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Musa S, Ladányi M, Fail J. There Is No Influence of Egg Size on Sex Allocation in Arrhenotokous Lineages of Thrips tabaci Lindeman. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050408. [PMID: 35621744 PMCID: PMC9147309 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary How parents control the sex of their offspring greatly differs in the animal kingdom. Two lineages in the Thrips tabaci Lindeman cryptic species complex exhibit arrhenotokous haplodiploidy, which enables parents to influence the sex of offspring by different fertilization mechanisms. In two other haplodiploid species, sex allocation is mediated by egg size. Contrary to the two haplodiploid arthropods with an egg-size-mediated sex allocation mechanism, our study proves that a different mechanism that is independent of egg size regulates sex allocation in T. tabaci. The results presented in this paper raise intriguing questions regarding the evolutionary forces driving egg size and sex allocation in haplodiploids. In addition, our results indicate a significant reduction in egg size with increasing maternal age that cannot be attributed to the resource depletion hypothesis. Abstract In two haplodiploid species, sex allocation in young arrhenotokous females is mediated by egg size. We tested if sex allocation is mediated by egg size in two arrhenotokous lineages of the haplodiploid species complex of T. tabaci: L1 and T. We measured the size of eggs produced by very young mothers, 3–5-day-old mothers (just like in the case of Tetranychus urticae) and 7–10-day-old mothers (as in Pezothrips kellyanus). Moreover, we measured the size of eggs oviposited by mothers in their entire lifespan. We found that in T. tabaci, sex allocation is not mediated by egg size. Egg size and gender were independent of maternal age in the L1 lineage, whilst in the T lineage, the observed egg size difference between males and females was only present in the progeny of young females (7–10-day-old mothers). Furthermore, we found that male eggs produced by mated mothers were larger than those produced by virgin mothers in the L1 lineage, but in the T lineage, there were no differences in the size of male eggs produced by mated and virgin mothers. Our results indicate that these two subspecies have different resource allocation strategies in response to maternal mating status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saranda Musa
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Menesi út 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Márta Ladányi
- Department of Applied Statistics, Institute of Mathematics and Basic Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Villanyi út 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - József Fail
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Plant Protection, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Menesi út 44, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+36-1-3057218
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Öst M, Noreikiene K, Angelier F, Jaatinen K. Sex-specific effects of the in ovo environment on early-life phenotypes in eiders. Oecologia 2019; 192:43-54. [PMID: 31786666 PMCID: PMC6974505 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04569-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects affect offspring phenotype and fitness. However, the roles of offspring sex-specific sensitivity to maternal glucocorticoids and sex-biased maternal investment remain unclear. It is also uncertain whether telomere length (a marker associated with lifespan) depends on early growth in a sex-specific manner. We assessed whether maternal traits including corticosterone (CORT; the main avian glucocorticoid) and in ovo growth rate are sex-specifically related to offspring CORT exposure, relative telomere length (RTL) and body condition in eiders (Somateria mollissima). We measured feather CORT (fCORT), RTL and body condition of newly hatched ducklings, and growth rate in ovo was expressed as tarsus length at hatching per incubation duration. Maternal traits included baseline plasma CORT, RTL, body condition and breeding experience. We found that fCORT was negatively associated with growth rate in daughters, while it showed a positive association in sons. Lower offspring fCORT was associated with higher maternal baseline plasma CORT, and fCORT was higher in larger clutches and in those hatching later. The RTL of daughters was negatively associated with maternal RTL, whereas that of males was nearly independent of maternal RTL. Higher fCORT in ovo was associated with longer RTL at hatching in both sexes. Duckling body condition was mainly explained by egg weight, and sons had a slightly lower body condition. Our correlational results suggest that maternal effects may have heterogeneous and even diametrically opposed effects between the sexes during early development. Our findings also challenge the view that prenatal CORT exposure is invariably associated with shorter telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. .,Novia University of Applied Sciences, Ekenäs, Finland.
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi tn. 46, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Frederic Angelier
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS, La Rochelle Université, UMR 7372, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Nature and Game Management Trust Finland, Degerby, Finland
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3
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Syduzzaman M, Rahman A, Alin K, Fujitani S, Kashimori A, Suzuki T, Ogawa Y, Kondo N. Noninvasive quantification of yolk content using Vis-NIR spectroscopy and its effect on hatching time and gender of broiler chicken. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eaef.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Tschumi M, Humbel J, Erbes J, Fattebert J, Fischer J, Fritz G, Geiger B, van Harxen R, Hoos B, Hurst J, Jacobsen LB, Keil H, Kneule W, Michel VT, Michels H, Möbius L, Perrig M, Rößler P, Schneider D, Schuch S, Stroeken P, Naef-Daenzer B, Grüebler MU. Parental sex allocation and sex-specific survival drive offspring sex ratio bias in little owls. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Landy JA, Travis J. Unique maternal and environmental effects on the body morphology of the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6265-6279. [PMID: 29988417 PMCID: PMC6024122 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An important step in diagnosing local adaptation is the demonstration that phenotypic variation among populations is at least in part genetically based. To do this, many methods experimentally minimize the environmental effect on the phenotype to elucidate the genetic effect. Minimizing the environmental effect often includes reducing possible environmental maternal effects. However, maternal effects can be an important factor in patterns of local adaptation as well as adaptive plasticity. Here, we report the results of an experiment with males from two populations of the poeciliid fish, Heterandria formosa, designed to examine the relative influence of environmental maternal effects and environmental effects experienced during growth and development on body morphology, and, in addition, whether the balance among those effects is unique to each population. We used a factorial design that varied thermal environment and water chemistry experienced by mothers and thermal environment and water chemistry experienced by offspring. We found substantial differences between the two populations in their maternal and offspring norms of reaction of male body morphology to differences in thermal environment and water chemistry. We also found that the balance between maternal effects and postparturition environmental effects differed from one thermal regime to another and among traits. These results indicate that environmental maternal effects can be decidedly population-specific and, as a result, might either contribute to the appearance of or blur evidence for local adaptation. These results also suggest that local adaptation might also occur through the evolution of maternal norms of reaction to important, and varying, environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Landy
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFlorida
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6
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Seasonal sex ratios and the evolution of temperature-dependent sex determination in oviparous lizards. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Saino N, Romano M, Rubolini D, Caprioli M, Costanzo A, Canova L, Moller AP. Melanic coloration differentially predicts transfer of immune factors to eggs with daughters or sons. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Rutkowska J, Dubiec A, Nakagawa S. All eggs are made equal: meta-analysis of egg sexual size dimorphism in birds. J Evol Biol 2013; 27:153-60. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rutkowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | - A. Dubiec
- Museum and Institute of Zoology; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - S. Nakagawa
- Department of Zoology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
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Egg laying pattern, egg weight, body weight at hatch, and sex ratio bias relative to oviposition time of young-and mid-age broiler breeders. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 141:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Navara KJ. The role of steroid hormones in the adjustment of primary sex ratio in birds: compiling the pieces of the puzzle. Integr Comp Biol 2013; 53:923-37. [PMID: 23900275 DOI: 10.1093/icb/ict083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that birds have the ability to adjust their offsprings' sex ratios before fertilization occurs. Recent work has focused on pinpointing when during the process of oocyte maturation adjustment of sex ratio takes place. Additionally, there is growing support for the idea that there is hormonal control over the process of adjustment of sex ratio in birds. Whether steroid hormones represent direct mediators of the process, however, remains unclear. This review outlines the precise points during maturation of ovarian follicles during which adjustment of primary sex ratios could potentially occur, compiles the evidence for hormonal involvement in the process of primary adjustment of sex ratio, and discusses potential hormonal targets during maturation and fertilization of oocytes where hormones may trigger adjustment of sex ratio in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Navara
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Rice AM, Vallin N, Kulma K, Arntsen H, Husby A, Tobler M, Qvarnström A. Optimizing the trade-off between offspring number and quality in unpredictable environments: testing the role of differential androgen transfer to collared flycatcher eggs. Horm Behav 2013; 63:813-22. [PMID: 23602767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
According to the brood reduction hypothesis, parents adjust their brood size in response to current environmental conditions. When resources are abundant, parents can successfully raise all hatched offspring, but when resources are scarce, brood reduction, i.e., the sacrifice of some siblings to secure the quality of a subset of offspring, may maximize fitness. Differential transfer of maternal androgens is one potential proximate mechanism through which female birds may facilitate brood reduction because it may alter the relative competitive ability of sibling nestlings. We tested the hypothesis that female collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) manipulate sibling competition by transferring less androgens to eggs late in the laying sequence. We experimentally elevated androgen levels in i) whole clutches and ii) only the two last laid eggs, and compared growth and begging behavior of offspring from these treatments with a control treatment. By using three treatments and video assessment of begging, we examined the effects of within-clutch patterns of yolk androgen transfer on levels of sibling competition in situ. When androgens were elevated in only the two last laid eggs, begging was more even among siblings compared to control nests. We also found that female nestlings receiving additional yolk androgens showed higher mass gain later in the breeding season, while their male counterparts did not. Our results suggest that females may improve reproductive success in unpredictable environments by altering within-clutch patterns of yolk androgen transfer. We discuss the possibility that life-history divergence between the co-occurring collared and pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) is amplified by patterns of yolk androgen transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Rice
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ruuskanen S, Doligez B, Pitala N, Gustafsson L, Laaksonen T. Long-term fitness consequences of high yolk androgen levels: sons pay the costs. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Stein LR, Badyaev AV. Evolution of eggshell structure during rapid range expansion in a passerine bird. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01887.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Macke E, Magalhães S, Khan HDT, Luciano A, Frantz A, Facon B, Olivieri I. Sex allocation in haplodiploids is mediated by egg size: evidence in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1054-63. [PMID: 20926443 PMCID: PMC3049031 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplodiploid species display extraordinary sex ratios. However, a differential investment in male and female offspring might also be achieved by a differential provisioning of eggs, as observed in birds and lizards. We investigated this hypothesis in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae, which displays highly female-biased sex ratios. We show that egg size significantly determines not only larval size, juvenile survival and adult size, but also fertilization probability, as in marine invertebrates with external fertilization, so that female (fertilized) eggs are significantly larger than male (unfertilized) eggs. Moreover, females with on average larger eggs before fertilization produce a more female-biased sex ratio afterwards. Egg size thus mediates sex-specific egg provisioning, sex and offspring sex ratio. Finally, sex-specific egg provisioning has another major consequence: male eggs produced by mated mothers are smaller than male eggs produced by virgins, and this size difference persists in adults. Virgin females might thus have a (male) fitness advantage over mated females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2-3° Piso Campo Grande, 1749016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hong Do-Thi Khan
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Anthony Luciano
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Adrien Frantz
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris 6), UMR 7625, 7 quai Saint Bernard—case 237, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Benoît Facon
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Olivieri
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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Gibbs M, Van Dyck H, Karlsson B. Reproductive plasticity, ovarian dynamics and maternal effects in response to temperature and flight in Pararge aegeria. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 56:1275-1283. [PMID: 20416319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In nature, ovipositing females may be subjected to multiple extrinsic and intrinsic environmental factors simultaneously. To adequately assess a species response to environmental conditions during oviposition it may therefore be necessary to consider the interaction between multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors simultaneously. Using the butterfly, Pararge aegeria, this study examined the combined effects of extrinsic (temperature and flight) and intrinsic (body mass and age) factors on ovarian dynamics, egg provisioning and reproductive output, and explored how these effects subsequently influenced offspring fitness when egg-stage development occurred in a low humidity environment. Both temperature- and flight-mediated plasticity in female reproductive output was observed, and there were strong temperature by flight interaction effects for the traits oocyte size and egg mass. As females aged, mean daily fecundity differed across temperature treatments, but not across flight treatments. Overall, temperature had more pronounced effects on ovarian dynamics than flight. Flight mainly influenced egg mass via changes in relative water content. A mismatch between the physiological response of females to high temperature and the requirements of their offspring had a negative impact on offspring fitness via effects on egg hatching success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gibbs
- Behavioural Ecology & Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Rubolini D, Ambrosini R, Romano M, Caprioli M, Fasola M, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Saino N. Within-clutch egg size asymmetry covaries with embryo sex in the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Badyaev AV. Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1125-41. [PMID: 19324617 PMCID: PMC2666683 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
When faced with changing environments, organisms rapidly mount physiological and behavioural responses, accommodating new environmental inputs in their functioning. The ubiquity of this process contrasts with our ignorance of its evolutionary significance: whereas within-generation accommodation of novel external inputs has clear fitness consequences, current evolutionary theory cannot easily link functional importance and inheritance of novel accommodations. One hundred and twelve years ago, J. M. Baldwin, H. F. Osborn and C. L. Morgan proposed a process (later termed the Baldwin effect) by which non-heritable developmental accommodation of novel inputs, which makes an organism fit in its current environment, can become internalized in a lineage and affect the course of evolution. The defining features of this process are initial overproduction of random (with respect to fitness) developmental variation, followed by within-generation accommodation of a subset of this variation by developmental or functional systems ('organic selection'), ensuring the organism's fit and survival. Subsequent natural selection sorts among resultant developmental variants, which, if recurrent and consistently favoured, can be inherited when existing genetic variance includes developmental components of individual modifications or when the ability to accommodate novel inputs is itself heritable. Here, I show that this process is consistent with the origin of novel adaptations during colonization of North America by the house finch. The induction of developmental variation by novel environments of this species's expanding range was followed by homeostatic channelling, phenotypic accommodation and directional cross-generational transfer of a subset of induced developmental outcomes favoured by natural selection. These results emphasize three principal points. First, contemporary novel adaptations result mostly from reorganization of existing structures that shape newly expressed variation, giving natural selection an appearance of a creative force. Second, evolutionary innovations and maintenance of adaptations are different processes. Third, both the Baldwin and parental effects are probably a transient state in an evolutionary cycle connecting initial phenotypic retention of adaptive changes and their eventual genetic determination and, thus, the origin of adaptation and evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Badyaev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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18
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Evolution of "determinants" in sex-determination: a novel hypothesis for the origin of environmental contingencies in avian sex-bias. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2008; 20:304-12. [PMID: 19073270 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sex-determination is commonly categorized as either "genetic" or "environmental"-a classification that obscures the origin of this dichotomy and the evolution of sex-determining factors. The current focus on static outcomes of sex-determination provides little insight into the dynamic developmental processes by which some mechanisms acquire the role of sex determinants. Systems that combine "genetic" pathways of sex-determination (i.e., sex chromosomes) with "environmental" pathways (e.g., epigenetically induced segregation distortion) provide an opportunity to examine the evolutionary relationships between the two classes of processes and, ultimately, illuminate the evolution of sex-determining systems. Taxa with sex chromosomes typically undergo an evolutionary reduction in size of one of the sex chromosomes due to suppressed recombination, resulting in pronounced dimorphism of the sex chromosomes, and setting the stage for emergence of epigenetic compensatory mechanisms regulating meiotic segregation of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Here we propose that these dispersed and redundant regulatory mechanisms enable environmental contingency in genetic sex-determination in birds and account for frequently documented context-dependence in avian sex-determination. We examine the evolution of directionality in such sex-determination as a result of exposure of epigenetic regulators of meiosis to natural selection and identify a central role of hormones in integrating female reproductive homeostasis, resource allocation to oocytes, and offspring sex. This approach clarifies the evolutionary relationship between sex-specific molecular genetic mechanisms of sex-determination and non-sex-specific epigenetic regulators of meiosis and demonstrates that both can determine sex. Our perspective shows how non-sex-specific mechanisms can acquire sex-determining function and, by establishing the explicit link between physiological integration of oogenesis and sex-determination, opens new avenues to the studies of adaptive sex-bias and sex-specific resource allocation in species with genetic sex-determination.
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ROMANO M, CAPRIOLI M, AMBROSINI R, RUBOLINI D, FASOLA M, SAINO N. Maternal allocation strategies and differential effects of yolk carotenoids on the phenotype and viability of yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) chicks in relation to sex and laying order. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1626-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Evolution of Adaptation and Mate Choice: Parental Relatedness Affects Expression of Phenotypic Variance in a Natural Population. Evol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-008-9017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Badyaev AV, Young RL, Hill GE, Duckworth RA. Evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds. IV. Intra-ovarian growth dynamics can link sex determination and sex-specific acquisition of resources. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:449-60. [PMID: 18205775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary importance of maternal effects is determined by the interplay of maternal adaptations and strategies, offspring susceptibility to these strategies, and the similarity of selection pressures between the two generations. Interaction among these components, especially in species where males and females differ in the costs and requirements of growth, limits inference about the evolution of maternal strategies from their expression in the offspring phenotype alone. As an alternative approach, we examine divergence in the proximate mechanisms underlying maternal effects across three house finch populations with contrasting patterns of sex allocation: an ancestral population that shows no sex-biased ovulation, and two recently established populations at the northern and southern boundaries of the species range that have opposite sequences of ovulation of male and female eggs. For each population, we examined how oocyte acquisition of hormones, carotenoids and vitamins was affected by oocyte growth and overlap with the same and opposite sexes. Our results suggest that sex-specific acquisition of maternal resources and sex determination of oocytes are linked in this system. We report that acquisition of testosterone by oocytes that become males was not related to growth duration, but instead covaried with temporal exposure to steroids and overlap with other male oocytes. In female oocytes, testosterone acquisition increased with the duration of growth and overlap with male oocytes, but decreased with overlap with female oocytes. By contrast, acquisition of carotenoids and vitamins was mostly determined by organism-wide partitioning among oocytes and oocyte-specific patterns of testosterone accumulation, and these effects did not differ between the sexes. These results provide important insights into three unresolved phenomena in the evolution of maternal effects - (i) the evolution of sex-specific maternal allocation in species with simultaneously developing neonates of both sexes; (ii) the link between sex determination and sex-specific acquisition of maternal products; and (iii) the evolution of context-dependent modulation of maternal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Badyaev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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22
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Badyaev AV, Oh KP. Environmental induction and phenotypic retention of adaptive maternal effects. BMC Evol Biol 2008; 8:3. [PMID: 18182118 PMCID: PMC2231342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin of complex adaptations is one of the most controversial questions in biology. Environmental induction of novel phenotypes, where phenotypic retention of adaptive developmental variation is enabled by organismal complexity and homeostasis, can be a starting point in the evolution of some adaptations, but empirical examples are rare. Comparisons of populations that differ in historical recurrence of environmental induction can offer insight into its evolutionary significance, and recent colonization of North America by the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) provides such an opportunity. RESULTS In both native (southern Arizona) and newly established (northern Montana, 18 generations) populations, breeding female finches exhibit the same complex adaptation - a sex-bias in ovulation sequence - in response to population-specific environmental stimulus of differing recurrence. We document that, in the new population, the adaptation is induced by a novel environment during females' first breeding and is subsequently retained across breeding attempts. In the native population, first-breeding females expressed a precise adaptive response to a recurrent environmental stimulus without environmental induction. We document strong selection on environmental cue recognition in both populations and find that rearrangement of the same proximate mechanism - clustering of oocytes that become males and females - can enable an adaptive response to distinct environmental stimuli. CONCLUSION The results show that developmental plasticity induced by novel environmental conditions confers significant fitness advantages to both maternal and offspring generations and might play an important role not only in the successful establishment of this invasive species across the widest ecological range of extant birds, but also can link environmental induction and genetic inheritance in the evolution of novel adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Badyaev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Kevin P Oh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Gil D. Chapter 7 Hormones in Avian Eggs: Physiology, Ecology and Behavior. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Maternally derived egg yolk steroid hormones and sex determination: Review of a paradox in reptiles. J Biosci 2007; 32:1213-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-007-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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ULLER T, ASTHEIMER L, OLSSON M. Consequences of maternal yolk testosterone for offspring development and survival: experimental test in a lizard. Funct Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Badyaev AV, Hamstra TL, Oh KP, Acevedo Seaman DA. Sex-biased maternal effects reduce ectoparasite-induced mortality in a passerine bird. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:14406-11. [PMID: 16983088 PMCID: PMC1599976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602452103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Duration of developmental stages in animals evolves under contrasting selection pressures of age-specific mortality and growth requirements. When relative importance of these effects varies across environments, evolution of developmental periods is expected to be slow. In birds, maternal effects on egg-laying order and offspring growth, two proximate determinants of nestling period, should enable rapid adjustment of developmental periods to even widely fluctuating mortality rates. We test this hypothesis in a population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) breeding under two contrasting mortality risks: (i) a nest mite-free condition when selection on offspring survival favors a longer time in the nest; and (ii) a mite infestation when selection favors a shorter nest tenure. Mites affected survival of sons more than daughters, and females breeding under mite infestation laid male eggs last and female eggs first in the clutch, thereby reducing sons' exposure to mites and associated mortality. Strong sex bias in laying order and growth patterns enabled mite-infested offspring to achieve similar fledging size, despite a shorter nest tenure, compared with mite-free conditions. In mite-infested nests, male nestlings hatched at larger sizes, completed growth earlier, and had faster initial growth compared with mite-free nests, whereas mite-infested females grew more slowly but for a longer period of time. A combination of heavily sex-biased laying order and sex differences in growth patterns lowered mite-induced mortality by >10% in both sexes. Thus, strong maternal effects can account for frequently observed, but theoretically unexpected, concordance of mortality risks and growth patterns, especially under fluctuating ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Badyaev
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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