinomycetemcomitans have been performed with S strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans, whereas the virulence of clinical R isolates has received relatively little attention. Since the extracellular proteome is the main bacterial reservoir of virulence factors, the present study was aimed at a comparative analysis of this subproteome fraction for a collection of R isolates and derivative S strains, in order to link particular proteins to the virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans with serotype b. To assess the bacterial virulence, we applied different infection models based on larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, a human salivary gland-derived epithelial cell line, and freshly isolated neutrophils from healthy human volunteers. A total number of 351 extracellular A. actinomycetemcomitans proteins was identified by mass spectrometry, with the S strains consistently showing more extracellular proteins than their parental R isolates. A total of 50 known extracellular virulence factors was identified, of which 15 were expressed by all investigated bacteria. Importantly, the comparison of differences in exoproteome composition and virulence highlights critical roles of 10 extracellular proteins in the different infection models. Together, our findings provide novel clues for understanding the virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and for development of potential preventive or therapeutic avenues to neutralize this important oral pathogen. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases worldwide, causing high morbidity and decreasing the quality of life of millions of people. The bacterial pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis. Moreover, it has been implicated in serious nonoral infections, including endocarditis and brain abscesses. Therefore, it is important to investigate how A. actinomycetemcomitans can cause disease. In the present study, we applied a mass spectrometry approach to make an inventory of the virulence factors secreted by different clinical A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates and derivative strains that emerged upon culturing. We subsequently correlated the secreted virulence factors to the pathogenicity of the investigated bacteria in different infection models. The results show that a limited number of extracellular virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans have central roles in pathogenesis, indicating that they could be druggable targets to prevent or treat oral disease.
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da Silva MP, Silva VDO, Pasetto S, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Kawamoto D, Mata GMSC, Murata RM, Mayer MPA, Chen C. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Outer Membrane Proteins 29 and 29 Paralogue Induce Evasion of Immune Response. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:835902. [PMID: 35187533 PMCID: PMC8851312 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.835902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is abundant within the microbial dysbiotic community of some patients with periodontitis. Aa outer membrane protein 29 (OMP29), a member of the OMPA family, mediates the invasion of Aa to gingival epithelial cells (GECs). This study evaluated the effect of OMP29 and its paralogue OMP29par on the response of GECs to Aa. The omp29 or/and omp29par deletion mutants AaΔ29, AaΔ29P, and AaΔ29Δ29P were constructed, and recombinant Aa OMP29His was obtained. Microarray analysis and the evaluation of cxcl-8 gene expression were performed to examine the response of GECs line OBA-09 to Aa and its mutants. The expression of cxcl-8 and its product CXCL-8 was examined in LPS-stimulated OBA-09 cells with Aa OMP29His. Proteomics analysis showed that the deletion of omp29 led to overexpression of both OMP29par and another membrane protein OMP39, the expression of which was further increased in AaΔ29Δ29P. OBA-09 cells challenged with AaΔ29Δ29P exhibited a higher expression of cxcl-8 in comparison to wildtype Aa strain AaD7S or single-deletion mutants AaΔ29 or AaΔ29P. LPS-stimulated OBA-09 cells challenged with Aa OMP29His showed reduced expressions of cxcl-8 and its product CXCL-8. OBA-09 cells challenged with AaΔ29Δ29P in comparison to Aa strain AaD7S resulted in higher expressions of genes involved in apoptosis and inflammatory response such as bcl2, birc3, casp3, c3, ep300, fas, fosb, grb2, il-1α, il-1β, il-6, cxcl-8, nr3c1, prkcq, socs3, and tnfrsf1β and reduced expressions of cd74, crp, faslg, tlr1, and vcam1. The results suggested a novel strategy of Aa, mediated by OMP29 and OMP29par, to evade host immune response by inhibiting CXCL-8 expression and modulating the genes involved in apoptosis and inflammatory response in GECs. Pending further confirmation, the strategy might interfere with the recruitment of neutrophils and dampen the host inflammatory response, leading to a more permissive subgingival niche for bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Paulino da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Centro Universitário Atenas- UniAtenas, Paracatu, Brazil
| | - Silvana Pasetto
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Comprehensive Oral Health, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ellen Sayuri Ando-Suguimoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gardênia Márcia Silva Campos Mata
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Alimentação e Nutrição, Centro Multidisciplinar UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Mendonça Murata
- Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine of University of East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Casey Chen
- Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences and Dental Hygiene, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Casey Chen
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Host Chromatin Regulators Required for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Model. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0003621. [PMID: 33941581 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00036-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a bacterial genotoxin that causes host cell cycle arrest and death. We previously employed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae model with inducible expression of the CDT catalytic subunit from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, AaCdtB, and showed that a wide variety of host factors play a role in facilitating the activity of CdtB. Our observation that a yeast H2B mutant defective in chromatin condensation was partially resistant to CdtB implies that chromatin structure may affect CDT function. In this study, we identified host chromatin regulatory genes required for CdtB cytotoxicity. We found that the deletion of HTZ1 or certain subunits of SWR, INO80, and SIR complexes increased cellular resistance to CdtB. We hypothesized that CdtB may interact with Htz1 or the chromatin, but immunoprecipitation experiments failed to detect physical interaction between CdtB and Htz1 or the chromatin. However, we observed reduced nuclear localization of CdtB in several mutants, suggesting that impaired nuclear translocation may, at least partly, explain the mechanisms of CdtB resistance. In addition, mutations in chromatin regulatory genes induce changes in the global gene expression profile, and these may indirectly affect CdtB toxicity. Our results suggest that decreased expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport-related genes that may be involved in CdtB transport and/or increased expression of DNA repair genes may contribute to CdtB resistance. These results suggest that the functions of chromatin regulators may contribute to the activity of CDT in host cells.
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Fujita A, Oogai Y, Kawada-Matsuo M, Nakata M, Noguchi K, Komatsuzawa H. Expression of virulence factors under different environmental conditions in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:101-114. [PMID: 33591576 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium associated with periodontal diseases, especially aggressive periodontitis. The virulence factors of this pathogen, including adhesins, exotoxins, and endotoxin, have been extensively studied. However, little is known about their gene expression mode in the host. Herein, we investigated whether culture conditions reflecting in vivo environments, including serum and saliva, alter expression levels of virulence genes in the strain HK1651, a JP2 clone. Under aerobic conditions, addition of calf serum (CS) into a general medium induced high expression of two outer membrane proteins (omp100 and omp64). The high expression of omp100 and omp64 was also induced by an iron-limited medium. RNA-seq analysis showed that the gene expressions of several factors involved in iron acquisition were increased in the CS-containing medium. When HK1651 was grown on agar plates, genes encoding many virulence factors, including the Omps, cytolethal distending toxin, and leukotoxin, were differentially expressed. Then, we investigated their expression in five other A. actinomycetemcomitans strains grown in general and CS-containing media. The expression pattern of virulence factors varied among strains. Compared with the other five strains, HK1561 showed high expression of omp29 regardless of the CS addition, while the gene expression of leukotoxin in HK1651 was higher only in the medium without CS. HK1651 showed reduced biofilm in both CS- and saliva-containing media. Coaggregation with Fusobacterium nucleatum was remarkably enhanced using HK1651 grown in the CS-containing medium. Our results indicate that the expression of virulence factors is altered by adaptation to different conditions during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Fujita
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nakata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Noguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Ishikawa KH, Bueno MR, Kawamoto D, Simionato MRL, Mayer MPA. Lactobacilli postbiotics reduce biofilm formation and alter transcription of virulence genes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:92-102. [PMID: 33372378 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by a dysbiotic microbial community and treatment strategies include the reestablishment of symbiosis by reducing pathogens abundance. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) is frequently associated with rapidly progressing periodontitis. Since the oral ecosystem may be affected by metabolic end-products of bacteria, we evaluated the effect of soluble compounds released by probiotic lactobacilli, known as postbiotics, on Aa biofilm and expression of virulence-associated genes. Cell-free pH-neutralized supernatants (CFS) of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lr32, L. rhamnosus HN001, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, and L. acidophilus NCFM were tested against a fimbriated clinical isolate of Aa JP2 genotype (1 × 107 CFU/well) on biofilm formation for 24 hr, and early and mature preformed biofilms (2 and 24 hr). Lactobacilli CFS partially reduced Aa viable counts and biofilms biomass, but did not affect the number of viable non-adherent bacteria, except for LA5 CFS. Furthermore, LA5 CFS and, in a lesser extent HN001 CFS, influenced Aa preformed biofilms. Lactobacilli postbiotics altered expression profile of Aa in a strain-specific fashion. Transcription of cytolethal distending toxin (cdtB) and leukotoxin (ltxA) was downregulated by CFS of LA5 and LR32 CFS. Although all probiotics produced detectable peroxide, transcription of katA was downregulated by lactobacilli CFS. Transcription of dspB was abrogated by LR32 and NCFM CFS, but increased by HN001, whereas expression of pgA was not affected by any postbiotic. Our data indicated the potential of postbiotics from lactobacilli, especially LA5, to reduce colonization levels of Aa and to modulate the expression of virulence factors implicated in evasion of host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela R Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R L Simionato
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Core and Accessory Genes in Different Growth Conditions. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040282. [PMID: 31816971 PMCID: PMC6963384 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans genome can be divided into an accessory gene pool (found in some but not all strains) and a core gene pool (found in all strains). The functions of the accessory genes (genomic islands and non-island accessory genes) are largely unknown. We hypothesize that accessory genes confer critical functions for A. actinomycetemcomitans in vivo. This study examined the expression patterns of accessory and core genes of A. actinomycetemcomitans in distinct growth conditions. We found similar expression patterns of island and non-island accessory genes, which were generally lower than the core genes in all growth conditions. The median expression levels of genomic islands were 29%–37% of the core genes in enriched medium but elevated to as high as 63% of the core genes in nutrient-limited media. Several putative virulence genes, including the cytolethal distending toxin operon, were found to be activated in nutrient-limited conditions. In conclusion, genomic islands and non-island accessory genes exhibited distinct patterns of expression from the core genes and may play a role in the survival of A. actinomycetemcomitans in nutrient-limited environments.
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Rebeis ES, Albuquerque-Souza E, Paulino da Silva M, Giudicissi M, Mayer MPA, Saraiva L. Effect of periodontal treatment onAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitanscolonization and serum IgG levels againstA. actinomycetemcomitansserotypes and Omp29 of aggressive periodontitis patients. Oral Dis 2018; 25:569-579. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Sanches Rebeis
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Albuquerque-Souza
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Maike Paulino da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcela Giudicissi
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marcia P. A. Mayer
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Luciana Saraiva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo Brazil
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Lv K, Wang G, Shen C, Zhang X, Yao H. Role and mechanism of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome in oral disease. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 97:1-11. [PMID: 30315987 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize evidence and data from experimental studies regarding the role and mechanism of the Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in the pathogenesis of several representative oral diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search of PubMed and EBSCO was performed. The literature was searched using a combination of keywords, e.g., NLRP3 inflammasome, inflammation, microorganisms, oral inflammatory diseases, and oral immunological diseases. RESULTS The initiation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of several representative oral diseases, including periodontitis, oral lichen planus, dental pulp disease, and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in the progression of inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. The possible role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in several oral diseases, including not only periodontitis and pulpitis but also mucosal diseases and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, may involve the aberrant regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. Understanding the cellular and molecular biology of the NLRP3 inflammasome is necessary because the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of oral inflammatory and immunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Lv
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Chenlu Shen
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Yinzhou People Hospital, College of Medicine, Ningbo University, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Department of Stomatology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.
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Oogai Y, Gotoh Y, Ogura Y, Kawada-Matsuo M, Hayashi T, Komatsuzawa H. Small RNA repertoires and their intraspecies variation in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. DNA Res 2018; 25:207-215. [PMID: 29211829 PMCID: PMC5909427 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a major periodontal pathogen that has several virulence factors such as leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin. Although the genes responsible for virulence have been identified, little is known about their regulatory mechanisms. Small RNA (sRNA) has been recognized as an important factor for gene regulation. To identify new regulatory mechanisms via sRNA in A. actinomycetemcomitans HK1651, we performed a systematic search for sRNAs by RNA-seq and identified 90 intergenic region sRNAs and 30 antisense sRNAs. Of the 85 analysable sRNAs, we successfully detected and quantified 70 sRNAs by developing an RT-PCR system, and we identified 17 sRNAs that were differentially expressed during different growth phases. In addition, we found notable intraspecies variation in the sRNA repertoire of A. actinomycetemcomitans, thus suggesting that frequent acquisition or deletion of sRNAs occurred during the evolution of this species. The predicted target genes of the intergenic region sRNAs indicated the possibility of sRNA interaction with several virulence genes including leukotoxin and cytolethal distending toxin. Our results should serve as an important genomic and genetic basis for future studies to fully understand the regulatory network in A. actinomycetemcomitans and provide new insights into the intraspecies variation of the bacterial sRNA repertoire in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Oogai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Gotoh
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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Pietiäinen M, Kopra KAE, Vuorenkoski J, Salminen A, Paju S, Mäntylä P, Buhlin K, Liljestrand JM, Nieminen MS, Sinisalo J, Hyvärinen K, Pussinen PJ. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansserotypes associate with periodontal and coronary artery disease status. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:413-421. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milla Pietiäinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. A. Elisa Kopra
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Vuorenkoski
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aino Salminen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dental Medicine Huddinge; Division of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Päivi Mäntylä
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Institute of Dentistry; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Dental Medicine Huddinge; Division of Periodontology; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
| | - John M. Liljestrand
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku S. Nieminen
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center; Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Kati Hyvärinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Pirkko J. Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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Herbert BA, Steinkamp HM, Gaestel M, Kirkwood KL. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 2 Signaling Shapes Macrophage Plasticity in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-Induced Bone Loss. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00552-16. [PMID: 27795356 PMCID: PMC5203644 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00552-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontal disease, which is characterized by inflammation-driven alveolar bone loss. A. actinomycetemcomitans activates the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) stress pathways in macrophages that are involved in host responses. During the inflammatory process in periodontal disease, chemokines are upregulated to promote recruitment of inflammatory cells. The objective of this study was to determine the role of MK2 signaling in chemokine regulation during A. actinomycetemcomitans pathogenesis. Utilizing a murine calvarial model, Mk2+/+ and Mk2-/- mice were treated with live A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteria at the midsagittal suture. MK2 positively regulated the following macrophage RNA: Emr1 (F4/80), Itgam (CD11b), Csf1r (M-CSF Receptor), Itgal (CD11a), Tnf, and Nos2 Additionally, RNA analysis revealed that MK2 signaling regulated chemokines CCL3 and CCL4 in murine calvarial tissue. Utilizing the chimeric murine air pouch model, MK2 signaling differentially regulated CCL3 and CCL4 in the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Bone resorption pits in calvaria, observed by micro-computed tomography, and osteoclast formation were decreased in Mk2-/- mice compared to Mk2+/+ mice after A. actinomycetemcomitans treatment. In conclusion, these data suggest that MK2 in macrophages contributes to regulation of chemokine signaling during A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced inflammation and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Herbert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi M Steinkamp
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Keith L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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14
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Virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and DGGE subtypes isolated from chronic adult periodontitis in Thailand. Anaerobe 2015; 36:60-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been considered the most likely etiologic agent in aggressive periodontitis. Implementation of DNA-based microbiologic methodologies has considerably improved our understanding of the composition of subgingival biofilms, and advanced open-ended molecular techniques even allow for genome mapping of the whole bacterial spectrum in a sample and characterization of both the cultivable and not-yet-cultivable microbiota associated with periodontal health and disease. Currently, A. actinomycetemcomitans is regarded as a minor component of the resident oral microbiota and as an opportunistic pathogen in some individuals. Its specific JP2 clone, however, shows properties of a true exogenous pathogen and has an important role in the development of aggressive periodontitis in certain populations. Still, limited data exist on the impact of other microbes specifically in aggressive periodontitis. Despite a wide heterogeneity of bacteria, especially in subgingival samples collected from patients, bacteria of the red complex in particular, and those of the orange complex, are considered as potential pathogens in generalized aggressive periodontitis. These types of bacterial findings closely resemble those found for chronic periodontitis, representing a mixed polymicrobial infection without a clear association with any specific microorganism. In aggressive periodontitis, the role of novel and not-yet-cultivable bacteria has not yet been elucidated. There are geographic and ethnic differences in the carriage of periodontitis-associated microorganisms, and they need to be taken into account when comparing study reports on periodontal microbiology in different study populations. In the present review, we provide an overview on the colonization of potential periodontal pathogens in childhood and adolescence, and on specific microorganisms that have been suspected for their role in the initiation and progression of aggressive forms of periodontal disease.
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Herbert BA, Novince CM, Kirkwood KL. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a potent immunoregulator of the periodontal host defense system and alveolar bone homeostasis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26197893 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a perio-pathogenic bacteria that has long been associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. The mechanisms of its pathogenicity have been studied in humans and preclinical experimental models. Although different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans have differential virulence factor expression, A. actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), leukotoxin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been most extensively studied in the context of modulating the host immune response. Following colonization and attachment in the oral cavity, A. actinomycetemcomitans employs CDT, leukotoxin, and LPS to evade host innate defense mechanisms and drive a pathophysiologic inflammatory response. This supra-physiologic immune response state perturbs normal periodontal tissue remodeling/turnover and ultimately has catabolic effects on periodontal tissue homeostasis. In this review, we have divided the host response into two systems: non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic. Non-hematopoietic barriers include epithelium and fibroblasts that initiate the innate immune host response. The hematopoietic system contains lymphoid and myeloid-derived cell lineages that are responsible for expanding the immune response and driving the pathophysiologic inflammatory state in the local periodontal microenvironment. Effector systems and signaling transduction pathways activated and utilized in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans will be discussed to further delineate immune cell mechanisms during A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. Finally, we will discuss the osteo-immunomodulatory effects induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans and dissect the catabolic disruption of balanced osteoclast-osteoblast-mediated bone remodeling, which subsequently leads to net alveolar bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Herbert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C M Novince
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K L Kirkwood
- Department of Oral Health Sciences and the Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Distinctive pathways characterize A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:441-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Haubek D, Johansson A. Pathogenicity of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its geographic dissemination and role in aggressive periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2014; 6:23980. [PMID: 25206940 PMCID: PMC4139931 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.23980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis in adolescents. In the middle of the 1990s, a specific JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans, belonging to the cluster of serotype b strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans and having a number of other characteristics, was found to be strongly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, particularly in North Africa. Although several longitudinal studies still point to the bacterial species, A. actinomycetemcomitans as a risk factor of aggressive periodontitis, it is now also widely accepted that the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in rapidly progressing forms of aggressive periodontitis. The JP2 clone strains are highly prevalent in human populations living in Northern and Western parts of Africa. These strains are also prevalent in geographically widespread populations that have originated from the Northwest Africa. Only sporadic signs of a dissemination of the JP2 clone strains to non-African populations have been found despite Africans living geographically widespread for hundreds of years. It remains an unanswered question if a particular host tropism exists as a possible explanation for the frequent colonization of the Northwest African population with the JP2 clone. Two exotoxins of A. actinomycetemcomitans are known, leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt). LtxA is able to kill human immune cells, and Cdt can block cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells and thus induce cell cycle arrest. Whereas the leukotoxin production is enhanced in JP2 clone strains thus increasing the virulence potential of A. actinomycetemcomitans, it has not been possible so far to demonstrate such a role for Cdt. Lines of evidence have led to the understanding of the highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans as an aetiological factor of aggressive periodontitis. Patients, who are colonized with the JP2 clone, are likely to share this clone with several family members because the clone is transmitted through close contacts. This is a challenge to the clinicians. The patients need intense monitoring of their periodontal status as the risk for developing severely progressing periodontal lesions are relatively high. Furthermore, timely periodontal treatment, in some cases including periodontal surgery supplemented by the use of antibiotics, is warranted. Preferably, periodontal attachment loss should be prevented by early detection of the JP2 clone of A. actinomycetemcomitans by microbial diagnostic testing and/or by preventive means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Molecular Periodontology, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
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Wang X, Li L, Yang M, Geng Y, Chen H, Xu Y, Sun Y. Prevalence and distribution of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its cdtB gene in subgingival plaque of Chinese periodontitis patients. BMC Oral Health 2014; 14:37. [PMID: 24725913 PMCID: PMC4002197 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.actinomycetemcomitans) is an important periodontal pathogen that can participate in periodontitis and other non-oral infections. The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is among the virulence factors produced by this bacterium. This study was to elucidate the distribution of A.actinomycetemcomitans and the prevalence of its cdtB gene in Chinese subjects. METHODS A total of 255 subgingival samples were obtained from 30 subjects. Samples were collected from periodontal healthy sites as well as shallow, moderate and deep pockets. The absolute quantity of A.actinomycetemcomitans and cdtB gene were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A.actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 92 of 105 (87.6%) samples of aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients, in 73 of 79 (92.4%) samples of chronic periodontitis ( CP) patients and in 5 of 71 (7.0%) samples of periodontal healthy subjects. The cdtB gene was detected in 72 sites (78.3%) with AgP infected with A.actinomycetemcomitans, 54 sites (74.0%) with CP infected with A.actinomycetemcomitans and none in healthy sites infected with A.actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, quantity of A.actinomycetemcomitans and cdt gene in samples from deep pockets were significant larger than moderate, shallow and healthy sites (P < 0.05). In comparison to CP, AgP patients were infected with increased numbers of cdt genotype in deep pockets (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study suggests that the cdtB gene are prevalent in A.actinomycetemcomitans, and the distribution of cdt genotype strain may be correlated with AgP and serious periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Oral Infection and Immunology, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiang Su, China.
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Umeda JE, Longo PL, Simionato MRL, Mayer MPA. Differential transcription of virulence genes in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. J Oral Microbiol 2013; 5:21473. [PMID: 24159369 PMCID: PMC3807012 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v5i0.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes are clearly associated with periodontitis or health, which suggests distinct strategies for survival within the host. Objective We investigated the transcription profile of virulence-associated genes in A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b (JP2 and SUNY 465) strains associated with disease and serotype a (ATCC 29523) strain associated with health. Design Bacteria were co-cultured with immortalized gingival epithelial cells (OBA-9). The adhesion efficiency after 2 hours and the relative transcription of 13 genes were evaluated after 2 and 24 hours of interaction. Results All strains were able to adhere to OBA-9, and this contact induced transcription of pgA for polysaccharide biosynthesis in all tested strains. Genes encoding virulence factors as Omp29, Omp100, leukotoxin, and CagE (apoptotic protein) were more transcribed by serotype b strains than by serotype a. ltxA and omp29, encoding the leukotoxin and the highly antigenic Omp29, were induced in serotype b by interaction with epithelial cells. Factors related to colonization (aae, flp, apaH, and pgA) and cdtB were upregulated in serotype a strain after prolonged interaction with OBA-9. Conclusion Genes relevant for surface colonization and interaction with the immune system are regulated differently among the strains, which may help explaining their differences in association with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josely Emiko Umeda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nissen L, Sgorbati B, Biavati B, Belibasakis GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. ANN MICROBIOL 2013; 64:611-617. [PMID: 24860281 PMCID: PMC4028514 DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microbes, such as lactobacilli establish a symbiosis with the host and confer health-associated effects, by limiting the growth of indigenous pathogens and challenging microbes introduced by altered foods. Nevertheless, there is scarce information on the effects of beneficial microbes on the virulence properties of bacterial species associated with oral diseases, such as periodontitis. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative species highly implicated in the etiology of localized aggressive periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactobacilli on the expression of the two major virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri were selected as beneficial species. The gene expressions of leukotoxin (LtxA) and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB) by A. actinomycetemcomitans were analyzed in response to challenge by lactobacilli cell-free supernatants. Neither lactobacilli affected the growth, but strongly attenuated the expressions of both CdtB and LtxA in the two A. actinomycetemcomitans strains tested. This reduction of the expression of these two exotoxins was time-dependent. These fundamental findings may indicate that lactobacilli can reduce the virulence of putative opportunistic oral pathogens, and may provide insights to future therapeutic approaches for the respective diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nissen
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Sgorbati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Biavati
- />Microbiology Area, Department. Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, V.le Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Georgios N. Belibasakis
- />Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Oral Biology, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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Höglund Åberg C, Antonoglou G, Haubek D, Kwamin F, Claesson R, Johansson A. Cytolethal distending toxin in isolates of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans from Ghanaian adolescents and association with serotype and disease progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65781. [PMID: 23922633 PMCID: PMC3683020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a highly conserved exotoxin that are produced by a number of Gram negative bacteria, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and affects mammalian cells by inhibiting cell division and causing apoptosis. A complete cdt-operon is present in the majority of A. actinomycetemcomitans, but the proportion of isolates that lack cdt-encoding genes (A, B and C) varies according to the population studied. The objectives of this study were to examine serotype, Cdt-genotype, and Cdt-activity in isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans collected from an adolescent West African population and to examine the association between the carrier status of A. actinomycetemcomitans and the progression of attachment loss (AL). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 249 A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates from 200 Ghanaian adolescents were examined for serotype and cdt-genotype by PCR. The activity of the Cdt-toxin was examined by DNA-staining of exposed cultured cells and documented with flow cytometry. The periodontal status of the participants was examined at baseline and at a two-year follow-up. RESULTS Presence of all three cdt-encoding genes was detected in 79% of the examined A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates. All these isolates showed a substantial Cdt-activity. The two different cdt-genotypes (with and without presence of all three cdt-encoding genes) showed a serotype-dependent distribution pattern. Presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly associated with progression of AL (OR = 5.126; 95% CI = [2.994-8.779], p<0.001). CONCLUSION A. actinomycetemcomitans isolated from the Ghanaian adolescents showed a distribution of serotype and cdt-genotype in line with results based on other previously studied populations. Presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly associated with disease progression, in particular the b serotype, whereas the association with disease progression was not particularly related to cdt-genotype, and Cdt-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Höglund Åberg
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Georgios Antonoglou
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Section for Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Rolf Claesson
- Division of Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Division of Molecular Periodontology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Oil Essential Mouthwashes Antibacterial Activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Comparison between Antibiofilm and Antiplanktonic Effects. Int J Dent 2013. [PMID: 23762059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164267]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the antibacterial activity of three marketed mouthwashes on suspended and sessile states of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The efficacy of two commonly used products in clinical practice, containing essential oils as active ingredients (menthol, thymol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol) in association with or without alcohol, has been evaluated in comparison with a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. The microtiter plate assay, in order to obtain a spectrophotometric measurement of bacterial responses at growing dilutions of each antiseptic, was used for the study. The analysis revealed that a good antibacterial activity is reached when the abovementioned mouthwashes were used at concentration over a 1/24 dilution and after an exposure time of 30 seconds at least. In conclusion, the alcoholic mouthwash appears to have a better biofilm inhibition than its antiplanktonic activity while the nonalcoholic product demonstrates an opposite effect with a better antiplanktonic behavior.
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Oil Essential Mouthwashes Antibacterial Activity against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: A Comparison between Antibiofilm and Antiplanktonic Effects. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:164267. [PMID: 23762059 PMCID: PMC3671517 DOI: 10.1155/2013/164267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to determine the antibacterial activity of three marketed mouthwashes on suspended and sessile states of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The efficacy of two commonly used products in clinical practice, containing essential oils as active ingredients (menthol, thymol, methyl salicylate, and eucalyptol) in association with or without alcohol, has been evaluated in comparison with a chlorhexidine-based mouthwash. The microtiter plate assay, in order to obtain a spectrophotometric measurement of bacterial responses at growing dilutions of each antiseptic, was used for the study. The analysis revealed that a good antibacterial activity is reached when the abovementioned mouthwashes were used at concentration over a 1/24 dilution and after an exposure time of 30 seconds at least. In conclusion, the alcoholic mouthwash appears to have a better biofilm inhibition than its antiplanktonic activity while the nonalcoholic product demonstrates an opposite effect with a better antiplanktonic behavior.
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25
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Longo PL, Nunes ACR, Umeda JE, Mayer MPA. Gene expression and phenotypic traits of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
in response to environmental changes. J Periodontal Res 2013; 48:766-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. L. Longo
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. C. R. Nunes
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. E. Umeda
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. P. A. Mayer
- Department of Microbiology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Bandhaya P, Saraithong P, Likittanasombat K, Hengprasith B, Torrungruang K. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, the JP2 clone and cytolethal distending toxin genes in a Thai population. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:519-25. [PMID: 22471788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the genetic diversity of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in Thai adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples from 453 subjects were analysed for A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, the presence of the high leukotoxin-producing JP2 clone and cytolethal distending toxin genes (cdtABC) using the polymerase chain reaction technique. In subjects who were positive for cdtABC, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the cdtB gene at amino acid position 281. The extent and severity of periodontal disease were compared between subjects harbouring different A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes. RESULTS Eighty six subjects (19%) were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans. The JP2 clone was not detected. Serotype c was the most prevalent (57%), followed by serotypes a (33%) and b (7%). Among A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive subjects, 27% were positive for cdtABC. All cdtABC-positive subjects possessed the SNP in the cdtB, which is involved with increased toxin activity. The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, but not a specific genotype, was significantly related to increased probing depth and periodontal attachment loss. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the previous findings that genotype distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans varies between ethnic groups. However, no clear relationship between a specific genotype and periodontal conditions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwadee Bandhaya
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Jentsch H, Cachovan G, Guentsch A, Eickholz P, Pfister W, Eick S. Characterization of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans strains in periodontitis patients in Germany. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 16:1589-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Isolation of a novel Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b bacteriophage capable of lysing bacteria within a biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3157-9. [PMID: 21378052 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02115-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacteriophage specific for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotype b, able to kill the bacterium within a biofilm, was isolated. Random mutagenesis of this phage rendered a bacteriophage able to kill 99% of the bacteria within a biofilm. This is the first report of a biocontrol experiment against A. actinomycetemcomitans.
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Pinheiro ET, Kawamoto D, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Almeida LRS, Nunes ACR, Longo PL, Wikstrom M, Mayer MPA. Analysis of genotypic variation in genes associated with virulence in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans clinical isolates. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:310-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ando ES, De-Gennaro LA, Faveri M, Feres M, DiRienzo JM, Mayer MPA. Immune response to cytolethal distending toxin of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:471-80. [PMID: 20337882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is a genotoxin produced by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In spite of its association with pathogenesis, little is known about the humoral immune response against the CDT. This study aimed to test whether subgingival colonization and humoral response to A. actinomycetemcomitans would lead to a response against CDT. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sera from periodontally healthy, localized and generalized aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis subjects (n = 80) were assessed for immunoglobulin G titers to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a/b/c and to each CDT subunit (CdtA, CdtB and CdtC) by ELISA. A. actinomycetemcomitans subgingival levels and neutralization of CDT activity were also analyzed. RESULTS Sera from 75.0% localized and 81.8% generalized aggressive periodontitis patients reacted to A. actinomycetemcomitans. A response to serotype b was detected in localized (66.7%) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (54.5%). Reactivity to A. actinomycetemcomitans correlated with subgingival colonization (R = 0.75, p < 0.05). There was no correlation between A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization or response to serotypes and the immunoglobulin G response to CDT subunits. Titers of immunoglobulin G to CdtA and CdtB did not differ among groups; however, sera of all generalized aggressive periodontitis patients reacted to CdtC. Neutralization of CDT was not correlated with levels of antibodies to CDT subunits. CONCLUSION Response to CdtA and CdtB did not correlate with the periodontal status of the subject in the context of an A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. However, a response to CdtC was found in sera of generalized but not of localized aggressive periodontitis subjects. Differences in response to CdtC between generalized and localized aggressive periodontitis subjects indicate that CDT could be expressed differently by the infecting strains. Alternatively, the antibody response to CdtC could require the colonization of multiple sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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