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Abstract
Despite their evolutionary and biomedical importance, studies of the morphology and function of female genitalia have continued to lag behind those of male genitalia. While studying female genitalia can be difficult because of their soft, deformable and internal nature, recent advances in imaging, geometric analyses of shape and mechanical testing have been made, allowing for a much greater understanding of the incredible diversity of form and function of female genitalia. Here we summarize some of these methods, as well as discuss some big questions in the field that are beginning to be examined now, and will continue to benefit from further work, especially a comparative approach. Topics of further research include examination of the morphology of female genitalia in situ, in-depth anatomical work in many more species, studies of the interplay between natural and sexual selection in influencing features of vaginal morphology, how these diverse functions influence the mechanical properties of tissues, and studies of clitoris morphology and function across amniotes. Many other research topics related to female genitalia remain largely unexplored, and we hope that the papers in this issue will continue to inspire further research on female genitalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA 01075, USA
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2
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Winkler L, Lindholm AK, Ramm SA, Sutter A. The baculum affects paternity success of first but not second males in house mouse sperm competition. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:159. [PMID: 34384348 PMCID: PMC8359600 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01887-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast variation observed in genital morphology is a longstanding puzzle in evolutionary biology. Studies showing that the morphology of the mammalian baculum (penis bone) can covary with a male’s paternity success indicate a potential impact of baculum morphology on male fitness, likely through influencing sperm competition outcomes. We therefore measured the size (measurements of length and width) and shape (geometric morphometric measurements) of the bacula of male house mice used in previously published sperm competition experiments, in which two males mated successively with the same female in staged matings. This enabled us to correlate baculum morphology with sperm competition success, incorporating potential explanatory variables related to copulatory plugs, male mating behavior and a selfish genetic element that influences sperm motility. We found that a wider baculum shaft increased a male’s paternity share when mating first, but not when mating second with a multiply-mating female. Geometric morphometric shape measurements were not clearly associated with fertilization success for either male. We found limited evidence that the effect of baculum morphology on male fertilization success was altered by experimental removal of the copulatory plug. Furthermore, neither genetic differences in sperm motility, nor covariation with male mating behavior mediated the effect of baculum morphology on male fertilization success. Taken together with previous findings, the mating-order effects we found here suggest that baculum-mediated stimulation by the first male might be particularly important for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Winkler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany. .,Applied Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Anna K Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven A Ramm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Bielefeld University, Konsequenz 45, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Sutter
- School of Biological Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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3
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Pang KH, Rowe AK, Sheeran LK, Xia DP, Sun L, Li JH. Sexual Interference Behaviors in Male Adult and Subadult Tibetan Macaques ( Macaca thibetana). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030663. [PMID: 33801483 PMCID: PMC7999075 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sexual interference behaviors (interruption/harassment) by male nonhuman primates can lead copulating individuals to separate and is hypothetically a form of male–male competition for access to sexually receptive females. Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) provide an example of male sexual interference that can be used to discuss the sexual competition hypothesis. We found male sexual interference in this species showed significant seasonal variation. Age did not affect the proportion or type of interference behaviors that a male performed, but his social status did. Dominant males more often interrupted copulations. Subordinate males more often directed harassment behaviors toward dominant males, which reduced copulation duration, especially the post-ejaculatory phase of copulation. Our results suggest that sexual interference (interruption or harassment) may be a tactic to reduce the mating success of other males by either preventing ejaculation or reducing the duration of the post-ejaculatory phase, which is critical for sperm transport and, thus, reproductive success. Abstract Male nonhuman primate sexual interference, which includes copulation interruption and copulation harassment, has been related to reproductive success, but its significance has been challenging to test. Copulation interruption results in the termination of a copulation before ejaculation, whereas copulation harassment does not. We conducted this study using the all-occurrence behavior sampling method on sexual interference behaviors of seven adult and four subadult male Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) in mating and non-mating seasons at Mt. Huangshan, China, from August 2016 to May 2017. Our results showed that males’ individual proportion of copulation interruption and harassment was higher during the mating season than during the non-mating season. In addition, dominant males more often performed interruption, whereas subordinate males more often performed harassment. We found no difference in the individual proportion of copulation interruption or harassment between adult and subadult males. Adult and subadult males both directed copulation interruption and harassment more often toward the mating male than toward the mating female. Lastly, the post-ejaculation phase of copulation was shorter when copulation harassment occurred than when it did not. Our results suggest that sexual interference may be an important mating tactic that adult and subadult males use in male–male sexual competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui-Hai Pang
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Amanda K. Rowe
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Lori K. Sheeran
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA;
| | - Dong-Po Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
| | - Lixing Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA;
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-551-63861723
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4
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Brennan PL, Orbach DN. Copulatory behavior and its relationship to genital morphology. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.asb.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Hulme-Beaman A, Searle JB, Stockley P. Sperm competition as an under-appreciated factor in domestication. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2018.0043. [PMID: 29563282 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans created an environment that increased selective pressures on subgroups of those species that became domestic. We propose that the domestication process may in some cases have been facilitated by changes in mating behaviour and resultant sperm competition. By adapting to sperm competition, proto-domestic animals could potentially have outcompeted their wild counterparts in human-constructed niches. This could have contributed to the restriction of gene flow between the proto-domesticates and their wild counterparts, thereby promoting the fixation of other domestication characteristics. Further to this novel perspective for domestication, we emphasize the general potential of postcopulatory sexual selection in the restriction of gene flow between populations, and urge more studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardern Hulme-Beaman
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK .,School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA
| | - Paula Stockley
- Mammalian Behaviour & Evolution Group, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK
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6
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Ferkin MH. Odor Communication and Mate Choice in Rodents. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:E13. [PMID: 29370074 PMCID: PMC5872039 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper details how chemical communication is affected by ecological challenges such as finding mates. I list several conditions that affect the decision to attract mates, the decision to respond to the signals of potential mates and how the response depends on context. These mate-choice decisions and their outcomes will depend on the life history constraints placed on individuals such as their fecundity, sex, lifespan, opportunities to mate in the future and age at senescence. Consequently, the sender's decision to scent mark or self-groom as well as the receiver's choice of response represents a tradeoff between the current costs of the participant's own survival and future reproduction against that of reproducing now. The decision to scent nark and the response to the scent mark of opposite-sex conspecifics should maximize the fitness of the participants in that context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Ferkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38017, USA.
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7
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Ferkin MH, Ferkin AC. The number of male conspecifics affects the odour preferences and the copulatory behaviour of male meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus. BEHAVIOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that male meadow voles adjust their odour preferences and sexual behaviours in response to the presence and number of male conspecifics they perceive to have visited a sexually receptive female conspecific. Male voles only preferred the odour of the female previously associated with 3 or 5 males to that of the unfamiliar female. Male voles also had a shorter latency to mate and a shorter mating duration when they were paired with the female that was previously associated with the bedding of 3 or 5 males compared to males paired with an unfamiliar female. Mating and reproductive success, however, were similar for males paired with either female. Thus, male voles use public information provided by scent marks of male conspecifics and adjust their responses in favour of a female that they perceive to been visited by several males, although she may represent a high risk of sperm competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Ferkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Adam C. Ferkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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8
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Sutter A, Lindholm AK. Meiotic drive changes sperm precedence patterns in house mice: potential for male alternative mating tactics? BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:133. [PMID: 27328665 PMCID: PMC4915163 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0710-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With female multiple mating (polyandry), male-male competition extends to after copulation (sperm competition). Males respond to this selective pressure through physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations. Sperm competitiveness is commonly decreased in heterozygote carriers of male meiotic drivers, selfish genetic elements that manipulate the production of gametes in males. This might give carriers an evolutionary incentive to reduce the risk of sperm competition. Here, we explore this possibility in house mice. Natural populations frequently harbour a well-characterised male driver (t haplotype), which is transmitted to 90 % of heterozygous (+/t) males' offspring. Previous research demonstrated strong detrimental effects on sperm competitiveness, and suggested that +/t males are particularly disadvantaged against wild type males when first-to-mate. Low paternity success in the first-to-mate role is expected to favour male adaptations that decrease the risk of sperm competition by preventing female remating. Genotype-specific paternity patterns (sperm precedence) could lead to genetically determined alternative reproductive tactics that can spread through gene level selection. Here, we seek confirmation that +/t males are generally disadvantaged when first-to-mate and address whether males of different genotypes differ in reproductive tactics (copulatory and morphological) to maximise individual or driver fitness. Finally, we attempt to explain the mechanistic basis for alternative sperm precedence patterns in this species. RESULTS We confirmed that +/t males are weak sperm competitors when first to mate. When two +/t males competed, the second-to-mate was more successful, which contrasts with first male sperm precedence when wild type males competed. However, we found no differences between male genotypes in reproductive behaviour or morphology that were consistent with alternative reproductive tactics. Sperm of +/+ and +/t males differed with respect to in vitro sperm features. Premature hypermotility in +/t males' sperm can potentially explain why +/t males are very weak sperm competitors when first-to-mate. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that meiotic drivers can have strong effects on sperm precedence patterns, and may provide a heritable basis for alternative reproductive tactics motivated by reduced sperm competitiveness. We discuss how experimental and evolutionary constraints may help explain why male genotypes did not show the predicted differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sutter
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anna K Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Sutter A, Lindholm AK. The copulatory plug delays ejaculation by rival males and affects sperm competition outcome in house mice. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:1617-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sutter
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. K. Lindholm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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10
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11
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Ferkin MH, Ferkin AC. The time interval between sequential mating affects the response of male meadow voles to previous mates. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Male meadow voles differed in their copulatory behaviour, mating and reproductive success, and odour preferences for successively encountered mates, when the interval between pairing with two females was 1 h, 1 day, 4 days, 7 days or 10 days. Male voles had shorter latencies to first ejaculation with female 2 than with female 1 when the interval was 1 h, which may be attributed to heightened sexual arousal in males for female 2. Males also had shorter copulatory bouts with female 2 than with female 1 when the intervals between pairings were 1 h and 1 day. Shorter copulation bouts may allow more mating opportunities for both sexes and encourage multiple mating. Male voles also preferred the scent marks of female 2 to those of female 1 when the interval between pairing was 7 or 10 days, suggesting that these females were treated as distinct entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Ferkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Adam C. Ferkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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12
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García-Navas V, Bonnet T, Waldvogel D, Camenisch G, Postma E. Consequences of natal philopatry for reproductive success and mate choice in an Alpine rodent. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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13
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de Jong TR, Neumann ID. Moderate Role of Oxytocin in the Pro-Ejaculatory Effect of the 5-HT1A Receptor Agonist 8-OH-DPAT. J Sex Med 2015; 12:17-28. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Kumar V, Vasudevan A, Soh LJT, Le Min C, Vyas A, Zewail-Foote M, Guarraci FA. Sexual attractiveness in male rats is associated with greater concentration of major urinary proteins. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:150. [PMID: 25359898 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.117903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Female rats show a distinct attraction for males. This attraction remains consistent without the necessity for the physical presence of the male. However, the identity of the olfactory cues contributing to attraction in rats remains unknown. Rat urine contains copious amounts of major urinary proteins (MUPs). Here, we investigated the hypothesis that MUPs mediate sexual attractiveness in rats. We first demonstrated that a member of a male dyad receiving greater copulatory opportunities in competitive mate choice tests excrete greater amounts of MUPs. Furthermore, the amount of male MUPs positively correlated with both copulatory opportunities received and female exploration of the urine. Using females and a two-choice olfactory attraction test, we demonstrated that urinary fractions containing MUPs were sufficient to induce attraction and that male MUPs activated neurons in the posterodorsal medial amygdala in female rats. Taken together, these results suggest that olfactory cues associated with MUPs act as an attractant to female rats in estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand Vasudevan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Linda Jing Ting Soh
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choo Le Min
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ajai Vyas
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maha Zewail-Foote
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
| | - Fay A Guarraci
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas
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15
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Edward DA, Stockley P, Hosken DJ. Sexual conflict and sperm competition. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 7:a017707. [PMID: 25301931 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Traits that increase a male's fertilization success during sperm competition can be harmful to females and therefore represent a source of sexual conflict. In this review, we consider the variety of male adaptations to sperm competition (MASC) that may give rise to sexual conflict-including mate guarding, prolonged copulations, the transfer of large numbers of sperm, and the manipulation of females through nonsperm components of the ejaculate. We then reflect on the fitness economics influencing the escalation of these sexual conflicts, considering the likelihood of females evolving traits to offset the negative effects of MASC when compared with the strong selection on males that lead to MASC. We conclude by discussing the potential evolutionary outcomes of sexual conflict arising from MASC, including the opportunities for females to mitigate conflict costs and the prospects for conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic A Edward
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Stockley
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, United Kingdom
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16
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Ramm SA, Stockley P. Sequential male mate choice under sperm competition risk. Behav Ecol 2014; 25:660-667. [PMID: 24822023 PMCID: PMC4014308 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
New research shows that male house mice can be coy too. Male eagerness to mate is a central tenet of sexual selection theory, based on the expectation that male reproductive success is limited mainly by access to females. Here, we show that where sperm supplies are limited, males too can display considerable restraint in mating, targeting reproductive effort toward particular females. Male eagerness to mate is a central paradigm of sexual selection theory. However, limited sperm supplies mean that male sexual restraint might sometimes be favored under promiscuous mating. Here, we demonstrate dynamic plasticity in male mating effort when females are encountered sequentially under varying sperm competition risk. Rather than showing consistent eagerness to mate, male house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) instead tailor their mating effort according to likely reproductive payoffs. They are significantly less likely to mate when sperm competition is certain and potential reproductive payoffs low, but dramatically increase investment if they do choose to mate under such circumstances. By contrast, male mice are significantly more likely to mate in situations simulating extra-territorial copulations, where future risk of competition is high but so too are potential reproductive rewards. Differential mating propensity appears to be the primary mechanism by which male house mice allocate sperm adaptively under sperm competition risk because we find no evidence for facultative adjustment of sperm numbers per ejaculate or ejaculation frequency in response to female-related cues. We conclude that sequential male mate choice under sperm competition risk could be a widespread but often unappreciated mechanism of strategic sperm allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Ramm
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus , Chester High Road , Neston CH64 7TE , UK
| | - Paula Stockley
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group , Institute of Integrative Biology , University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus , Chester High Road , Neston CH64 7TE , UK
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17
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Klemme I, Bäumer J, Eccard JA, Ylönen H. Polyandrous females produce sons that are successful at post-copulatory competition. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:457-65. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Klemme
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
| | - J. Bäumer
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - J. A. Eccard
- Department of Animal Ecology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
| | - H. Ylönen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä Finland
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18
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Ferkin MH, delBarco-Trillo J. The behavior of female meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus, during postpartum estrus and the responses of males to them. Mamm Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Chuang MF, Bee MA, Kam YC. Short amplexus duration in a territorial anuran: a possible adaptation in response to male-male competition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83116. [PMID: 24340089 PMCID: PMC3858373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mating duration is a reproductive behaviour that can impact fertilization efficiency and offspring number. Previous studies of factors influencing the evolution of mating duration have focused on the potential role of internal sperm competition as an underlying source of selection; most of these studies have been on invertebrates. For vertebrates with external fertilization, such as fishes and frogs, the sources of selection acting on mating duration remain largely unknown due, in part, to the difficulty of observing complete mating behaviours in natural conditions. In this field study, we monitored breeding activity in a population of the territorial olive frog, Rana adenopleura, to identify factors that affect the duration of amplexus. Compared with most other frogs, amplexus was short, lasting less than 11 min on average, which included about 8 min of pre-oviposition activity followed by 3 min of oviposition. We evaluated the relationship between amplexus duration and seven variables: male body size, male condition, operational sex ratio (OSR), population size, clutch size, territory size, and the coverage of submerged vegetation in a male’s territory. We also investigated the influence of these same variables, along with amplexus duration, on fertilization rate. Amplexus duration was positively related with clutch size and the degree of male-bias in the nightly OSR. Fertilization rate was directly related to male body size and inversely related to amplexus duration. Agonistic interactions between males in amplexus and intruding, unpaired males were frequent. These interactions often resulted in mating failure, prolonged amplexus duration, and reduced fertilization rates. Together, the pattern of our findings indicates short amplexus duration in this species may be an adaptive reproductive strategy whereby males attempt to reduce the risks of mating and fertilization failures and territory loss resulting from male-male competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Chuang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mark A. Bee
- Deparment of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yeong-Choy Kam
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Simmons LW, Firman RC. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN BACULUM BY SEXUAL SELECTION. Evolution 2013; 68:276-83. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leigh W. Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology; School of Animal Biology (M092); The University of Western Australia; Crawley 6009 Australia
| | - Renée C. Firman
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology; School of Animal Biology (M092); The University of Western Australia; Crawley 6009 Australia
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21
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Polyandry Has No Detectable Mortality Cost in Female Mammals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66670. [PMID: 23825000 PMCID: PMC3688942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In several taxonomic groups, females mate with several males during a single reproductive cycle. Although there is evidence that polyandry provides some benefits to females, it often involves mortality costs. However, empirical evidences of mortality costs of polyandry have so far been reported only in invertebrates. Whether polyandry has mortality costs in vertebrates is currently unknown. In the present study, we aimed to fill the gap by investigating the relationships between the level of polyandry (measured either by male relative testes mass or the percentage of multiple paternities) and female patterns of mortality across mammals. While we found that the two metrics of female mortality co-varied with pace of life, we did not find any evidence that polyandry leads to either decreased median lifespan or increased aging rate in mammals. We discuss such an absence of detectable mortality costs of polyandry in female mammals in light of recent advances in the study of mammalian reproductive biology and life-history tactics.
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Klemme I, Firman RC. Male house mice that have evolved with sperm competition have increased mating duration and paternity success. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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LEMAÎTRE JF, RAMM SA, HURST JL, STOCKLEY P. Sperm competition roles and ejaculate investment in a promiscuous mammal. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1216-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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24
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Winland C, Bolton J, Ford B, Jampana S, Tinker J, Frohardt R, Guarraci F, Zewail-Foote M. “Nice guys finish last”: Influence of mate choice on reproductive success in Long–Evans rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 105:868-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Ferkin MH. Odor-related behavior and cognition in meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Arvicolidae, Rodentia). FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2011. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v60.i3.a11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Ferkin
- The University of Memphis, Department of Biological Sciences, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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26
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Preston BT, Stevenson IR, Lincoln GA, Monfort SL, Pilkington JG, Wilson K. Testes size, testosterone production and reproductive behaviour in a natural mammalian mating system. J Anim Ecol 2011; 81:296-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Lemaître JF, Ramm SA, Hurst JL, Stockley P. Social cues of sperm competition influence accessory reproductive gland size in a promiscuous mammal. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1171-6. [PMID: 20880887 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that males should increase overall investment in ejaculate expenditure with increasing levels of sperm competition. Since ejaculate production is costly, we may expect males to tailor their reproductive investment according to anticipated levels of sperm competition. Here, we investigate plasticity in ejaculate investment in response to cues of population average levels of sperm competition in a promiscuous mammal, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). We manipulated the social experience of experimental subjects during sexual development via differential exposure to the odour of rival males, to simulate conditions associated with relatively high or low average levels of sperm competition. Males exposed to a high level of competition developed larger major accessory reproductive glands (seminal vesicles) than those that experienced a low level of competition, suggesting that an increased investment in the production of copulatory plugs and/or mating rate may be beneficial at relatively high sperm competition levels. However, investment in sperm production, testis size and sperm motility were not altered according to social experience. Our findings emphasize the importance of non-sperm components of the ejaculate in mammalian postcopulatory sexual selection, and add to the growing evidence linking plasticity in reproductive traits to social cues of sperm competition.
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28
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Evolution of genitalia: theories, evidence, and new directions. Genetica 2010; 138:5-18. [PMID: 19308664 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain why male intromittent genitalia consistently tend to diverge more rapidly than other body traits of the same individuals in a wide range of animal taxa. Currently the two most popular involve sexual selection: sexually antagonistic coevolution (SAC) and cryptic female choice (CFC). A review of the most extensive attempts to discriminate between these two hypotheses indicates that SAC is not likely to have played a major role in explaining this pattern of genital evolution. Promising lines for future, more direct tests of CFC include experimental modification of male genital form and female sensory abilities, analysis of possible male-female dialogues during copulation, and direct observations of genital behavior.
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29
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Ramm SA, Stockley P. Male house mice do not adjust sperm allocation in response to odours from related or unrelated rivals. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Ramm SA, Stockley P. Adaptive plasticity of mammalian sperm production in response to social experience. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 276:745-51. [PMID: 18986975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm competition theory predicts that males should invest prudently in ejaculates according to levels of female promiscuity. Males may therefore be sensitive to cues in their social environment associated with sexual competition, and tailor investment in sperm production accordingly. We tested this idea experimentally for the first time, to our knowledge, in a mammal by comparing reproductive traits of male house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) that had experienced contrasting encounter regimes with potential sexual competitors. We found that daily sperm production and numbers of sperm in the caput epididymis were significantly higher in subjects that had experienced a high encounter rate of social cues from three other males compared to those that had experienced a low encounter rate of social cues from just one other male. Epididymal sperm counts were negatively correlated with the frequency of scent-marking behaviour across all males in our study, suggesting that investment in ejaculate production may be traded off against traits that function in gaining copulations, although there was no difference in overall levels of scent marking between treatment groups. We conclude that social experience-mediated phenotypic plasticity in mammalian spermatogenesis is likely to be adaptive under sperm competition, enabling males to balance the energetic costs and paternity-enhancing benefits of ejaculate production, and is a potentially widespread explanation for intraspecific variation in ejaculate expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Ramm
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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31
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Borkowska A, Borowski Z, Krysiuk K. Multiple paternity in free-living root voles (Microtus oeconomus). Behav Processes 2009; 82:211-3. [PMID: 19482071 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We used 10 microsatellite loci to determine the mating system and male reproductive success in a natural population of the root vole (Microtus oeconomus). By genotyping 21 females and their 111 offspring (5.28+/-0.27 S.E. pups per female), we found evidence for multiple paternity in 38% of the litters sired by two or three males. Paternity was not significantly skewed away from the null expectation of equal proportions of offspring sired in any of the multiple-sired litters, and the most successful male fathered between 40% and 60% of the pups in a litter. The results indicate that promiscuity is a common mode of reproduction, consistent with the previous classification of the mating system based on the spatial structure of the root vole population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anetta Borkowska
- Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, Swierkowa 20B, PL15-950 Białystok, Poland.
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32
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Zewail-Foote M, Diehl A, Benson A, Lee KH, Guarraci FA. Reproductive success and mate choice in Long–Evans rats. Physiol Behav 2009; 96:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Vaughn AA, Delbarco-Trillo J, Ferkin MH. Sperm investment in male meadow voles is affected by the condition of the nearby male conspecifics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 19:1159-1164. [PMID: 19529815 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sperm competition occurs when 2 or more males copulate with a particular female during the same reproductive cycle, and their sperm compete to fertilize the female's available eggs. One strategy that male voles use to assess the risk and intensity of sperm competition involves responding to the presence of scent marks of conspecific males found near a sexually receptive female. Previously, we have shown that if a male vole copulated with a female while he was in the presence of the odors of another male he increased his sperm investment relative to his investment if another male's odors were not present. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that males assess differences in the relative quality of competing males and adjust their sperm investment accordingly. We did so by allowing males to copulate when they were exposed to the scent mark of a 24-h food-deprived male (low-quality male) or the scent mark of a male that was not food deprived (high-quality male). The data indicate that male meadow voles did not increase their sperm investment during copulation when exposed to the scent mark of a food-deprived male but did so when they were exposed to the scent mark of a male that was not food deprived. The results support the hypothesis that male voles are able to adjust sperm investment when they encounter the scent marks of males that differ in quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee A Vaughn
- Department of Biology, University of Memphis, Ellington Hall, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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34
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Pilastro A, Mandelli M, Gasparini C, Dadda M, Bisazza A. Copulation duration, insemination efficiency and male attractiveness in guppies. Anim Behav 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Aspbury AS. Sperm competition effects on sperm production and expenditure in sailfin mollies, Poecilia latipinna. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Ramm SA. Sexual Selection and Genital Evolution in Mammals: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Baculum Length. Am Nat 2007; 169:360-9. [PMID: 17238128 DOI: 10.1086/510688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Studies in invertebrate taxa suggest that postcopulatory sexual selection is an important factor in genital evolution. However, despite wide interspecific variation in genital morphology, evidence for an influence of sexual selection on mammalian genitalia is equivocal. Here I conduct phylogenetically controlled comparative analyses across four mammalian orders to assess how one aspect of this variation--male genital length--scales with (a) male body mass and (b) relative testis mass, the latter providing an index of the intensity of sperm competition. In all four orders, baculum (=os penis) length is found to scale only weakly with male body mass. Both baculum and glans penis length in rodents and baculum length in carnivores are found to vary positively with relative testis mass. In contrast, there is no evidence to support an association between baculum length and relative testis mass in either bats or primates. These results suggest that postcopulatory sexual selection influences genital length in at least some mammals, but significant questions remain both as to why selection on the baculum should differ between mammalian groups and as to the precise mechanistic basis through which males benefit from increased genital length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Ramm
- Mammalian Behaviour and Evolution Group, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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37
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Ramm SA, Stockley P. Ejaculate allocation under varying sperm competition risk in the house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus. Behav Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arm003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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38
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Dean MD, Ardlie KG, Nachman MW. The frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice (Mus domesticus). Mol Ecol 2006; 15:4141-51. [PMID: 17054508 PMCID: PMC2904556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection is an important force driving the evolution of morphological and genetic traits. To determine the importance of male-male, postcopulatory sexual selection in natural populations of house mice, we estimated the frequency of multiple paternity, defined as the frequency with which a pregnant female carried a litter fertilized by more than one male. By genotyping eight microsatellite markers from 1095 mice, we found evidence of multiple paternity from 33 of 143. Evidence for multiple paternity was especially strong for 29 of these litters. Multiple paternity was significantly more common in higher-density vs. lower-density populations. Any estimate of multiple paternity will be an underestimate of the frequency of multiple mating, defined as the frequency with which a female mates with more than a single male during a single oestrus cycle. We used computer simulations to estimate the frequency of multiple mating, incorporating observed reductions in heterozygosity and levels of allele sharing among mother and father. These simulations indicated that multiple mating is common, occurring in at least 20% of all oestrus cycles. The exact estimate depends on the competitive skew among males, a parameter for which we currently have no data from natural populations. This study suggests that sperm competition is an important aspect of postcopulatory sexual selection in house mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Dean
- University of Arizona, Ecology and Evolution, 333 Biosciences West, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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39
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Risk of sperm competition does not influence copulatory behavior in the promiscuous meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). J ETHOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-006-0008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Preston BT, Stockley P. The prospect of sexual competition stimulates premature and repeated ejaculation in a mammal. Curr Biol 2006; 16:R239-41. [PMID: 16581496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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delBarco-Trillo J, Ferkin MH. Male meadow voles respond differently to risk and intensity of sperm competition. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ark001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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42
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Løvlie H, Cornwallis CK, Pizzari T. Male mounting alone reduces female promiscuity in the fowl. Curr Biol 2005; 15:1222-7. [PMID: 16005296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The fertilization success of an insemination is at risk when a female has the possibility to copulate with multiple males, generating sperm competition and sexual conflict over remating. Female propensity to remate is often reduced after copulation, and a staggering diversity of highly derived male traits that discourage female promiscuity have been investigated. However, it is difficult to separate the effect of such specialized traits and insemination products from the more basic effect that the act of mounting per se may have on female remating. Here, we use a novel approach that separates the influence of mounting from that of insemination on female remating in the promiscuous feral fowl. Mounting alone caused a transient but drastic reduction in female propensity to remate, and-crucially-the number of sperm that a female obtained from a new male. Therefore, like other taxa, female fowl show a reduction in promiscuity after copulation, but this is entirely due to mounting alone. This effect of mounting, independent of insemination and fertilization, indicates that even copulations that deliver little or no semen, a puzzling behavior common in many species including the fowl, may play a crucial role in sperm competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Løvlie
- Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
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43
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Eimes JA, Parker PG, Brown JL, Brown ER. Extrapair fertilization and genetic similarity of social mates in the Mexican jay. Behav Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ari010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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